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<A href="http://daniellathompson.com/"><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/Musica_Brasiliensis1.jpg" align="left" border=0></A><SPAN style="font-size: 90%;"> :: This article was originally published<BR> :: in <A href="http://www.brazzillog.com/pages/musfeb00.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Brazzil</SPAN></I></A> magazine.</SPAN><BR><BR>

<P>&nbsp;</P>

	
<BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE>

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<H2><SPAN style="color: #FF0000;">Stalking Stokowski</SPAN></H2>

<H4>Once upon a time, an American record company<BR>
got its hands on some rare and wonderful<BR>
Brazilian music and made it even rarer.<BR>
This is the story of my hunt for <I>Native Brazilian Music</I>.</H4>

<P><A href="http://daniellathompson.com/Daniella.htm"><B><SPAN style="color: #808080">Daniella Thompson</SPAN></B></A></P>

<P><SPAN style="font-size: 80%; color: #777777;">February 2000</SPAN><BR></P>

<P><IMG SRC="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/People/Stokowski/Donga-Stoki-Villa.jpg"><BR><SPAN STYLE="color: #555555;"><I>Villa-Lobos (right) introduces Donga (left) to Stokowski<BR>
<SPAN STYLE="font-size: 80%;">(O Globo, 8 August 1940)</SPAN></I></SPAN></P>

<H4><SPAN style="color: #FF0000;">I. Allegro brillante: Rio de Janeiro, 1940</SPAN></H4>

<P>In the summer of 1940, Hitler was in command of most of western Europe. Germany seized Norway and Denmark in April. By May, the Wehrmacht had swept over Holland and Belgium in a Blitzkrieg campaign and was proceeding around France&#146;s Maginot Line to trap Allied troops at Dunkirk. France surrendered on 22 June 1940, and Hitler marched triumphantly into Paris. The British were forced to withdraw from Continental Europe. A Nazi invasion of England was imminent.</P>

<P>The United States had not yet entered the war but was keenly desirous to ensure that its southern neighbors refrain from aligning themselves with Germany. The latter was a very real possibility, as Brazilian president <A HREF="http://www.exploitz.com/Brazil-The-Era-Of-Getuacutelio-Vargas-193054-cg.php" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Get�lio Vargas</SPAN></A> had been flirting with fascism since he established his <A HREF="http://www.historianet.com.br/conteudo/default.aspx?codigo=53" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Estado Novo</SPAN></A> dictatorship in 1937. Vargas even sent a &#147;present&#148; to Hitler: <A HREF="http://www.culturabrasil.pro.br/olga.htm" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Olga Ben�rio Prestes</SPAN></A>, Communist revolutionary and the wife of Brazilian Communist leader <A HREF="http://www.nlcp.hpg.ig.com.br/PRESTES.HTM" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Luiz Carlos Prestes</SPAN></A>. A German-born Jewess and seven-months pregnant at the time of her deportation, Olga gave birth in a concentration camp, where she died in a gas chamber.</P>

<P>Presiding over a neutral power, his hands tied by an isolationist congress, Roosevelt had few courses of action open to him. (Brazil and the United States did not sign a military accord until May 1942, and it wasn&#146;t until August 1942&#151;after five Brazilian ships had been torpedoed by German submarines a few miles from the Brazilian coast&#151;that Brazil declared war on Germany and Italy.) One thing the President <I>could</I> do was to activate the &#147;good neighbor&#148; policy introduced in his <A HREF="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/froos1.htm" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">first inaugural address</SPAN></A> in 1933.</P>

<P>The U.S. <A href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-60908" target="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Good Neighbor policy</SPAN></A> manifested itself in various ways, one of them being cultural. The best-known American cultural missions to Brazil were made by Walt Disney in 1941 and by Orson Welles in 1942. While in Brazil, Disney discovered <A href="http://daniellathompson.com/ary/" target="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Ary Barroso</SPAN></A>&#146;s samba &#147;<A HREF="http://daniellathompson.com/ary/aquarela.html" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Aquarela do Brasil</SPAN></A>&#148; and included it&#151;now titled &#147;Brazil&#148;&#151;in his animated film <A href="http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/amigos/amigos.html" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Saludos Amigos</SPAN></I></A> (1942), propelling the song to international fame. A second Disney film that owes its existence to the Good Neighbor policy is <A href="http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/movies/caballeros/caballeros.html" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">The Three Caballeros</SPAN></I></A> (1944), which did the same for another Ary Barroso song, &#147;<A HREF="http://daniellathompson.com/ary/baixa.html" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Na Baixa do Sapateiro</SPAN></A>&#148; (renamed &#147;Bahia&#148;). Both films (and a third called <A href="http://daniellathompson.com/Texts/Investigations/Disney_and_Nazareth.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Melody Time</SPAN></I></A>) featured the animated talking parrot Z� Carioca, a <I>malandro</I> figure based on the real musician <A href="http://daniv.blogspot.com/2004/02/z-cariocat-read-portuguese-you-can.html" target="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Jos� do Patroc�nio Oliveira</SPAN></A> (1904&#150;1987), who participated in several feature films as a member of Carmen Miranda&#146;s band and released some albums as Z� Carioca.</P>

<P>Orson Welles&#146; Good Neighbor mission was less successful. At the instigation of Nelson Rockefeller and John Hay Whitney, he went to Brazil in 1942 to make an anthological film &#147;especially for Americans in all the Americas&#148; and titled <A href="http://www.culturecourt.com/F/Hollywood/AllTrue.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">It&#146;s All True</SPAN></I></A>. With no script in hand (and perhaps with too much input from countless American and Brazilian functionaries), Welles spent close to six months and a great deal of money improvising his way through the film. He delved into the samba world for the episode <I>Carnival in Rio</I> and reportedly spared no expense in his quest for the authentic. Sambista Raul Marques (1913&#150;1991) told how, during the filming of a batucada, the <I>pernada</I> tripping contest turned violent, but the director egged the contestants on and continued shooting until the bitter end. Several participants were injured, and the actor-singer-songwriter <A HREF="http://www.cidan.org.br/novo3/grandeo_i.htm" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Grande Otelo</SPAN></A> was hospitalized. When people complained of the violence, Welles said, &#147;I&#146;ll pay for everything.&#148;</P>

<P>Tragedy dogged the production almost from the start. The second episode Welles was directing, <I>Four Men on a Raft</I>, focused on a celebrated 1,650-mile <I>jangada</I> voyage made by four fishermen from Cear� in the northeast to the then federal capital, Rio de Janeiro, with the object of calling Vargas&#146; attention to their miserable living and working conditions and pleading for government benefits. Welles re-created the voyage with the <I>jangadeiros</I> playing themselves, but during the shooting their leader, Jacar�, drowned when the craft overturned in Guanabara Bay. The same day, Welles&#146; studio, RKO, pulled the plug on his budget and ordered him home. Welles struggled on with a skeleton crew and eventually shot a silent, black-and-white documentary-style story. Owing to studio conflicts, he was never allowed to finish <I>It&#146;s All True</I>. (For a long time it was believed that the film had been lost. Then, shortly before Welles&#146; death in 1985, some footage was found in the Paramount vault. Eventually it was edited and released as a documentary in 1993.) Moreover, while in Brazil, Welles was unable to oversee final cuts of his second feature film, <I>The Magnificent Ambersons</I>. That film ended up badly butchered in the cutting room. Welles&#146; career, at its all-time peak before the Brazilian interlude, suffered a blow from which it would never fully recover.</P>

<P><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/Stokowski/AAYO_concert_playbill.jpg" align="left"><SPAN style="color: #555555;"><I>Playbill from the AAYO&#146;s Buenos Aires concert of 22 August 1940 <SPAN style="font-size: 80%;">(image courtesy of the <A href="http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/stokowski/aayo.html" target="_blank"><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Otto E. Albrecht Music Library</SPAN></A>, University of Pennsylvania)</SPAN></I></SPAN></P> 

<P>But before Walt Disney and Orson Welles, Brazil got <A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Leopold Stokowski</SPAN></A>. From 1912 to 1938, Stokowski (1882&#150;1977) had been the music director of the Philadelphia Orchestra, where he made his reputation as a showman. To movie-going audiences, the maestro was better known for his participation in the films <I>The Big Broadcast of 1937</I> (1936), with Jack Benny, George Burns, Benny Goodman, and harmonica player Larry Adler; <I>One Hundred Men and a Girl</I> (1937), with Deanna Durbin and Adolphe Menjou; and above all Disney&#146;s ground-breaking <I>Fantasia</I> (1940). In the gossip columns, the conductor was chiefly recognized for his multiple marriages (one to heiress Gloria Vanderbilt) and for having been Greta Garbo&#146;s lover. Stokowski founded several orchestras, including the <A href="http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/stokowski/aayo.html" target="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">All-American Youth Orchestra</SPAN></A> (AAYO), which he conducted in concerts and recordings during 1940 and 1941. It was this orchestra that in the summer of 1940 sailed with him on board the <A href="http://www.moore-mccormack.com/Menu_Ocean_Liners.htm#Uruguay" target="_blank"><SPAN style="color: #555555;">S.S. <I>Uruguay</SPAN></I></A> for a Good Neighbor tour of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and a few Central American countries. Their first port of call was Rio de Janeiro, where they played concerts at the magnificent Teatro Municipal on the evenings of 7 and 8 August.</P>

<P>Stokowski was a self-professed <I>aficionado</I> of Brazilian music. Prior to sailing, he wrote to the Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos, whose works he&#146;d been championing since 1927, and solicited his help in collecting and recording &#147;the most legitimate popular Brazilian music.&#148; The maestro explained that because of his great interest in the music of Brazil, he would pay all expenses involved and even specified the types of music desired: sambas, batucadas, marchas de rancho, macumba, emboladas, etc. The proposed recordings were intended for release by Columbia Records. They were also to be played at an upcoming Pan-American folkloric congress (which never took place).</P>

<P>Villa-Lobos complied with the conductor&#146;s request (see <A HREF="http://daniellathompson.com/Texts/Stokowski/En_attendant.htm" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">his letter to Stokowski</SPAN></A>) and turned for help to his friends, the sambistas Donga, Cartola, and Z� Espinguela, who <A HREF="http://daniellathompson.com/Texts/Stokowski/Donga_to_Villa.htm" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">rounded up</SPAN></A> the cream of Rio&#146;s musicians. Perhaps only a man of Villa-Lobos&#146; stature and his close connections to the choro and samba worlds could have assembled such a dream team for Stokowski. Indeed, any poster announcing the following lineup would be an avidly sought collector&#146;s item today:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE><P><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/Stokowski/Oito_Batutas.jpg"><BR><SPAN style="color: #555555;"><I><SPAN STYLE="font-size: 90%;">Os Oito Batutas in 1923. Pixinguinha stands on the extreme right.</SPAN></I></SPAN></P></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>

<BLOCKQUOTE><P><TABLE border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="430">
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	<TD><A href="http://www.pixinguinha.com.br/" target="_blank"><B><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Pixinguinha</SPAN></B></A>&#151;Alfredo da Rocha Vianna Jr. (1897&#150;1973). Brazil&#146;s greatest choro composer and flutist, pioneering arranger and tenor saxophonist. Author of such classics as &#147;Carinhoso&#148;; &#147;Rosa&#148;; &#147;Ing�nuo&#148;; &#147;Naquele Tempo&#148;; &#147;P�gina de Dor&#148;; &#147;1 x 0&#148;; &#147;Lamentos&#148;; &#147;Cochichando&#148;; and  &#147;Vou Vivendo,&#148; among many others. Founder of the legendary ensemble Os Oito Batutas (1919), as well as of Diabos do C�u, Guarda Velha (1932), and Velha Guarda (1954), he was a pioneering arranger of popular music in countless recordings. In the Stokowski recordings, Pixinguinha played his brilliant flute on various tracks, as well as singing a duet with Jararaca.</TD>
	<TD><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/People/Stokowski/Pixinga-tux.jpg"><BR>
	<SPAN style="font-size: 80%;"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Courtesy of the <A href="http://www.samba-choro.com.br/" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Agenda do Samba & Choro</SPAN></I></A></SPAN></I></SPAN></TD>
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<TABLE border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="530">
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	<TD><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/People/Stokowski/Donga_books.jpg"></TD>
	<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
	<TD><A href="http://www.geocities.com/aochiadobrasileiro/Biografia/BiografiaDonga.htm" target="_blank"><B><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Donga</SPAN></B></A>&#151;Ernesto Joaquim Maria dos Santos (1891&#150;1974). Guitarist and son of Tia Am�lia, one of the celebrated baianas of Pra�a Onze. In 1916, Donga began to play with Pixinguinha at Tia Ciata&#146;s house, where he co-authored &#147;Pelo Telefone,&#148; the first recorded samba and the carnaval hit of 1917. Composer of &#147;Patr�o, Prenda Seu Gado&#148; (with Pixinguinha & Jo�o da Bahiana); &#147;Quando uma Estrela Sorri&#148; (with Villa-Lobos & David Nasser); &#147;Benedito no Choro&#148;; and &#147;Seu Man� Luiz&#148; (with Baiano). Co-founder of Os Oito Batutas, Guarda Velha, and Velha Guarda. Donga&#146;s conjunto regional provided much of the accompaniment in the Stokowski recordings.</TD>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><P><TABLE border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="450">
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	<TD><A href="http://www.dicionariompb.com.br/verbete.asp?tabela=T_FORM_A&nome=Jo%E3o+da+Bahiana" target="_blank"><B><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Jo�o da Bahiana</SPAN></B></A>&#151;Jo�o Machado Guedes (1887&#150;1974). Son of another influential baiana, Tia Prisciliana (or Perciliana). He began parading in Carnaval groups while still a boy of ten and was a member of the legendary ranchos Kananga do Jap�o and Deixa Falar. For many years the most important percussionist in Brazil, he is credited with having introduced the pandeiro into samba and choro and turned the knife and plate into a rhythm instrument. Composer of the sambas &#147;Batuque na Cozinha&#148; (resurrected by Martinho da Vila); &#147;Mulher Cruel&#148;; &#147;Pedindo Vingan�a&#148;; and &#147;O Futuro � uma Caveira.&#148; Noted singer of Afro-Brazilian corimas. A lifelong friend of Pixinguinha and Donga and co-founder of Guarda Velha and Velha Guarda.</TD>
	<TD><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/People/Stokowski/Joao.da.Baiana.jpg"></TD>
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<TABLE border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="1" width="500">
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	<TD><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/People/Stokowski/young_Cartola.jpg"></TD>
	<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
	<TD><A href="http://www.tvcultura.com.br/aloescola/artes/cartola/" target="_blank"><B><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Cartola</SPAN></B></A>&#151;Angenor de Oliveira (1908&#150;1980). Co-founder of the samba school Esta��o Primeira de Mangueira and one of the most outstanding samba composers and performers of all time. Author of the immortal &#147;As Rosas N�o Falam&#148;; &#147;Acontece&#148;; &#147;Alvorada&#148;; &#147;O Sol Nascer�&#148;; &#147;Sim&#148;; &#147;O Mundo � um Moinho&#148;; &#147;Disfar�a e Chora&#148;; &#147;Os Tempos Idos&#148;; &#147;Ao Amanhecer&#148;; &#147;Tive Sim&#148;; and &#147;Cordas de A�o,&#148; to name a few. At the Stokowski sessions, where he made his first vocal recordings, Cartola was accompanied by Mangueira composer/guitarist Alu�sio Dias; a group of Mangueira percussionists including Pregui�a, China, and Negro; and the samba school&#146;s <I>pastoras</I>, a feminine chorus made up of Neuma, Cec�ia, Nadir, Orn�lia, Guiomar, Nesilia, and Neguinha.</TD>
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		<TD><A href="http://daniellathompson.com/Texts/Investigations/Ze_Espinguela.htm"><B><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Z� Espinguela</SPAN></B></A>&#151;Jos� Gomes da Costa (1901&#150;1944). Pai-de-santo and important samba pioneer. When samba was still illegal, Espinguela hosted rodas de samba at his house following the macumba ceremonies. Headed the Bloco dos Arengueiros in the morro of Mangueira (first Carnaval parade: 1927), from which emerged the seven founders of the samba school Esta��o Primeira de Mangueira, Espinguela among them. Invented the samba school competition in 1929. In 1940, assisted Villa-Lobos in the creation of the old-style carnaval group Sodade do Cord�o. Popularly known as Pai Aluf�, he was accompanied in the Stokowski recordings by the vocal-instrumental-dance group that usually performed at his parties, be they sacred or profane. These were the only vocal recordings made by Espinguela, also known as Jos� or Z� Spinelli.</TD>
		<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
	<TD><IMG SRC="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/People/Stokowski/Ze_Espinguela.cu.jpg"></TD>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><TABLE BORDER="0" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="1" WIDTH="400">
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	<TD><IMG SRC="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/People/Stokowski/Ze_com_Fome.jpg"></TD>
	<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
	<TD><A HREF="http://www.dicionariompb.com.br/verbete.asp?nome=Z%E9+da+Zilda&tabela=T_FORM_A" TARGET="_blank"><B><SPAN STYLE="color: #555555;">Z� da Zilda</SPAN></B></A>&#151;Jos� Gon�alves (1908&#150;1954). Mangueira composer first known as Z� com Fome (Hungry Z�) for his habit of stashing enormous quantities of food from friends&#146; parties in his guitar case. Later he formed a duo with wife Zilda and received the new nickname. Co-author with Cartola and Carlos Cacha�a of &#147;N�o Quero Mais [Amar a Ningu�m]&#148; and with Marino Pinto of Orlando Silva&#146;s hit &#147;Aos P�s da Cruz.&#148;</TD>
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		<TD><A href="http://www.facom.ufba.br/pexsites/musicanordestina/jararat.htm" target="_blank"><B><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Jararaca and Ratinho</SPAN></B></A>&#151;Famous northeastern comic duo of composer-actors. Jos� Luis Rodrigues Calazans &#147;Jararaca&#148; (1896&#150;1977) and saxophonist Severino Rangel de Carvalho &#147;Ratinho&#148; (1896&#150;1972) spread their humorous cocos and emboladas all over Brazil by means of their wildly popular radio program. Jararaca&#146;s 1936 marcha &#147;Mam�e Eu Quero&#148; is one of the most popular carnaval tunes of all times.<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
	<TD><IMG SRC="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/People/Stokowski/Jararaca_e_Ratinho.jpg"></TD>
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<BR>

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		<TD><IMG SRC="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/People/Stokowski/Luiz_Americano.rn.jpg"></TD>
		<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
		<TD><A href="http://www.dicionariompb.com.br/verbete.asp?tabela=T_FORM_A&nome=Luiz+Americano" target="_blank"><B><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Luiz Americano</SPAN></B></A>&#151;Notable choro composer (1900&#150;1961) and important clarinetist and saxophonist. Composed and recorded the choro &#147;� do que H�!&#148; in 1931. In 1938, he composed &#147;O Pandeiro do Jo�o da Bahiana.&#148; In 1953, he would record Ratinho&#146;s choro &#147;Saxofone, por que choras?&#148; The following year, Ary Barroso would cite him as one of the most important popular musicians in Brazil.</TD>
</TR>
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<P>Also participating were singer Janir Martins of the <A HREF="http://www.radiobras.gov.br/radioagencia/moacir.html" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">R�dio Nacional</SPAN></A> (the only female soloist), Donga&#146;s conjunto regional featuring singer Mauro C�sar (real name: Jos� Nascimento), and the men&#146;s chorus of Orfe�o Villa-Lobos. In his <A HREF="http://www.lumiar.com.br/ingles/livro/l_pixin.htm" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">biography of Pixinguinha</SPAN></A>, S�rgio Cabral mentions additional illustrious names associated with the recording session: <A HREF="http://www.portelaweb.com.br/centenario/paulo_da_portela_parte6.htm" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Paulo da Portela</SPAN></A> (founder of the <A HREF="http://www.portelaweb.com.br/" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Portela samba school</SPAN></A>), Augusto Calheiros, and guitarist Laurindo de Almeida. Two other legendary sambistas, <A HREF="http://mpbnet.com.br/musicos/ataulfo.alves/" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Ataulfo Alves</SPAN></A> and Carlos Cacha�a, were invited but didn&#146;t show up (<A HREF="http://www.brazilianmusic.com/cachaca/" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Carlos Cacha�a</SPAN></A>, a lifelong employee of the Federal Railways who never missed a day&#146;s work, had to be at the Central do Brasil train station that night).</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE><P><IMG SRC="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/Stokowski/ss_uruguay.jpg"><BR><SPAN STYLE="color: #555555;"><I>The S.S. </I>Uruguay<I> docked at Pra�a Mau� in Rio de Janeiro. It was one of three Good Neighbor ships owned by American Republics Line and operated by Moore-McCormack Lines. In May 1939, the </I>Uruguay<I> brought Carmen Miranda to New York for the first time. <SPAN STYLE="font-size: 80%;">(photo courtesy of <A HREF="http://www.duivendijk.net/"><I><SPAN STYLE="color: #555555;">Leon van Duivendijk</SPAN></I></A>)</SPAN></I></SPAN></P></BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>Where were the recordings made?<BR>
Columbia had a recording studio in Rio de Janeiro, and that would have been the natural place to hold the sessions. But the Columbia affiliate in Brazil, Byington & Cia., wasn&#146;t even notified. Instead, the musicians came aboard the <A href="http://www.moore-mccormack.com/SSUruguay.htm" target="_blank"><SPAN style="color: #555555;">S.S. <I>Uruguay</SPAN></I></A>, where the great salon was outfitted with recording equipment courtesy of Columbia. Present during the recordings were not only the artists, but members of the press, musicians of the AAYO, ship passengers, and even the captain.</P>

<P>In his book <I>Todo Tempo que Eu Viver</I> (Rio de Janeiro, Corisco Edi��es, 1988), the filmmaker Roberto Moura quoted a reportage published in the newspaper <I>A Noite</I> on 8 August 1940:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE><P>[...] In its entire existence, the music salon of the <I>Uruguay</I> had perhaps never held so many celebrities as it did last night. [...]</P>

<P>At 10 pm began the gathering of conjuntos, escolas de samba, orchestra, people who were going to sing and people who were going to listen. In this last group was the ship&#146;s captain himself, who soon took a place in a commodious armchair, from where he observed the whole parade.</P>

<P>Pixinguinha, Jararaca, Ratinho, Lu�s Americano, Augusto Calheiros, Donga, Z� Espinguela, Mauro C�sar, Jo�o da Baiana, Janir Martins, a wing of <I>Saudade do Cord�o</I> [sic], that garnered so much success in the last carnaval, the Escola de Samba Esta��o Primeira de Mangueira, the songwriter David Nasser, all these people talk, comment, discuss, until the recording work begins. As the hands of the clock move forward, the passengers of the <I>Uruguay</I> return from their tours in the city and take their places in the vast salon. And the groups who are recording follow each other in front of the microphone.</P>

<P>Midnight was long past when the maestros Stokowski and Villa-Lobos arrived. The photographers bestir themselves, eager to catch them in unexpected moments, but the famous conductor from Philadelphia flees discreetly from their lenses. Finaly he disappears altogether. But in his place remains Pixinguinha, who commands the general attention with his famous &#147;Urubu Malandro&#148;.</P>

<P>From one number to the next, the night passes and dawn surges. The music salon of the <I>Uruguay</I> is still full. Now the audience consists mainly of members of the All American Youth Orchestra, who are curious to learn about the Brazilian instruments. By morning, the sound engineer is able to count more than a hundred recordings. That is the work of one night, and also Brazilian music in its most typical expression, which will go to other countries of the Continent to serve the policy of pan-American approximation of the peoples in this hemisphere.</P></BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>In short, the night was as much a social gathering as a working session, and recording conditions in the crowded salon were far from ideal, as can be easily ascertained from the albums Columbia released. The sound engineer was American&#151;quite unfamiliar with Afro-Brazilian music and instruments&#151;and he had to contend with recording at least forty numbers in one session. This was only the first intimation that Brazil&#146;s &#147;Good Neighbor&#148; wasn&#146;t assigning much importance to the music.</P>

<P>On Thursday, 8 August 1940, the newspaper <I>O Globo</I> announced on page one:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE><H4>Samba, Stokowski&#146;s attraction!</H4>
 
During eight consecutive hours, the famous conductor recorded close to 40 Brazilian popular tunes.</BLOCKQUOTE></P>

<P>The previous evening, after his concert at the Teatro Municipal, Stokowski had returned to the ship to oversee the recordings. He retired exhausted at 3 am, but the recordings continued until daylight. According to some accounts, the session was resumed on the following night, but no information is available as to what might have been recorded then.</P>

<P>What was recorded on the night of 7 August and the morning of the 8th?<BR>
At least two detailed accounts exist, drawing on newspaper reports of the period. The accounts don&#146;t match perfectly.</P>

<P>In his biography <A href="http://www.editoras.com/gryphus/035008.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Pixinguinha, Vida e Obra</SPAN></I></A>, S�rgio Cabral quotes <I>O Globo</I>:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>First, the maracatus and the frevos composed by Pixinguinha. Then choro solos by Luiz Americano and his conjunto. The sung portion began with Janir Martins, a R�dio Nacional singer possessing a good voice and good samba interpretation, and Jos� Gon�alves, in <I>Seu Man� Luiz</I>. The same Jos� Gon�alves recorded the samba de breque <I>Uma Festa de Z�s</I>. The Esta��o Primeira de Mangueira, samba school, then sang four Cartola productions, all of the most legitimate flavor of our morros. Jararaca and Ratinho performed a desafio at the microphone and interpreted the difficult embolada <I>Bambo no Bambu</I>. To follow, Augusto Calheiros relived the modinhas of Catulo da Paix�o Cearense. Into the scene entered the veterans of Sodade do Cord�o [an attempt by Villa-Lobos to resurrect, in 1940, ancient carnaval manifestations] in an impressive presentation of monotonous melodies, at times noisy, others of the black magic. After four such recordings, two marchas de rancho by Donga and Davi Nasser were committed to wax: <I>Meu Jardim</I> and <I>Quando uma Estrela Sorri</I>, recorded by the Esta��o Primeira de Mangueira with soloist Mauro C�sar. Composed by the same authors, the sambas <I>Samba da Lua</I> and <I>Sofre Quem Faz Sofrer</I> were recorded by Janir Martins & Jos� Gon�alves and by Mauro C�sar, respectively. Then came the number that caused the greatest sensation of the night: the flute solo of Pixinguinha in <I>Urubu Malandro</I>. All present were enthusiastic, not only with the picturesque music but with the superb execution of Pixinguinha, to the point that one of the orchestra&#146;s section leaders said, &#147;That is one of the best flutists I&#146;ve ever heard.&#148;</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>The researchers Mar�lia Trindade Barboza and Arthur L. de Oliveira pieced together newspaper reports replete with inaccuracies, omissions, and duplications to produce the following list of tunes, published in two of their biographies, <A href="http://www.editoras.com/gryphus/035008.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Filho de Ogum Bexiguento</SPAN></I></A> (about Pixinguinha) and <A href="http://www.gryphus.com.br/Categoria/Biografia/cartola.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Cartola&#151;Os Tempos Idos</SPAN></I></A>:</P>

<P>01. Seu Man� Luiz (partido alto by Donga & C�cero de Almeida)<BR>
02. Meu Amor (samba do morro by Cartola & Alu�sio Dias)<BR>
03. Festa Encrencada (samba de breque by Jos� Gon�alves)<BR>
04. Passarinho Bateu Asas (toada by Donga)<BR>
05. Sapo Dentro do Saco (embolada by Jararaca)<BR>
06. Orim� (macumba by Z� Espinguela)<BR>
07. Hoje � Dia (macumba by Z� Espinguela)<BR>
08. Afoch� (candombl� by Z� Espinguela)<BR>
09. Samba da Lua (batucada by Donga & David Nasser)<BR>
10. Intrigas no Buteco do Padilha (choro by Luiz Americano)<BR>
11. Tocando pra Voc� (choro by Luiz Americano)<BR>
12. Luiz Americano no Lido (choro by Luiz Americano)<BR>
13. Bole-Bole (maxixe by Jos� Gon�alves)<BR>
14. Caboclo do Mato (fantasia on macumba by Jo�o da Bahiana)<BR>
15. Quequerequequ� (fantasia on macumba by Jo�o da Bahiana)<BR>
16. Pelo Telefone (samba by Donga & Mauro de Almeida)<BR>
17. Bambu (embolada by Donga)<BR>
18. Primeiro Amor (samba do morro by Cartola & Alu�sio Dias)<BR>
19. Apanh� Lim�o (samba by Jararaca)<BR>
20. Jos� Barbino (maracatu by Pixinguinha & Jararaca<BR>
21. Na Praia (modinha by Raul Moraes)<BR>
22. Saia da Morena (embolada by Donga)<BR>
23. Tristeza (samba do morro by Cartola)<BR>
24. Quem Me V� Sorrir (samba do morro by Cartola & Carlos Cacha�a)<BR>
25. Ranchinho Desfeito (samba-can��o by Donga & David Nasser)<BR>
26. Cambinda Velha (frevo by Pixinguinha)<BR>
27. Urubu Malandro (variations on samba by Pixinguinha)<BR>
28. Amarra a Vaca (embolada by Jararaca)<BR>
29. Alma de Tupi (modinha by Jararaca)<BR>
30. Taco Taco (desafio by Jararaca)<BR>
31. Sofre Quem Faz Sofrer (samba by Donga & David Nasser)<BR>
32. Romance de um �ndio (samba by Donga & David Nasser)<BR>
33. Curimach� (macumba by Z� Espinguela)<BR>
34. Camandau� (candombl� by Z� Espinguela)<BR>
35. Meu Jardim (marcha de rancho by Donga & David Nasser)<BR>
36. Ranchinho Desfeito (marcha de rancho by Donga & David Nasser)<BR>
37. Acoroag� (candombl� by Z� Espinguela)<BR>
38. Canide-Ione (Amerindian chant elaborated by Villa-Lobos)<BR>
39. Nozani-Na (Amerindian chant elaborated by Villa-Lobos)<BR>
40. Teiru (Amerindian chant elaborated by Villa-Lobos)</P>

<P>&#147;Ranchinho Desfeito&#148; is listed twice, the second time as a marcha de rancho. According to Barboza and Oliveira, the song was recorded twice, but it could be that this marcha de rancho is &#147;Quando uma Estrela Sorri&#148; (by the same authors), mentioned in the <I>O Globo</I> report but missing from the list above.</P>

<P>On Friday, 9 August, with at least forty tunes recorded (some say a hundred), Stokowski bid adieu to Rio de Janeiro and left for S�o Paulo. What did he give the musicians for their work? Only his enthusiastic compliments.</P>
<BR>

<P><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/Stokowski/NBM1.sm.jpg"> <IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/Stokowski/NBM2.sm.jpg"><BR><SPAN STYLE="color: #555555;"><I><SPAN STYLE="font-size: 80%;">Scans: Jim Braun</SPAN></I></SPAN></P>
<BR>

<H4><SPAN style="color: #FF0000;">II. Scherzo poco allegro: <I>Native Brazilian Music</I></SPAN></H4>

<P>Columbia Records released Stokowski&#146;s <I>Uruguay</I> recordings in early 1942 (<A HREF="http://daniellathompson.com/Texts/Stokowski/Time.htm" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN STYLE=" color: #555555; font-family: Palatino, serif;">see the review published in <I>Time</I> magazine</SPAN></A>) under the title <A HREF="http://daniellathompson.com/Texts/Stokowski/NBM.htm" TARGET="_blank"><I><SPAN STYLE="color: #555555;">Native Brazilian Music</SPAN></I></A>. Of the forty tunes recorded, only seventeen saw the light of day, in two albums, each containing four 78-rpm discs. The albums&#146; liner notes announced:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE><P>Here in this album of Columbia Records you have the authentic music of Brazil...superbly played by native musicians...selected and recorded under the personal supervision of Leopold Stokowski.</P>

<P>These significant recordings were made during Maestro Stokowski&#146;s tour of South America with the All-American Orchestra. At the various stops of the tour, Dr. Stokowski listened to the native folk and popular music as interpreted by the musicians of our Good Neighbor states. For recording purposes he chose what he thought was best and most typical.</P>

<P>Plans for these records were laid when arrangements were first completed to record, exclusively on Columbia Masterworks, the All-American Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski.</P></BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>Pixinguinha&#146;s acclaimed flute solo in &#147;Urubu Malandro&#148; was <A href="http://daniellathompson.com/Texts/Stokowski/Columbia_Vault.htm"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">one of the many casualties</SPAN></A>. But truncation wasn&#146;t the only deficiency of the albums. A mere six of the seventeen tune titles escaped butchery on the disc labels. Of the composers&#146; names, a scant three were correctly spelled. As for the performers, they were mostly ignored. In Volume Two, the song order was mixed up. And considering Stokowski&#146;s zeal for &#147;the most legitimate native Brazilian music,&#148; the descriptions attached to the compositions are disappointingly inadequate. I&#146;ve reformatted the label information for easier reading, although the spelling and the order remain as they were on Columbia&#146;s discs:</P>

<P><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/Stokowski/C-83.jpg"><BR><SPAN STYLE="color: #555555;"><I><SPAN STYLE="font-size: 80%;">Scan: Jim Braun</SPAN></I></SPAN></P>

<P><B><I>Native Brazilian Music</I>, Vol. One, Set C-83</B> </P>

<P>36503 C83-1 (CO 30165) Grupa do Rae Aluf�: <B>Macumba de Och�c�</B> (Jose Espingucla); Macumba with Vocal Ensemble<BR>
36503 C83-2 (CO 30166) Grupo do Rae Aluf�: <B>Macumba de Inhan�an</B> (Jose Espingucla); Macumba with Vocal Ensemble<BR>
36504 C83-3 (CO 30150) Regionale Orchestra: <B>Samba Concao</B> (Wasson-Donga); Samba with Vocal Refrain<BR>
36504 C83-4 (CO 30151) Regionale Orchestra: <B>Caboclo do Matto</B> (Cetulio Marinho); Samba with Vocal Ensemble<BR>
36505 C83-5 (CO 30154) Guarda Vilha Orchestra: <B>Seu Man� e Lu�s</B> (Ernesto dos Santos); Samba with Vocal Duet<BR>
36505 C83-6 (CO 30156) Ernesto dos Santos with Orchestra: <B>Bambo du Bambu</B>; Samba with Vocal Refrain<BR>
36506 C83-7 (CO 30155) Jarara�a e Rattinho: <B>Sappo no Sacco</B> (Jarara�a  e Rattinho); Embolada with Ensemble Vocal<BR>
36506 C83-8 (CO 30147) Regionale Orchestra: <B>K Keri K K</B> (Yoad Machrado Cudo j); Samba with Vocal Ensemble</P>

<P><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/Stokowski/C-84.jpg"><BR><SPAN STYLE="color: #555555;"><I><SPAN STYLE="font-size: 80%;">Scan: Jim Braun</SPAN></I></SPAN></P>

<P><B><I>Native Brazilian Music</I>, Vol. Two, Set C-84</B></P>

<P>36507 C84-1 (CO 30152) Alfredo Vianna e Calazans: <B>Z� Barbino</B> (Alfredo viana e Calazans); Vocal<BR>
36507 C84-2 (CO 30153) Luis Americano: <B>Tocanda Pra Voce</B> (Luis Americano); Instrumental<BR> 
36508 C84-3 (CO 30148) Regionale Orchestra: <B>Pelo Telefone</B> (Donga); Zamba with Vocal Chorus<BR> 
36508 C84-4 (CO 30149) Regionale Orchestra: <B>Passarinho Baleu Asa</B> (Donga); Zamba with Vocal Ensemble<BR>
36509 C84-5 (CO 30163) Mangueira Chorus: <B>Quem Me Ve Sorrir</B> (de Oliveira); Zamba with Vocal Ensemble<BR>
36509 C84-6 (CO 30193) Brazilian Indian Singers: <B>1. Teir� 2. Nozani-Na</B> (Villa-Lobos); Chants<BR>
36510 C84-7 (CO 30190) Grupo do Rae Aluf�: <B>Cantigo de Festa</B> (Jose Espingucla); Can��o with Vocal Ensemble<BR>
36510 C84-8 (CO 30167) Brazilian Indian Singers: <B>Canide Ioune</B> (Villa-Lobos); Vocal</P>

<P>Columbia never released <I>Native Brazilian Music</I> in Brazil, and for forty-seven years, the only known copies there could be counted on the fingers of one hand. The music historian and critic L�cio Rangel was one of the lucky few who owned the albums&#151;he received them from a friend in New York into whose hands they had fallen by chance. Rangel eventually donated his albums to the Museu da Imagem e do Som (MIS), where they disappeared in mysterious circumstances.</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE><P><IMG SRC="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/People/Stokowski/Espinguela.jpg"><BR><SPAN STYLE="font-size: 90%;"><I><SPAN STYLE="color: #555555;">Z� Espinguela & Villa-Lobos (right) during a S�dade do<BR>Cord�o rehearsal at Espinguela&#146;s house, 1940 (photo courtesy<BR>of 
<A HREF="http://usuarios.uninet.com.br/~ermepaz/" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Ermelinda A. Paz</SPAN></A>).</SPAN></I></SPAN></P></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>Most of the musicians died without ever having heard the recordings. Few were paid for them. Cartola received a paltry 1,500 r�is, enough for three packets of cheap cigarettes, a year and a half after the recordings. In an interview he gave S�rgio Cabral in 1974, Cartola said that he finally heard &#147;Quem Me V� Sorrir&#148;&#151;his first vocal recording&#151;in L�cio Rangel&#146;s home a good twenty years after the <I>Uruguay</I> sessions. Two other participants in the same recording, <A HREF="http://www.dicionariompb.com.br/verbete.asp?tabela=T_FORM_A&nome=Alu%EDsio+Dias" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Alu�sio Dias</SPAN></A> (1911&#150;1991) and <A HREF="http://www.brazilianmusic.com/mrsamba/neuma.html" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Dona Neuma Gon�alves Silva</SPAN></A>, had to wait until 1980 to hear it on tape.  Dona Neuma (1922&#150;2000) was the daughter of Mangueira&#146;s first president Saturnino Gon�alves and the <I>grande dame</I> of samba. In 1940 she was eighteen and one of the pastoras who provided the electrifying vocal backup in &#147;Quem Me V� Sorrir.&#148; In a 1981 interview with filmmaker Roberto Moura, Dona Neuma still remembered fondly and described in great detail the delicious food served on board the <I>Uruguay</I> 41 years earlier:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE><P>Like me, the elders who came... I was still a kid, but the elders who came, came to eat, there were lots of good things for us to eat, that was the first time that we ate turkey with pineapple, pork with prunes, a luxurious supper. We recorded, after the party there was the reception. [...] It happened all on the same day. It was fast. It was in the evening, but the samba went on until morning. I slept on deck, how nice it was. [...] There was a type of vermicelli with ham, cheese, I don&#146;t know, it wasn&#146;t spaghetti but vermicelli, very well prepared, loose, it wasn&#146;t the sticky mess we get when we cook vermicelli, this was very well done, I don&#146;t know how they cooked it, but it turned out loose, I think they made the sauce and then cooked the pasta in it, they gave it a little twist that kept it loose, a delicious thing, but I only wanted to eat, you know? Eat and walk [around the ship]. [...]</P>

<P>It was a beautiful ship. [...] A beautiful salon, there was a stage, we sang on the stage, with him conducting. He conducted us, there was an orchestra and our drums. [...] He conducted the orchestra, then he came and conducted us and the drums. We already knew because maestro Villa-Lobos taught us the hand gestures, how it went, if he raised it, we knew all the gestures, taught by maestro Villa-Lobos. He taught here, at the school, everywhere, because the maestro that we knew at that time was Villa-Lobos, it was he. He came here to the morro a lot, because he was a great friend of Cartola.</P></BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>Neither the government of Brazil nor any other Brazilian entity has ever made an effort to recover these recordings. In 1987, during Villa-Lobos&#146; centennial, <A HREF="http://www.museuvillalobos.org.br/index0.htm" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">Museu Villa-Lobos</SPAN></A> (MVL) in Rio de Janeiro released the sixteen <I>Native Brazilian Music</I> sides on an LP produced by Suet�nio Valen�a, Marcelo Rodolfo, and Jairo Severiano, with liner notes by the music historian Ary Vasconcelos. The music was transferred not from the original matrices, whose location (if they survived) remained unknown, but from 78-rpm discs donated by the collector Fl�vio Silva.</P>

<P>This also was the first time that the compositions, their authors, and the interpreters were correctly identified, the exception being Pai Aluf� (Z� Espinguela), whose group inexplicably retained the moniker Grupo do Rae Aluf�, <I>� la</I> Columbia (I corrected the name below):</P>

<H4><I>Native Brazilian Music</I>, Vol. 1 (C-83)</H4>

<P>1. <B>Macumba de Ox�ssi</B> (Donga/Jos� Espinguela)<BR>
<I>Z� Espinguela & Grupo do Pai Aluf�</I><BR>
A macumba in praise of Ox�ssi, orix� of the forest and the hunt, syncretized as St. Sebastian in Rio de Janeiro and as St. George in Bahia. Short call & response phrases in Yoruba, sung by a male soloist and a female chorus and accompanied by powerful drumming (titled &#147;Orim�&#148; [#6] in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>2. <B>Macumba de Ians�</B> (Donga/Jos� Espinguela)<BR>
<I>Z� Espinguela & Grupo do Pai Aluf�</I><BR> 
A macumba in praise of Ians�, female orix� of the flaming sword, syncretized as St. Barbara. Male soloist and female chorus accompanied by drumming (titled &#147;Camandau�&#148; [#34] in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>3. <B>Ranchinho Desfeito</B> (Donga/De Castro e Souza/David Nasser)<BR>
<I>Mauro C�sar</I><BR>
A simple Samba-can��o, sung in Orlando Silva&#146;s vocal style and accompanied by Donga&#146;s conjunto regional and Pixinguinha's outstanding flute (#25 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>4. <B>Caboclo do Mato</B> (Get�lio Marinho da Silva &#147;Amor&#148;)<BR>
<I>Jo�o da Bahiana, Janir Martins & Jararaca</I><BR>
Corima featuring short phrases of call (Jo�o) and response (Janir & Jararaca), flute improvisations by Pixinguinha, and Jo�o&#146;s famous pandeiro (#14 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>5. <B>Seu Man� Luiz</B> (Donga)<BR>
<I>Jos� Gon�alves (aka Z� da Zilda) & Janir Martins</I><BR> 
Humorous samba in a male-female duet, accompanied by Donga&#146;s regional with Pixinguinha's flute solo and percussion (#1 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>6. <A href="http://daniellathompson.com/Texts/Investigations/Bambo_Bambu.htm"><B><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Bambo do Bambu</SPAN></B></A> (Donga)<BR>
<I>Jararaca & Ratinho</I><BR>
Typically fast-paced, tongue-twisting embolada, accompanied by a regional with Laurindo de Almeida&#146;s guitar. (#17 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>7. <B>Sapo no Saco</B> (Jararaca)<BR>
<I>Jararaca & Ratinho</I><BR>
 A classic rapid-fire embolada, sung in duet and accompanied by a regional, this was one of the few previously recorded (in 1929) tunes included in the Columbia albums (#5 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>8. <B>Que Quere Que Qu�</B> (Jo�o da Bahiana/Donga/ Pixinguinha)<BR>
<I>Jo�o da Bahiana & Janir Martins</I><BR>
Macumba carnavalesca featuring male call & female response, with Jo�o&#146;s pandeiro and Pixinguinha's flute improvisations. Previously recorded in 1932 as "Que Quer�" with authorship attributed to the three musicians, it was probably composed by Jo�o alone (#15 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/Stokowski/Cantiga.deFesta.jpg"><BR><SPAN STYLE="color: #555555;"><I><SPAN STYLE="font-size: 80%;">Photo: Daniella Thompson</SPAN></I></SPAN></P>

<H4><I>Native Brazilian Music</I>, Vol. 2 (C-84)</H4>


<P>1. <B>Z� Barbino</B> (Pixinguinha/Jararaca)<BR>
<I>Pixinguinha & Jararaca</I><BR>
A maracatu featuring brass & percussion instrumentals interspersed with male-duo vocals. A rare vocal recording by Pixinguinha (#20 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>2. <B>Tocando pra Voc�</B> (Luiz Americano)<BR>
<I>Luiz Americano</I><BR>
A choro in three parts [structure: a-b-a-c-a] with clarinet solo accompanied by a regional, with Jo�o da Bahiana on pandeiro (#11 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>3. <B>Passarinho Bateu Asas</B> (Donga)<BR>
<I>Jos� Gon�alves (aka Z� da Zilda)</I><BR>
Samba with male solo & male-female refrain, accompanied by Pixinguinha&#146;s flute and Donga&#146;s regional. This famous composition had been recorded by Francisco Alves in 1928 (#4 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>4. <B>Pelo Telefone</B> (Donga/Mauro de Almeida)<BR>
<I>Jos� Gon�alves (aka Z� da Zilda)</I><BR>
The celebrated samba, with male solo & female chorus, Pixinguinha&#146;s brilliant flute, and Donga&#146;s regional (#16 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

5. <B>Quem Me V� Sorrir</B> (Cartola/Carlos Cacha�a)<BR>
<I>Cartola & Mangueira&#146;s Chorus</I><BR>
Another classic samba sung by Cartola and Mangueira&#146;s high-voiced pastoras, with expressive cu�ca grunts, Alu�sio Dias on guitar, and powerful drumming by Mangueira percussionists (#24 in the list of 40 tunes).

<P>6. <B>Teiru/Nozani-N�</B> (Traditional/Heitor Villa-Lobos)<BR>
<I>Choral Quartet of Orfe�o Villa-Lobos</I><BR>
Two Amerindian chants, slowly and deliberately intoned by four teachers of the Orfe�o Villa-Lobos. &#147;Teiru&#148; is a funeral chant for the death of a chief, collected by Roquete Pinto in 1912. In 1926, Villa-Lobos made it the second of his <I>Tr�s Poemas Ind�genas</I>. &#147;Nozani-N�&#148; is included in Villa-Lobos&#146; <I>Can��es T�picas Brasileiras</I> (1919). (#39 & #40 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>7. <B>Cantiga de Festa</B> (Donga/Jos� Espinguela)<BR>
<I>Z� Espinguela & Grupo do Pai Aluf�</I><BR>
Corima featuring male solo & female chorus, drumming, and clapping (#7 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>

<P>8. <B>Canid� Ioune</B> (Traditional/Heitor Villa-Lobos)<BR>
<I>Choral Quartet of Orfe�o Villa-Lobos</I><BR>
This Amerindian chant, collected by the traveler Jean de L�ry in 1553, is the first of Villa-Lobos&#146; <I>Tr�s Poemas Ind�genas</I>, published in 1926. It is sung by the teachers of the Orfe�o Villa-Lobos. (#38 in the list of 40 tunes).</P>
<BR>

<H4><SPAN style="color: #FF0000;">III. Andante vivace: California, 1999</SPAN></H4>


<P>I first heard about <I>Native Brazilian Music</I> from Paulo &#147;Pauleira&#148; Malaguti. In April 1999 I was interviewing him for an article about his vocal group, Arranco de Vars�via (<A href="http://www.brazzillog.com/pages/blamay99.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Brazzil</SPAN></I></A>, May 1999). Arranco had recorded Cartola & Carlos Cacha�a&#146;s samba &#147;Quem Me V� Sorrir&#148;&#151;now better known as &#147;Quem Me V� Sorrindo&#148;&#151;on their CDs <I>Quem � de Sambar</I> and <I>Samba de Cartola</I>, and Malaguti described his first encounter with the song:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>In 1993 I was given one of these [MVL] records that were released here and was very impressed with the whole album and particularly with this specific track. The blending of a very delicate melody and poem, the sound of the pastoras with the early Mangueira drumming, made a deep impression on my understanding of the history of samba. So I used exactly the same form as the original recording, making my own polyphony for the intro and harmonizing the main melody. This melody is so well done that it makes it easy for the arranger to create the other voices to accompany it. This song remains for us at Arranco a very powerful greeting card when we make short appearances. This is the song that we first showed Beth Carvalho, and she was sincerely touched by our singing. We recorded it again on our second album in a slightly different version.</BLOCKQUOTE>


<P><IMG src="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/Stokowski/RevivendoCartolaCD.gif" align="left">In early May, I acquired the newly released CD <A href="http://www.revivendomusicas.com.br/produto_detalhe.asp?id=380" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Cartola&#151;O Sol Nascer�</SPAN></I></A> (Revivendo RVCD-131), which contains Cartola compositions recorded between 1929 and 1968, including the rendition of &#147;Quem Me V� Sorrir&#148; from the Stokowski sessions. The contrast between Cartola&#146;s delicate singing and the pastoras&#146; strongly African&#8211;tinged accompaniment was captivating, and my curiosity, always active, was powerfully piqued. At this stage, all I knew about the Stokowski recordings was that they were made in 1940 on board the <I>Uruguay</I>, and that Villa-Lobos rounded up Cartola and the &#147;Mangueira crowd,&#148; Donga, Jararaca  & Ratinho, Luiz Americano, Z� Espinguela, and others to record &#147;many different things&#148; (in Malaguti&#146;s words).</P>

<P>Later that month I flew to Rio de Janeiro, where the collector Valfredo Guida let me hear the entire MVL album and gave me a tape dub with a hand-written track list that specified titles and composers but not performers. I treasure the tape, but the whole matter might have rested right there were it not for another friend&#146;s action.</P>

<P>Toward the end of July 1999, I received an e-mail from Jim Braun, who programs and presents music shows on KBOO radio in Portland, Oregon. Jim wrote that he was sending me a tape dub of &#147;a 78-rpm Columbia album called <I>Native Brazilian Music&#151;Volume 1</I> (I think there never was a Volume 2), which has some stuff I&#146;m sure you&#146;ll find interesting.&#148;  As a footnote, Jim added, &#147;Re the <I>Native Brazilian Music</I> album: on every side&#146;s label it says &#145;Recorded under the personal supervision of LEOPOLD STOKOWSKI.&#146; I don&#146;t believe it, but I suppose they thought it would help in the marketing.&#148; I told Jim to believe it and sent him what little information I had. He replied, &#147;Thanks a million for the Stokowski info; it couldn&#146;t have been more timely, since I&#146;m planning to air all eight sides on my next show this Friday&#151;from cassette tape, of course, since KBOO doesn&#146;t have a 78-rpm turntable.&#148; Few of the titles of Jim&#146;s eight recordings matched the list I got with my Rio tape, and it was only after I&#146;d read further and listened to Jim&#146;s tape that I realized the recordings were identical.</P>

<P>Just that week, I was reading Pixinguinha&#146;s biography <I>Filho de Ogum Bexiguento</I>, freshly acquired in a Rio <I>sebo</I>. And there, on page 102, was laid out the story of the Stokowski sessions, including a list of forty tunes recorded on board the <I>Uruguay</I>.</P>

<P>Forty tunes, when only seventeen had been released on sixteen sides.</P>

<P>Now genuinely excited, I seized Cabral&#146;s <I>Pixinguinha, Vida e Obra</I>, then his <A href="http://www.lumiar.com.br/ingles/livro/l_esc.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">As Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro</SPAN></I></A>, and learned much of what you&#146;ve read thus far. Painstakingly, I pieced together information from disparate sources to identify the seventeen <I>Native Brazilian Music</I> tunes, their composers and performers.</P>

<P>It dawned on me that somewhere, perhaps in the Columbia vaults in this country, there might be languishing 23 never-released recordings made by some of Brazil&#146;s greatest musicians. Did anyone know about them or have a clue as to their whereabouts?</P>

<P>By sheer coincidence, I was just completing an article about the samba group Fam�lia Roitman (<A href="http://www.brazzillog.com/pages/p43jul99.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Brazzil</SPAN></I></A>, July 1999). The group&#146;s guitarist, Felipe Trotta, told me he was working at Museu Villa-Lobos on a temporary basis, and I sent him a series of questions that he forwarded to Marcelo Rodolfo, the museum staffer involved in the release of <I>NBM</I>.</P>

<P><I><B>Daniella Thompson</B>&#151;<B>Has MVL ever released these recordings on CD? If so, is it available for purchase?</B></I></P>

<P><B>Marcelo Rodolfo</B>&#151;Unfortunately not yet.</P>

<P><I><B>DT</B>&#151;<B>What ever happened to the other 23 recordings made for Stokowski on board the ship </I>Uruguay<I> on 7 and 8 August 1940? Columbia never released them</B>.</I></P>

<P><B>MR</B>&#151;We have no idea.</P>

<I><B>DT</B>&#151;<B>Were the masters ever returned to Brazil? Do they still exist?</B></I>

<P><B>MR</B>&#151;We also don&#146;t know. Museu Villa-Lobos issued in 1987 an LP version directly from those known 78-rpm albums.<BR>
Sorry if we couldn&#146;t help you much, but we think you can get more information about the recordings from Suet�nio Valen�a. He is an expert in Brazilian music and was one of those responsible for that release.<BR>
We hope you get success in your investigation.</P>

<P>[In 2001, a Brazilian reader told me that he had asked Marcelo Rodolfo why he hadn&#146;t made more of an effort to help me in the investigation. Rodolfo replied, &#147;She was too eager.&#148;]</P>

<P>It was time to launch an all-out attack. I sent an e-mail to Paulo Malaguti and asked him to contact Suet�nio Valen�a. I also posted a query to the Brazilian music e-mail list Saudades do Brasil, asking if anyone knew how one might go about looking for old recording masters in Sony&#146;s Columbia vaults. The only immediate response came from Jack O&#146;Neil, owner of Blue Jackel Entertainment&#151;an American label that has released a significant amount of quality Brazilian music. Jack wrote:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>Sony Brasil is very well organized and can find just about anything you ask for. Sony/Columbia US is the complete opposite. If it is older than 10 years, they cannot find anything.</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>The next day he added:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>You should forget about dealing with Sony USA; they will have no records about this release. You should deal with Sony Brasil; maybe they can make a copy for you on DAT or CD. Sony Brasil was the only label that still knew what they had in 78s when we were licensing. It sounds like a great disc.</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>Jack&#146;s news was not what I&#146;d hoped to hear, but buoyed by his interest, I told him the whole tale. He replied, &#147;What a great story. This is what makes the world go around,&#148; and advised that there&#146;s a reliable way to transfer music from 78s to CD, concluding:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>If they were never released in Brasil, then you have to find someone in the US that will track them down. Sony Special Products are a licensing division, but if you tell them you are interested in licensing, maybe they will dig around for you. It&#146;s a process that usually takes about 6 months.</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>Again, Jack&#146;s information was both encouraging and discouraging. There might be a way to locate the original masters, but becoming a producer was the last thing I wanted to do.
In the meantime, I heard from Malaguti:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>I talked to Suet�nio right this moment, and he is very willing to help you. I think he possesses the original Columbia records, and he says that the masters must be at Columbia up to this point. I couldn&#146;t get into much detail on what your interest is, but he was curious and gave me his e-mail for you to get in contact. You should rush because he will be out of town tomorrow on a trip to Prague for some radio programs he made.</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>So I wrote Suet�nio Valen�a a long e-mail, suggesting that perhaps a label like the Brazilian Revivendo, which specializes in reissuing historic recordings on CD, might be interested in releasing <I>NBM</I>. Somewhere along the way, my interest had shifted from the mere desire to hear all forty recordings to the conviction that this treasure should be unearthed and released on disc. But could it be recovered? And would I have to turn myself into a producer to do it?</P>

<P>I was pondering the imponderable when a few days later another reply to my listserv query arrived. This time it was my friend Luca DiDonna, an audiophile collector of Brazilian music. Luca told me that a recent issue of the audiophile magazine <I>Absolute Sound</I> contained an article about Columbia Records during the &#146;50s, written by Michael Gray of the Library of Congress. An unhoped-for ray of light. I sent an e-mail to Sony&#146;s Columbia division. Needless to say, that message has yet to be answered. Next I searched for the <I>Absolute Sound</I> website and dispatched an e-mail to its publisher, Mark Fisher, who forwarded my message to Michael Gray. Gray soon got in touch, and I recounted the long tale again. His response:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>I was aware that LS had made records with the AAYO in Brazil, but not about the discs of Brazilian music.<BR>
I have many friends at Sony&#151;perhaps you could send me a list of matrix numbers and I can see if the masters survived. Is that OK?<BR>
Obrigado (I think!)</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>Another mad scramble. An e-mail to Jim Braun, with instructions for locating the matrix numbers on the eight sides of his <I>NBM, Vol.1</I>. A ninth matrix number came from a photo of one of the Vol. 2 discs, reproduced in Cabral&#146;s <I>Pixinguinha</I> (the disc label still bore the legend &#145;Volume One&#146;, although the side was identified as C84-1&#151;Side 1 of Volume Two). More e-mails to researchers in Rio de Janeiro yielded no helpful information. But those nine numbers were sufficient, and I didn't have to wait long. Twelve days later, there was an e-mail from Mike Gray:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>Do you have a FAX number? I found some material at the Library of Congress today that might be useful, though somewhat disappointing if you&#146;re looking for those missing masters...</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>The fax arrived the following day, comprising several pages of microfiche, listing recordings from 1941 and &#146;42. There&#151;sandwiched between Eddy Duchin&#146;s &#147;Sometimes&#148; & &#147;How About You&#148; and Orrin Tucker&#146;s &#147;Goodbye Mama&#148; & &#147;You&#146;re a Sap, Mr. Jap&#148; on one side and Kate Smith&#146;s &#147;America, I Love You&#148; & &#147;The Star-Spangled Banner&#148; on the other&#151;were my sixteen <I>NBM</I> sides, botched spelling and all, although not necessarily the same misspellings as on the Columbia discs. &#147;Passarinho Bateu Asas&#148; (A Bird Beat Its Wings), which turned into &#147;Passarinho Baleu Asa&#148; on the disc label, had become &#147;Passarinho Bazeu Aza&#148; in the Library of Congress archive. A few tunes recovered their legitimate titles. Recording place: unknown. Recording date: 12 March 1941. In the margin of the fax, Mike Gray added:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>I also looked at the daily engineering and dubbing reports for 1940/41, but I can&#146;t find the original master numbers or the dubbing dates that made the COs. Given your own recording information, the 3/12/41 date probably means a date received rather than a recording date. Hope all this helps a little...</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>What Mike Gray was telling me ever so gently was that he believed the masters hadn&#146;t been preserved&#151;the final insult in a long inventory of injuries.</P>

<P>The next day I heard from the music collector, researcher, and producer Paulo Cesar de Andrade:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>Unfortunately I couldn&#146;t get the matrix numbers of the recordings. In Brazil, we use recording numbers, not matrix numbers, in discographies. If the recordings made in Brazil are 40 and you can get them, we can produce a box of 2 CDs with the complete historical recordings. I'm crossing my fingers.</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>My own fingers were no longer crossed. Scratch Plan A. I sent out a flurry of e-mails to let people know that the <I>NBM</I> masters probably haven&#146;t survived. Jack O&#146;Neil replied:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>This is what I mean; so much great old stuff is gone. The 78s can serve as a master in the right hands. To release or license a full CD from a major label is very difficult. They want to manufacture it and ship you finished product for a ridiculous sum of money. I would love to hear this stuff. Maybe if I fall in love with it [I could] help out.</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>My tape recorder possesses only a single recording head, so once again I turned to Jim Braun. He asked an astute question to which I could furnish no answer: &#147;Could the masters be resting in Columbia's vaults unbeknownst to the L of C?&#148; and willingly agreed to send Jack a tape of the eight sides in his <I>NBM, Vol. 1</I>. Thinking ahead, he added:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>Meanwhile, I&#146;ve been thinking: if the two-CD set is impossible, how about a single CD containing the sixteen sides issued by Columbia? Surely a decent copy of <I>NBM, Vol. 2</I> must be obtainable somewhere. I&#146;ve looked at <A HREF="http://groups.google.com/group/rec.music.marketplace.misc" TARGET="_blank"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">rec.music.marketplace.misc</SPAN></A> with an eye to advertising there, and I&#146;ve also come across a mailing list for 78 collectors. What do you think?</BLOCKQUOTE>
<BR>

<P><IMG SRC="http://daniellathompson.com/Photos/Stokowski/Quem_Me_Ve_Sorir_label.jpg"><BR><SPAN STYLE="color: #555555;"><I><SPAN STYLE="font-size: 80%;">Photo: Daniella Thompson</SPAN></I></SPAN></P>

<H4><SPAN style="color: #FF0000;">IV. Coda</SPAN></H4>

<P>Jim Braun sent the promised tape to Jack O&#146;Neil. Jack liked the material and even said that he&#146;d love to release it, but he thought it would be impossible to license the rights from Sony, since no one there knows that the material exists. The owner of Rob Digital, a Brazilian record label focusing on choro, reacted in a similar manner. As for Jim, in September 1999 he found Vol. 2 of <I>NBM</I> offered for sale on the Internet and bought it (he had acquired his first volume in some garage sale or thrift shop). Suet�nio Valen�a eventually wrote back but had no new information to offer beyond saying that MVL should reissue <I>NBM</I> on CD (&#147;should&#148; is not the same as &#147;will&#148;). He promised to send me the liner notes for the MVL 1987 LP edition but never got around to doing so. I was presented with a copy of the MVL LP in March 2000 and incorporated the final details into the article as it was going to press. My overtures to Revivendo have yet to bear fruit. Jim Braun recently told me that he&#146;s ready to make his 78-rpm discs available should any label be willing to release <I>NBM</I> on CD.</P>

<P>We&#146;re still waiting.</P>

<P>= = =</P>

<P>There&#146;s an <A href="http://daniellathompson.com/Texts/Stokowski/Columbia_Vault.htm"><SPAN style=" font-family: Palatino, Serif; color: #555555;">aftermath</SPAN></A> to this story.</P>

<HR>

<H5>Glossary</H5>

<SPAN style="font-size: 90%;"><B>Batucada</B>: Afro-Brazilian song & dance performed since the 17th century and consisting of sung verses (with choral response) accompanied de percussion instruments. Since the 1930s, the term signifies a specific type of samba with strong percussive accompaniment.<BR>
<B>Batuque</B>: the rhythm of batucada.<BR>
<B>Batuqueiro</B>: competitor or player in a roda de batucada.<BR>
<B>Candombl�</B>: Afro-Brazilian religion synthesized in Bahia by slaves from Angola, Congo, Efan, and principally from Yoruba- and Fon/Ewe-speaking regions (now Nigeria and Benin); also the music performed during candombl� rites.<BR>
<B>Choro</B>: instrumental music of 19th-century origin, noted for virtuosity, improvisation, and counterpoint.<BR>
<B>Coco</B>: popular northeastern song and dance form whose verses are sung in call-and-response fashion by a soloist and chorus, accompanied by percussion and clapping.<BR>
<B>Conjunto regional</B>: traditional instrumental ensemble, playing samba or choro.<BR>
<B>Coqueiro</B>: coco lead singer, also known as tirador de coco (coco puller).<BR>
<B>Cord�o</B>: cordon, a carnaval group of old times, utilizing Indo-Brazilian themes and primitive percussion.<BR>
<B>Cord�o de velhos</B>: cordon of old-timers.<BR>
<B>Corima</B>: Afro-Brazilian genre related to jongo, featuring soloist and chorus call-and-response singing, dancing, and drum accompaniment. Its variants assume the names of the specific drums used (e.g., caxambu).<BR>
<B>Desafio</B>: challenge; poetic dispute between two singers, partly improvised and partly set; practiced all over Brazil, but especially in the northeast. Musical instruments vary, but the most popular are viola, guitar, rabeca (violin) and sanfona (accordion). A current variant of desafio is known as repente.<BR>
<B>Embolada</B>: northeastern song and dance characterized by rapid, perpetual-motion melody, frequent refrains, and alliterative, sometimes improvised lyrics with comic, satiric, or descriptive content. The danced form is known as coco de embolada.<BR>
<B>Favela</B>: hilltop slum; many of the major samba schools in Rio de Janeiro were established in favelas.<BR>
<B>Frevo</B>: street and ballroom dance from Pernambuco, possessing a syncopated march-like rhythm of violent and frenetic nature.<BR>
<B>Jangada</B>: traditional fishing sailboat of the Brazilian northeast.<BR>
<B>Jangadeiro</B>: a jangada sailor.<BR>
<B>Jongo</B>: type of samba, sung by one or more soloists, with choral refrain, accompanied by percussion (tambu, candongueiro, gazunga, etc.). The dance moves in an anti-clockwise circle, with the dancers (alone or in pairs) competing in turns in the center.<BR>
<B>Macumba</B>: Afro-Brazilian religion elaborated in Rio de Janeiro by descendants of slaves; also the music performed during macumba rites.<BR>
<B>Macumbeiro</B>: one who practices macumba.<BR>
<B>Malandro</B>: bohemian figure of questionable character but great charm.<BR>
<B>Maracatu</B>: carnaval group from Pernambuco featuring a small percussive orchestra, call-and-response singing, and unchoreorgraphed street dancing; a relic of African processions. Also the music performed de such a group.<BR>
<B>Marcha de rancho</B>: carnaval march, originally performed by ranchos.<BR>
<B>Maxixe</B>: first genuinely Brazilian dance; a fusion of tango, habanera, and polka.<BR>
<B>Modinha</B>: old-fashioned lyrical, sentimental song of Portuguese derivation.<BR>
<B>Morro</B>: hill; in the context of samba, a hill on which there is a favela.<BR>
<B>Orix�</B>: spiritual entity; divine intermediary between God and humans.<BR>
<B>Pai-de-santo</B>: spirit father; head of a terreiro who officiates at Afro-Brazilian religious ceremonies.<BR>
<B>Partido alto</B>: improvised samba, characterized by call-and-response singing and on-the-spot versifying.<BR>
<B>Pastoras</B>: feminine chorus in samba. The name is a holdover from the days of the ranchos and their pastoral themes.<BR>
<B>Pernada</B>: a samba game similar to capoeira, in which two opponents dance, attempting to distract and trip each other with the leg.<BR>
<B>Quadra</B>: a samba school&#146;s meeting and rehearsal hall; also known as terreiro.<BR>
<B>Rancho</B>: old-fashioned type of carnaval group, inspired by Bahian Christmas parades and incorporating pastoral motifs. Until the 1950s, ranchos were larger and more important than samba schools.<BR>
<B>Roda de batucada</B>: batucada circle, where two opponents compete in improvising verses or in the physical game of pernada.<BR>
<B>Roda de samba</B>: samba circle; an informal gathering where samba is communally sung and played; also known as pagode.<BR>
<B>Samba-can��o</B>: samba with melodic emphasis; often romantic and sentimental.<BR>
<B>Samba de breque</B>: samba in which short breaks are inserted for the purpose of improvising lyrics.<BR>
<B>Samba do morro</B>: authentic samba of the favelas and their samba schools.<BR>
<B>Samba de roda</B>: samba that is played in a roda de samba.<BR>
<B>Samba de terreiro</B>: mid-year (i.e., non-carnaval) samba as performed in a samba school&#146;s quadra. Also known as samba de quadra.<BR>
<B>Sebo</B>: used book or record store.<BR>
<B>Terreiro</B>: place of worship for Afro-Brazilian religions such as candombl� and macumba (also a synonym for quadra, a samba school&#146;s rehearsal hall).<BR>
<B>Toada</B>: old-fashioned, melancholy and sentimental song, usually consisting of one stanza and a refrain.</SPAN>

<P>__________________________________________</P>

<H5>Recommended reading</H5>

<P><SPAN style="font-size: 90%;">Mar�lia T. Barboza da Silva and Arthur L. de Oliveira Filho: <A href="http://www.editoras.com/gryphus/035008.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Filho de Ogum Bexiguento</SPAN></I></A> (Rio de Janeiro, MEC/Funarte, 1979/Gryphus, 1997).<BR>
Mar�lia T. Barboza da Silva and Arthur L. de Oliveira Filho: <A href="http://www.gryphus.com.br/Categoria/Biografia/cartola.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Cartola&#151;Os Tempos Idos</SPAN></I></A> (Rio de Janeiro, Funarte, 1983, 1987, 1997/Gryphus, 2003).<BR>
S�rgio Cabral: <A href="http://www.lumiar.com.br/ingles/livro/l_esc.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">As Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro</SPAN></I></A> (Rio de Janeiro, Lumiar Editora, 1996).<BR>
S�rgio Cabral: <A href="http://www.lumiar.com.br/ingles/livro/l_pixin.htm" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Pixinguinha, Vida e Obra</SPAN></I></A> (Rio de Janeiro, Lumiar Editora, 1997).<BR>
Abel Cardoso Junior: Liner notes for the CD <A href="http://www.revivendomusicas.com.br/produto_detalhe.asp?id=380" target="_blank"><I><SPAN style="color: #555555;">Cartola&#151;O Sol Nascer�</SPAN></I></A> (Revivendo RVCD-131, 1998).</SPAN></P>

<P><SPAN STYLE="font-size: 90%;">Note: Alexandre Dias scanned the following photographs from the cover of the <I>Native Brazilian Music</I> LP (Museu Villa-Lobos, 1987): Stokowski with Donga & Villa-Lobos; Z� Espinguela; Z� da Zilda; Jararaca & Ratinho; Luiz Americano.</SPAN></P>
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