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				<legend align="center"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b>
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						<a href="http://www.mycities.net/">
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						<b>::</b> 
						</font> 
						<b>
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						<a href="http://www.indiatubevideos.com/">
						<font color="#996600">India Tube Videos</font></a></font></b></span></font></td>
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						<b>::</b> </font> <a href="http://www.youtubesrilanka.com/"><b>
						<font color="#996600">Y</font></b><font color="#996600">ou<b>T</b>ube
						</font><span style="color: #996600"><b>S</b>ri <b>L</b>anka</span></a></span></font></td>
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						<b>::</b> </span>
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						<b>
						<a style="color: #996600" href="http://www.tubevideosonline.com/">
						Tube Videos
						Online</a></b></font></td>
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						<font face="Verdana" size="1">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<font color="#996600">
						<b>::</b> 
						</font> 
						<a href="http://www.bollywoodcinemaonline.com">
						<font color="#996600">Bollywood Cinema Online</font></a></span></font></td>
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						&nbsp;</td>
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						<font color="#660066">TRAVEL SITES</font></a></b></span></font></td>
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						<b>::</b> </span>
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						<a style="color: #9900CC" href="http://www.SriLankaHolidayHotels.Com" title="Sri Lanka Hotels">Sri Lanka Hotels</a></font></td>
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						<font face="Verdana" size="1" color="#9900CC">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<b>::</b> 
						</span></font><a href="http://www.newbalihotels.com/">
						<font face="Verdana" size="1" color="#9900CC">Bali Hotels</font></a></td>
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						<span style="text-decoration: none">
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						<b>::</b> 
						</font> 
						<a href="http://www.mauritiusholidayresorts.com/">
						<span style="color: #9900CC">Mauritius Hotels &amp; Resorts</span></a></span></font></td>
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						<b>::</b> 
						</font> 
						<a href="http://www.universalluxuryresorts.com/">
						<font color="#9900CC">Universal Luxury Resorts</font></a></span></font></td>
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						<b>::</b> </span>
						</font><a href="http://www.maldivesholidayresorts.net/">
						<font face="Verdana" size="1" color="#9900CC">Maldives 
						Resorts</font></a></td>
					</tr>
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						<b>::</b> </span>
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						<a href="http://www.lwv-tours.com" style="color: #9900CC">
						Lanka Wonder
						Vacations</a></font></td>
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						&nbsp;</td>
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						<a style="color: #336699" href="http://www.srilankapicturegallery.com/">
						Sri Lanka Picture Gallery</a></font></td>
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						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<b>::</b> </span>
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						<a style="color: #336699" href="http://www.123makinglove.com">
						How to Make Love</a></font></td>
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						<b>::</b> </span>
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						<a href="http://www.SriLankaWebHosting.Com" style="color: #336699">
						Sri Lanka <b>Web
						Hosting</b> Company</a></font></td>
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						Sri Lanka Map</a></font></td>
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						Sri Lanka Blog Directory</a></font></td>
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						<font color="#336699">
						<b>::</b>
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						<a href="http://www.srilankadot.com/" style="color: #336699">Sri Lanka Dot .Com</a></span></font></td>
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						<font face="Verdana" size="1">
						<font color="#336699">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<b>::</b> </span>
						</font>
						<a href="http://www.SriLankaFriends.Net" style="color: #336699">
						Sri Lanka Friends</a></font></td>
					</tr>
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						<font face="Verdana" size="1">
						<font color="#336699">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<b>::</b> </span>
						</font>
						<a style="color: #006699" href="http://www.srilankanewsweb.com/">
						<b><font color="#336699">Sri Lanka News</font></b></a><font color="#336699"><a href="http://www.srilankanewsweb.com/"><font color="#336699"> Web</font></a></font></font></td>
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						<td class="partnerslinks" align="left">
						<font face="Verdana" size="1">
						<font color="#336699">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<b>::</b> </span>
						</font>
						<a style="color: #336699" href="http://bannerexchange.pissu.com">Banner
						Exchange</a></font></td>
					</tr>
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						<font face="Verdana" size="1">
						<font color="#336699">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<b>::</b> </span>
						</font>
						<a href="http://www.FunLK.Com">
						<span style="color: #336699">Fun &amp; Joke</span></a></font></td>
					</tr>
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						<font face="Verdana" size="1" color="#336699">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<b>::</b> </span>
						</font><a href="http://www.mulpituwa.com">
						<font face="Verdana" size="1" color="#336699">Sri Lanka 
						News</font></a></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="partnerslinks" align="left">
						<font face="Verdana" size="1">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<font color="#336699">
						<b>::</b>
						</font>
						<a style="color: #336699" href="http://www.celebritywallpapersonline.com">
						Celebrity Wallpapers Online</a></span></font></td>
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						<font color="#336699">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<b>::</b> </span>
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						<a style="color: #336699; font-weight:700" href="http://www.a2zpicturegallery.com/">a2z Picture Gallery</a></font></td>
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						<font face="Verdana" size="1">
						<font color="#336699">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<b>::</b> </span>
						</font>
						<a style="color: #336699" href="http://www.TamilMovies.Net">Tamil Movies Network</a></font></td>
					</tr>
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						<td class="partnerslinks" align="left">
						<font face="Verdana" size="1">
						<font color="#336699">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<b>::</b> </span>
						</font>
						<a style="color: #336699" href="http://php-javascript-ajax.blogspot.com/">
						PHP JavaScript AJAX</a></font></td>
					</tr>
					<tr>
						<td class="partnerslinks" align="left">
						<font face="Verdana" size="1">
						<font color="#336699">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<b>::</b> </span>
						</font>
						<a style="color: #336699" href="http://theseoarticles.blogspot.com/">
						Search Engine Optimization</a></font></td>
					</tr>
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						<font face="Verdana" size="1">
						<span style="text-decoration: none">
						<font color="#336699">
						<b>::</b> </font> <a href="http://www.toplink-exchange.com/">
						<font color="#336699">Top 
						Link Exchange</font></a></span></font></td>
					</tr>
					</table>
				</fieldset></td>
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			<tr>
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				&nbsp;</td>
			</tr>
			</table></div>

	<fieldset style="border:1px solid #C0C0C0; padding:2px; font-family:Verdana; font-size:8pt; color:#666666">
	<legend align="left">Mycities Network</legend>
	<table border="0" width="100%" id="table146" style="border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="4">
		<tr>
			<td align="left">
			<a href="http://www.youtubesrilanka.com/" title="Sri Lanka Tube"><img src="http://www.123makinglove.com/Banner/youtube200x260.jpg" border=0></a>
			</td>
		</tr>
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			<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Nigeria</h1>
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				<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="dablink">This article is about the country.  For other uses, see <a href="wiki-Nigeria_(disambiguation)" title="Nigeria (disambiguation)">Nigeria (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div class="metadata topicon" id="protected-icon" style="display:none; right:55px;"><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" /></a></div>
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<th colspan="3" align="center" class="mergedtoprow" style="line-height:1.2em; padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em; font-size:1.25em;"><span class="fn org country-name">Federal Republic of Nigeria</span>
<div style="padding-top:0.25em;"><br />
<i>Jamhuriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya</i> <small><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Hausa)</span></small><br />
<i>Ȯha nke Ohaneze Naíjíríà</i> <small><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Igbo)</span></small><br />
<i>Àpapọ̀ Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà</i> <small><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;">(Yoruba)</span></small></div>
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<td align="center" style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="wiki-File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Nigeria"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/125px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="125" height="63" class="thumbborder" /></a></td>
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<td align="center"><small><a href="wiki-Flag_of_Nigeria" title="Flag of Nigeria">Flag</a></small></td>
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<td colspan="3" style="line-height:1.2em; text-align:center;"><b>Motto:&#160;</b>"Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"</td>
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<tr>
<td class="anthem" colspan="3" style="line-height:1.2em; text-align:center;"><b>Anthem:&#160;</b>"<a href="wiki-Arise,_O_Compatriots" title="Arise, O Compatriots">Arise, O Compatriots</a>"
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<td colspan="3" style="text-align:center; padding:0.6em 0em;">
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<div class="floatnone"><a href="wiki-File:Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg" class="image" title="Location of &#160;Nigeria&#160;&#160;(dark blue)–&#160;in Africa&#160;&#160;(light blue &amp;&#160;dark grey)–&#160;in the African Union&#160;&#160;(light blue)&#160; —&#160; [Legend]"><img alt="Location of &#160;Nigeria&#160;&#160;(dark blue)–&#160;in Africa&#160;&#160;(light blue &amp;&#160;dark grey)–&#160;in the African Union&#160;&#160;(light blue)&#160; —&#160; [Legend]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg.png" width="250" height="232" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;"><small><span style="font-size:11px;">Location of <span style="font-size:2px;">&#160;</span><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;&#160;</span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">dark blue</span>)</span></small>
<p style="width:250px;font-size:11px;text-align:left;margin-left:1.2ex;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">–&#160;in <a href="wiki-Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;&#160;</span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">light blue &amp;&#160;dark grey</span>)<br />
–&#160;in the <a href="wiki-African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#160;&#160;</span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">light blue</span>)&#160; —&#160; <span style="font-size:10px;"><a href="wiki-File:Location_Nigeria_AU_Africa.svg" title="File:Location Nigeria AU Africa.svg">Legend</a></span></p>
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<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<td colspan="2"><b>Capital</b></td>
<td><a href="wiki-Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a><br />
<small><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nigeria&amp;params=9_4_N_7_29_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°4′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°29′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.067°N 7.483°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">9.067; 7.483</span></span></span></a></span></span></small></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<th colspan="2">Largest city</th>
<td><a href="wiki-Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; white-space:nowrap;">Official language(s)</th>
<td><a href="wiki-English_language" title="English language">English</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">Recognised national&#160;languages</td>
<td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="wiki-Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="wiki-Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, <a href="wiki-Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td colspan="2">Recognised regional&#160;languages</td>
<td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="wiki-Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a>, <a href="wiki-Efik_language" title="Efik language">Efik</a>, <a href="wiki-Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulani</a>, <a href="wiki-Idoma_language" title="Idoma language">Idoma</a>, <a href="wiki-Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a> <a href="wiki-Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-0"><span></span>1<span></span></a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="wiki-Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th>
<td><a href="wiki-Nigerian_people" title="Nigerian people" class="mw-redirect">Nigerian</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="wiki-Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Government</a></th>
<td><a href="wiki-Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a> <a href="wiki-Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="wiki-President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</a></td>
<td><a href="wiki-Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;"><a href="wiki-Vice_President_of_Nigeria" title="Vice President of Nigeria">Vice President</a></td>
<td><a href="wiki-Namadi_Sambo" title="Namadi Sambo">Namadi Sambo</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="2"><a href="wiki-History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">Independence</a></th>
<td>from the <a href="wiki-United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Unification of <a href="wiki-Protectorate_of_Southern_Nigeria" title="Protectorate of Southern Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Southern</a> and <a href="wiki-Protectorate_of_Northern_Nigeria" title="Protectorate of Northern Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Northern Nigeria</a></td>
<td>1914&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Declared and recognized</td>
<td>1 October 1960&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Republic declared</td>
<td>1 October 1963&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="3"><a href="wiki-Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Area</a></th>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Total</td>
<td>923,768&#160;km<sup>2</sup>&#160;(<a href="wiki-List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area" class="mw-redirect">32nd</a>)<br />
356,667<br />
&#160;sq&#160;mi&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Water&#160;(%)</td>
<td>1.4</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="3"><a href="wiki-Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Population</a></th>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">2011&#160;estimate</td>
<td>167 million <sup id="cite_ref-voiceofnigeria_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voiceofnigeria-1"><span></span>2<span></span></a></sup>&#160;(<a href="wiki-List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population">7th</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Density</td>
<td>180.7/km<sup>2</sup>&#160;(<a href="wiki-List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">71st</a>)<br />
426.8/sq&#160;mi</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="wiki-Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></b>&#160;(<a href="wiki-Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td>
<td>2011&#160;estimate</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Total</td>
<td>$415.132 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-2"><span></span>3<span></span></a></sup>&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Per capita</td>
<td>$2,589&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="wiki-Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></b> (nominal)</td>
<td>2011&#160;estimate</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Total</td>
<td>$247.128 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-2"><span></span>3<span></span></a></sup>&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Per capita</td>
<td>$1,541&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="wiki-Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a></b>&#160;(2003)</td>
<td>43.7&#160;(<span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span>)&#160;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b><a href="wiki-Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></b>&#160;(2010)</td>
<td><img alt="increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" /> 0.423<sup id="cite_ref-UN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-3"><span></span>4<span></span></a></sup>&#160;(<span style="color:#e0584e">low</span>)&#160;(<a href="wiki-List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">142nd</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">Currency</th>
<td><a href="wiki-Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Naira</a> (₦) (<code><a href="wiki-ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">NGN</a></code>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="2">Time zone</th>
<td><a href="wiki-West_Africa_Time" title="West Africa Time">WAT</a> <span class="nowrap">(<a href="wiki-Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow">
<td style="width:1em; padding:0 0 0 0.6em;">&#160;-&#160;</td>
<td style="padding-left:0em;">Summer&#160;(<a href="wiki-Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</td>
<td><i>not observed</i>&#160;(<a href="wiki-Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">Drives on the</th>
<td>right</td>
</tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow">
<th colspan="2"><a href="wiki-ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO&#160;3166&#160;code</a></th>
<td><a href="wiki-ISO_3166-2:NG" title="ISO 3166-2:NG">NG</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="wiki-Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th>
<td><a href="wiki-.ng" title=".ng">.ng</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="wiki-Telephone_numbers_in_Nigeria" title="Telephone numbers in Nigeria">Calling code</a></th>
<td><a href="wiki-%2B234" title="+234" class="mw-redirect">+234</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Nigeria</b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/En-us-Nigeria.ogg" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Speakerlink.svg/11px-Speakerlink.svg.png" width="11" height="11" /></a><sup><span style="color: #00e; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em;" class="IPA"><a href="wiki-File:En-us-Nigeria.ogg" title="File:En-us-Nigeria.ogg">i</a></span></sup><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="long 'i' in 'bide'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">aɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="primary stress follows" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'j' in 'jam'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">dʒ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'ear' in 'beard'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ɪər</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="'y' in 'happy'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">i</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English"><span title="schwa 'a' in 'about'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ə</span></a></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/</a></span></span>, officially the <b>Federal Republic of Nigeria</b>, is a <a href="wiki-Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> <a href="wiki-Constitutional_republic" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a> comprising <a href="wiki-States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">36 states</a> and its <a href="wiki-Federal_Capital_Territory,_Nigeria" title="Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Federal Capital Territory</a>, <a href="wiki-Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>. The country is located in <a href="wiki-West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and shares land <a href="wiki-Border" title="Border">borders</a> with the Republic of <a href="wiki-Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> in the west, <a href="wiki-Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> and <a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> in the east, and <a href="wiki-Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the <a href="wiki-Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> on the <a href="wiki-Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the <a href="wiki-Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, <a href="wiki-Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> and <a href="wiki-Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.</p>
<p>The people of Nigeria have an <a href="wiki-History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">extensive history</a>. <a href="wiki-Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a> evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-mcintoshandkeech_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcintoshandkeech-4"><span></span>5<span></span></a></sup> The area around the <a href="wiki-Benue_River" title="Benue River">Benue</a> and <a href="wiki-Cross_River_(Nigeria)" title="Cross River (Nigeria)">Cross River</a> is thought to be the original homeland of the <a href="wiki-Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu migrants</a> who spread across most of <a href="wiki-Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">central</a> and <a href="wiki-Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a> in waves between the <a href="wiki-1st_millennium_BCE" title="1st millennium BCE" class="mw-redirect">1st millennium BCE</a> and the <a href="wiki-2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a>.</p>
<p>The name <i><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nigeria" class="extiw" title="wikt:Nigeria">Nigeria</a></i> was taken from the <a href="wiki-Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> running through the country. This name was coined by <a href="wiki-Flora_Shaw" title="Flora Shaw">Flora Shaw</a>, the future wife of <a href="wiki-Frederick_Lugard" title="Frederick Lugard" class="mw-redirect">Baron Lugard</a>, a <a href="wiki-British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial</a> administrator, in the late 19th century.</p>
<p>Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, the <a href="wiki-List_of_countries_by_population" title="List of countries by population">seventh most populous country in the world</a>, and the most populous country in the world in which the majority of the population is <a href="wiki-Black_people" title="Black people">black</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Profile_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profile-5"><span></span>6<span></span></a></sup> It is listed among the "<a href="wiki-Next_Eleven" title="Next Eleven">Next Eleven</a>" economies, and is a member of the <a href="wiki-Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_history"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Colonial_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Colonial era</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Post-independence"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Post-independence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Nigerian-Biafran_War"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Nigerian-Biafran War</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Military_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Military era</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Return_to_democracy"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Return to democracy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Government_and_politics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Government and politics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Law"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Law</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Foreign_relations"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign relations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Environmental_issues"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental issues</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Subdivisions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Subdivisions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Population_of_major_cities"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Population of major cities</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Key_sectors"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Key sectors</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Science_and_technology"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Science and technology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Ethno-linguistic_groups"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ethno-linguistic groups</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Music_and_film"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Music and film</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cuisine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Societal_issues"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Societal issues</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Human_rights"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Strife_and_sectarian_violence"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Strife and sectarian violence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Health_issues"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Health issues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Crime"><span class="tocnumber">9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Crime</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Media_representation"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Media representation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Documentary"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Documentary</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">History of Nigeria</a></div>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history">Early history</span></h3>
<p>The <a href="wiki-Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok people</a> of central Nigeria produced the earliest terracotta sculptures found in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-archaeology_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeology-6"><span></span>7<span></span></a></sup> In the northern part of the country, <a href="wiki-Kano" title="Kano">Kano</a> and <a href="wiki-Katsina" title="Katsina">Katsina</a> have a recorded history dating back to around 999. <a href="wiki-Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> kingdoms and the <a href="wiki-Kanem_Empire" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem-Bornu Empire</a> prospered as trade posts between North and West Africa. At the beginning of the 19th century under <a href="wiki-Usman_dan_Fodio" title="Usman dan Fodio">Usman dan Fodio</a> the <a href="wiki-Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> led the centralized <a href="wiki-Fulani_Empire" title="Fulani Empire" class="mw-redirect">Fulani Empire</a> which continued until 1903 when the Fulani population and land were divided into various European colonies. Between 1750 and 1900, one to two-thirds of the population of the <a href="wiki-Fulani_War" title="Fulani War">Fulani jihad</a> states consisted of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span></span>8<span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="wiki-File:Edo_ivory_mask_18472.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Edo_ivory_mask_18472.jpg/170px-Edo_ivory_mask_18472.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:Edo_ivory_mask_18472.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The royal <a href="wiki-Benin_Empire" title="Benin Empire">Bini</a> mask, one of Nigeria's most recognized artifacts</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The Yoruba kingdoms of <a href="wiki-Ife" title="Ife">Ifẹ</a> and <a href="wiki-Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a> in southwestern Nigeria became prominent in the 12th<sup id="cite_ref-Falola1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola1-8"><span></span>9<span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span></span>10<span></span></a></sup> and 14th<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span></span>11<span></span></a></sup> century respectively. However, Yoruba mythology states that Ile-Ife is the source of the human race and that it pre-dates any other civilization, although the oldest signs of human settlement dates back to the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Falola1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falola1-8"><span></span>9<span></span></a></sup> Ifẹ produced terracotta and bronze figures, and Ọyọ once extended from western Nigeria to <a href="wiki-Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>. The <a href="wiki-Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin" class="mw-redirect">Kingdom of Benin</a> is located in southwestern Nigeria. Benin's power lasted between the 15th and 19th century. Their dominance reached as far as the city of Eko (an <a href="wiki-Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a> name later changed to <a href="wiki-Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> by the <a href="wiki-Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>) and further.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span></span>12<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="wiki-Nri_Kingdom" title="Nri Kingdom" class="mw-redirect">Kingdom of Nri</a> of the <a href="wiki-Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> started in the 10th century until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911. It is the oldest kingdom in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-Juang_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juang-12"><span></span>13<span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span></span>14<span></span></a></sup> Nri was ruled by the <a href="wiki-Eze_Nri" title="Eze Nri" class="mw-redirect">Eze Nri</a>, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure <a href="wiki-Eri_(divine_king)" title="Eri (divine king)" class="mw-redirect">Eri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span></span>15<span></span></a></sup> The oldest pieces of bronzes made out of the lost-wax process in West Africa were from <a href="wiki-Igbo_Ukwu" title="Igbo Ukwu" class="mw-redirect">Igbo Ukwu</a>, a city under Nri influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Juang_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juang-12"><span></span>13<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="wiki-File:Ancient_Benin_city.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ancient_Benin_city.JPG/220px-Ancient_Benin_city.JPG" width="220" height="171" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:Ancient_Benin_city.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="wiki-Benin_city" title="Benin city" class="mw-redirect">Benin city</a> in the 17th century with the <a href="wiki-Oba_of_Benin" title="Oba of Benin">Oba of Benin</a> in procession. This image was pictured in a European book, Description of Africa, in 1668.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span></span>16<span></span></a></sup></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Spaniard and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin trade in Nigeria in the port they named <a href="wiki-Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> and in <a href="wiki-Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a>. The Europeans traded with the ethnicities of the coast and also negotiated <a href="wiki-Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">a trade in slaves</a>, to the detriment and profit of many Nigerian ethnicities. Consequently many of the citizens of the former slave nations of the <a href="wiki-British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> are descended from a Nigerian ethnic group. Britain abolished its slave trade in 1807 and, following the <a href="wiki-Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, established the <a href="wiki-West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron</a> in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span></span>17<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>In 1885, British claims to a West African <a href="wiki-Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> received international recognition, and in the following year the <a href="wiki-Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">Royal Niger Company</a> was chartered under the leadership of Sir <a href="wiki-George_Taubman_Goldie" title="George Taubman Goldie">George Taubman Goldie</a>. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On January 1, 1901, Nigeria became a British <a href="wiki-Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>, part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. Many wars against subjugation had been fought by the states of what later became Nigeria against the British Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Notably of those were the British Conquest of <a href="wiki-Benin_Empire" title="Benin Empire">Benin</a> in 1897 and the <a href="wiki-Anglo-Aro_War" title="Anglo-Aro War">Anglo-Aro War</a> from 1901—1902. The restraint or complete destruction of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule.</p>
<p>In 1914, the Niger area was formally united as the <i>Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria</i>. Administratively, Nigeria remained divided into the <a href="wiki-Northern_Nigeria" title="Northern Nigeria">northern</a> and <a href="wiki-Southern_Nigeria" title="Southern Nigeria">southern</a> provinces and <a href="wiki-Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos Colony</a>. Western education and the development of a modern economy proceeded more rapidly in the south than in the north, with consequences felt in Nigeria's political life ever since. <a href="wiki-African_slave_trade" title="African slave trade">Slavery</a> was not finally outlawed in northern Nigeria until 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span></span>18<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Following <a href="wiki-World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in response to the growth of Nigerian <a href="wiki-Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward <a href="wiki-Self-government" title="Self-government" class="mw-redirect">self-government</a> on a representative and increasingly federal basis. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Post-independence">Post-independence</span></h3>
<p>On October 1, 1960, Nigeria gained its independence from the United Kingdom. Newly independent, Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the <a href="wiki-National_Party_of_Nigeria" title="National Party of Nigeria">Nigerian People's Congress</a> (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the <a href="wiki-Islamic" title="Islamic" class="mw-redirect">Islamic</a> faith, and the Igbo and Christian dominated <a href="wiki-National_Council_of_Nigeria_and_the_Cameroons" title="National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons">National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons</a> (NCNC) led by <a href="wiki-Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a>, who became Nigeria's maiden <a href="wiki-Governor-General" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> in 1960. Forming the opposition was the comparatively liberal <a href="wiki-Action_Group" title="Action Group" class="mw-redirect">Action Group</a> (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by <a href="wiki-Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Obafemi Awolowo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JBS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBS-18"><span></span>19<span></span></a></sup> The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnicities, the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners'), were sharp.</p>
<p>An imbalance was created in the polity by the result of the 1961 plebiscite. <a href="wiki-Southern_Cameroons" title="Southern Cameroons">Southern Cameroon</a> opted to join the Republic of Cameroon while northern Cameroon chose to remain in Nigeria. The northern part of the country was now far larger than the southern part. The nation parted with its British legacy in 1963 by declaring itself a <a href="wiki-Federal_Republic" title="Federal Republic" class="mw-redirect">Federal Republic</a>, with Azikiwe as its first <a href="wiki-President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">president</a>. When elections came about in 1965, the AG was outmanoeuvred for control of Nigeria's Western Region by the <a href="wiki-Nigerian_National_Democratic_Party" title="Nigerian National Democratic Party">Nigerian National Democratic Party</a>.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Nigerian-Biafran_War">Nigerian-Biafran War</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="wiki-File:Starving-woman-africa-biafra-nigeria-conflict-famine.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Starving-woman-africa-biafra-nigeria-conflict-famine.jpg/220px-Starving-woman-africa-biafra-nigeria-conflict-famine.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:Starving-woman-africa-biafra-nigeria-conflict-famine.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Severely malnourished woman during the <a href="wiki-Nigerian-Biafran_war" title="Nigerian-Biafran war" class="mw-redirect">Nigerian-Biafran war</a> of the late 1960s.</div>
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<p>The disequilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led in 1966 to several back-to-back <a href="wiki-Military_coup" title="Military coup" class="mw-redirect">military coups</a>. The first was in January and led by a collection of young leftists under Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. It was partially successful; the coup plotters murdered Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. Despite this, they could not set up a central government. President Nwafor Orizu was then pressured to hand over government to the Nigeria Army, under the command of General JTU Aguyi-Ironsi.</p>
<p>The coup was counter-acted by another successful plot, supported primarily by Northern military officers and Northerners who favoured the NPC, it was engineered by Northern officers, which allowed Lt Colonel <a href="wiki-Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Yakubu Gowon</a> to become head of state. This sequence of events led to an increase in ethnic tension and violence. The Northern coup, which was mostly motivated by ethnic and religious reasons was a bloodbath of both military officers and civilians, especially those of Igbo extraction.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">citation needed</span></a></i></sup></p>
<p>The violence against the Igbo increased their desire for autonomy and protection from the military's wrath. By May 1967, the Eastern Region had declared itself an independent state called the <a href="wiki-Republic_of_Biafra" title="Republic of Biafra" class="mw-redirect">Republic of Biafra</a> under the leadership of Lt Colonel <a href="wiki-Emeka_Ojukwu" title="Emeka Ojukwu" class="mw-redirect">Emeka Ojukwu</a> in line with the wishes of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span></span>20<span></span></a></sup> The <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a> began as the Nigerian (Western and Northern) side attacked Biafra (South-eastern) on July 6, 1967 at Garkem signalling the beginning of the 30&#160;month war that ended in January 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-DDRS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDRS-20"><span></span>21<span></span></a></sup> Estimates in the former Eastern Region of the number of dead from hostilities, disease, and starvation during the thirty-month civil war are estimated at between 1 million and 3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span></span>22<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Military_era">Military era</span></h3>
<p>During the <a href="wiki-Oil_boom" title="Oil boom">oil boom</a> of the 1970s, Nigeria joined <a href="wiki-OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, and billions of dollars generated by production in the oil-rich <a href="wiki-Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a> flowed into the coffers of the Nigerian state. The northern military clique benefited from the oil boom to the detriment of the Nigerian people and economy. As oil revenues fueled the rise of federal subventions to states and precariously to individuals, the federal government soon became the centre of political struggle and the centre became the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government created a dangerous situation as it became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns eschewing economic stability. That spelled doom to <a href="wiki-Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span></span>23<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of <a href="wiki-Shehu_Shagari" title="Shehu Shagari">Shehu Shagari</a>. The Shagari government was viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society, so when the regime was overthrown by the military coup of <a href="wiki-Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984, it was generally viewed as a positive development by most of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span></span>24<span></span></a></sup> Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor, and his regime was overthrown by yet another military coup in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Globe_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Globe-24"><span></span>25<span></span></a></sup></p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="wiki-File:Nigerian_troops_with_US_C130.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nigerian_troops_with_US_C130.jpg/220px-Nigerian_troops_with_US_C130.jpg" width="220" height="99" class="thumbimage" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:Nigerian_troops_with_US_C130.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Nigerian troops, part of the <a href="wiki-United_Nations_African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur" class="mw-redirect">United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur</a>, embarking on a US Aircraft</div>
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<p>The new head of state, <a href="wiki-Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Ibrahim Babangida</a>, promptly declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council and also set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the <a href="wiki-International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund's</a> Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He also inflamed religious tensions in the nation and particularly the south by enrolling Nigeria in the <a href="wiki-Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of the Islamic Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-25"><span></span>26<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. When free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, Babangida declared that the results showing a presidential victory for <a href="wiki-Moshood_Kashimawo_Olawale_Abiola" title="Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola">Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola</a> null and void, sparking mass civilian violence in protest which effectively shut down the country for weeks and forced Babangida to keep his promise to relinquish office to a civilian run government.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span></span>27<span></span></a></sup> Babangida's regime is adjudged to be at the apogee of corruption in the history of the nation as it was during his time that corruption became officially diluted in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span></span>28<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Babangida's caretaker regime headed by <a href="wiki-Ernest_Shonekan" title="Ernest Shonekan">Ernest Shonekan</a> survived only until late 1993 when General <a href="wiki-Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Sani Abacha</a> took power in another military coup. Abacha proved to be perhaps Nigeria's most brutal ruler and employed violence on a wide scale to suppress the continuing civilian unrest. Money had been found in various western European banks traced to him. He avoided coup plots by bribing army generals. Several hundred million dollars in accounts traced to him were discovered in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span></span>29<span></span></a></sup> The regime came to an end in 1998 when the dictator was found dead amid dubious circumstances. Abacha's death yielded an opportunity for return to civilian rule.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Return_to_democracy">Return to democracy</span></h3>
<p>Nigeria re-achieved democracy in 1999 when it elected <a href="wiki-Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a>, the former military head of state, as the new <a href="wiki-President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President of Nigeria</a> ending almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999) excluding the short-lived <a href="wiki-Shehu_Shagari" title="Shehu Shagari">second republic</a> (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in <a href="wiki-Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a> and counter-coups during the <a href="wiki-Nigerian_military_juntas_of_1966-1979_and_1983-1998" title="Nigerian military juntas of 1966-1979 and 1983-1998" class="mw-redirect">Nigerian military juntas of 1966-1979 and 1983-1998</a>. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.</p>
<p><a href="wiki-Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Ethnic violence over the oil producing Niger Delta</a> region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the current issues in the country.</p>
<p><a href="wiki-Umaru_Yar%27Adua" title="Umaru Yar'Adua" class="mw-redirect">Umaru Yar'Adua</a> of the <a href="wiki-People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">People's Democratic Party</a> came into power in the <a href="wiki-Nigerian_general_election,_2007" title="Nigerian general election, 2007">general election of 2007</a> – an election that was witnessed and condemned by the international community as being severely flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span></span>30<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010. <a href="wiki-Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan</a> was sworn in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span></span>31<span></span></a></sup> becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State, while his vice,a former <a href="wiki-Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna state</a> governor, <a href="wiki-Namadi_Sambo" title="Namadi Sambo">Namadi Sambo</a>, an architect,was chosen on 18 May 2010,by the National Assembly following President Goodluck Jonathan's nomination for Sambo to be his Vice President.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span></span>32<span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span></span>33<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till April 16, 2011,when a new <a href="wiki-Nigerian_presidential_election,_2011" title="Nigerian presidential election, 2011">presidential election in Nigeria</a> was conducted. Goodluck Jonathan of the <a href="wiki-People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">People's Democratic Party (PDP)</a> was declared the winner on 19 April 2011,having won the election by a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast to stand ahead of <a href="wiki-Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> from the main opposition party, the <a href="wiki-Congress_for_Progressive_Change" title="Congress for Progressive Change">The Congress for Progressive Change (CPC)</a>, which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-33"><span></span>34<span></span></a></sup> The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud in contrast to previous elections.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York-34"><span></span>35<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p><a href="wiki-Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> is an Islamist movement that seeks to abolish the <a href="wiki-Secular" title="Secular" class="mw-redirect">secular</a> system of government and establish a <a href="wiki-Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> system in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-AJAN_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJAN-35"><span></span>36<span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span></span>37<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Politics of Nigeria</a></div>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="wiki-Federal_Ministries_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Ministries of Nigeria">Federal Ministries of Nigeria</a></div>
<p>Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled <a href="wiki-Government_of_the_United_States" title="Government of the United States" class="mw-redirect">after the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span></span>38<span></span></a></sup> with <a href="wiki-Executive_power" title="Executive power" class="mw-redirect">executive power</a> exercised by the <a href="wiki-President" title="President">president</a> and with overtones of the <a href="wiki-Westminster_System" title="Westminster System" class="mw-redirect">Westminster System</a> model<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2011">citation needed</span></a></i></sup> in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The current president of Nigeria is <a href="wiki-Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a>, who succeeded <a href="wiki-Umaru_Musa_Yar%27Adua" title="Umaru Musa Yar'Adua">Umaru Musa Yar'Adua</a> to the office in 2010. The president presides as both <a href="wiki-Head_of_State" title="Head of State" class="mw-redirect">Head of State</a> and head of the national executive and is elected by <a href="wiki-Popular_vote" title="Popular vote" class="mw-redirect">popular vote</a> to a maximum of two four-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-38"><span></span>39<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>The president's power is checked by a <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Senate" title="Nigerian Senate" class="mw-redirect">Senate</a> and a <a href="wiki-House_of_Representatives_of_Nigeria" title="House of Representatives of Nigeria">House of Representatives</a>, which are combined in a <a href="wiki-Bicameral" title="Bicameral" class="mw-redirect">bicameral</a> body called the <a href="wiki-National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" title="National Assembly of Nigeria">National Assembly</a>. The Senate is a 109-seat body with three members from each state and one from the capital region of Abuja; members are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. The House contains 360 seats and the number of seats per state is determined by population.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-38"><span></span>39<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and <a href="wiki-Prebendalism" title="Prebendalism">prebendalism</a> have played a visible role in Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics and has spurned various attempts by tribalists to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span></span>40<span></span></a></sup> Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as <a href="wiki-MASSOB" title="MASSOB" class="mw-redirect">MASSOB</a>, Nationalist movements such as <a href="wiki-Oodua_Peoples_Congress" title="Oodua Peoples Congress">Oodua Peoples Congress</a>, <a href="wiki-Movement_for_the_Emancipation_of_the_Niger_Delta" title="Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta">Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta</a> and a <a href="wiki-Nigerian_civil_war" title="Nigerian civil war" class="mw-redirect">civil war</a>. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian <a href="wiki-Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft.<sup id="cite_ref-rashid_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rashid-40"><span></span>41<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Because of the above issues, Nigeria's current political parties are <a href="wiki-Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">pan-national</a> and irreligious in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities).<sup id="cite_ref-rashid_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rashid-40"><span></span>41<span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span></span>42<span></span></a></sup> The major political parties at present include the ruling <a href="wiki-People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">People's Democratic Party of Nigeria</a> which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition <a href="wiki-All_Nigeria_People%27s_Party" title="All Nigeria People's Party" class="mw-redirect">All Nigeria People's Party</a> has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate (26.6% and 24.7%). There are also about twenty other minor opposition parties registered. The immediate past president, <a href="wiki-Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a>, acknowledged fraud and other electoral "lapses" but said the result reflected opinion polls. In a national television address he added that if Nigerians did not like the victory of his handpicked successor they would have an opportunity to vote again in four years.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span></span>43<span></span></a></sup></p>
<table class="infobox" style="margin-left: 3em; font-size: 85%;" cellspacing="0" align="right">
<tr>
<th style="background:#EEEEEE" colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> National Symbols of Nigeria</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 2em;"><b>Flag</b></td>
<td><a href="wiki-Flag_of_Nigeria" title="Flag of Nigeria">Bicolour</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 2em;"><b>Emblem</b></td>
<td><a href="wiki-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria">Coat of arms of Nigeria</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 2em;"><b>Anthem</b></td>
<td><a href="wiki-Arise,_O_Compatriots" title="Arise, O Compatriots">Arise, O Compatriots</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 2em;"><b>Animal</b></td>
<td><a href="wiki-Eagle" title="Eagle">Eagle</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 2em;"><b>Bird</b></td>
<td><a href="wiki-Black_Crowned_Crane" title="Black Crowned Crane">Black Crowned Crane</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 2em;"><b>Flower</b></td>
<td><a href="wiki-File:Costus_spectabilis_.jpg" title="File:Costus spectabilis .jpg">Costus spectabilis</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 2em;"><b>Sport</b></td>
<td><a href="wiki-Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Like in many other African societies, <a href="wiki-Prebendalism" title="Prebendalism">prebendalism</a> and extremely excessive corruption continue to constitute major challenges to Nigeria, as vote rigging and other means of coercion are practised by all major parties in order to remain competitive. In 1983, it was adjudged by the policy institute at Kuru that only the 1959 and 1979 elections witnessed minimal rigging.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span></span>44<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Law">Law</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Law_of_Nigeria" title="Law of Nigeria">Law of Nigeria</a></div>
<p>There are four distinct systems of law in Nigeria:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-English_law" title="English law">English law</a> which is derived from its <a href="wiki-British_Empire" title="British Empire">colonial</a> past with Britain;</li>
<li><a href="wiki-Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a>, a development of its post colonial independence;</li>
<li><a href="wiki-Customary_law" title="Customary law" class="mw-redirect">Customary law</a> which is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practice, including the dispute resolution meetings of pre-colonial Yorubaland secret societies and the <a href="wiki-Egbo" title="Egbo" class="mw-redirect">Èkpè</a> and Okónkò of <a href="wiki-Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> and <a href="wiki-Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibioland</a>;</li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law, used only in the predominantly Muslim north of the country. It is an Islamic legal system which had been used long before the colonial administration in Nigeria but recently politicised and spearheaded in <a href="wiki-Zamfara_State" title="Zamfara State">Zamfara</a> in late 1999 and eleven other states followed suit. These states are <a href="wiki-Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a>, <a href="wiki-Katsina_State" title="Katsina State">Katsina</a>, <a href="wiki-Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a>, <a href="wiki-Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a>, <a href="wiki-Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a>, <a href="wiki-Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a>, <a href="wiki-Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe</a>, <a href="wiki-Sokoto_State" title="Sokoto State">Sokoto</a>, <a href="wiki-Jigawa_State" title="Jigawa State">Jigawa</a>, <a href="wiki-Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a>, and <a href="wiki-Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span></span>45<span></span></a></sup></li>
</ul>
<p>The country has a <a href="wiki-Judicial_branch" title="Judicial branch" class="mw-redirect">judicial branch</a>, the highest court of which is the <a href="wiki-Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court of Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-38"><span></span>39<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria" title="Foreign relations of Nigeria">Foreign relations of Nigeria</a></div>
<p>Upon gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria made the liberation and restoration of the dignity of Africa the centrepiece of its foreign policy and played a leading role in the fight against the <a href="wiki-Apartheid" title="Apartheid" class="mw-redirect">apartheid</a> regime in <a href="wiki-South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span></span>46<span></span></a></sup> One notable exception to the African focus of Nigeria's foreign policy was the close relationship the country enjoyed with <a href="wiki-Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> throughout the 1960s, with the latter country sponsoring and overseeing the construction of Nigeria's parliament buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span></span>47<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Nigeria's foreign policy was soon tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war and quickly committed itself to the liberation struggles going on in the Southern Africa sub-region. Though Nigeria never sent an expeditionary force in that struggle, it offered more than rhetoric to the <a href="wiki-African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the racist regime and their incursions in southern Africa, in addition to expediting large sums to aid anti-colonial struggles. Nigeria was also a founding member of the <a href="wiki-Organisation_for_African_Unity" title="Organisation for African Unity" class="mw-redirect">Organisation for African Unity</a> (now the <a href="wiki-African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>), and has tremendous influence in <a href="wiki-West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for <a href="wiki-ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS" class="mw-redirect">ECOWAS</a> and <a href="wiki-ECOMOG" title="ECOMOG" class="mw-redirect">ECOMOG</a>, economic and military organizations respectively.</p>
<p>With this African-centred stance, Nigeria readily sent troops to the <a href="wiki-Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo</a> at the behest of the <a href="wiki-United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> shortly after independence (and has maintained membership since that time); Nigeria also supported several Pan African and pro-self government causes in the 1970s, including garnering support for <a href="wiki-Angola" title="Angola">Angola's</a> <a href="wiki-Popular_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Angola" title="Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola" class="mw-redirect">MPLA</a>, <a href="wiki-SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> in <a href="wiki-Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, and aiding anti-colonial struggles in <a href="wiki-RENAMO" title="RENAMO">Mozambique</a>, and <a href="wiki-Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Zimbabwe</a> (then Rhodesia) military and economically.</p>
<p>Nigeria retains membership in the <a href="wiki-Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, and in late November 2006 organized an Africa-South America Summit in Abuja to promote what some attendees termed "South-South" linkages on a variety of fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span></span>48<span></span></a></sup> Nigeria is also a member of the <a href="wiki-International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>, and the <a href="wiki-Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, from which it was temporarily expelled in 1995 under the <a href="wiki-Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Abacha regime</a>.</p>
<p>Nigeria has remained a key player in the <a href="wiki-Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">international oil industry</a> since the 1970s, and maintains membership in <a href="wiki-Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" title="Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries" class="mw-redirect">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> <a href="wiki-OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> which it joined in July, 1971. Its <a href="wiki-Petroleum_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum in Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">status as a major petroleum producer</a> figures prominently in its sometimes vicissitudinous international relations with both <a href="wiki-Developed_countries" title="Developed countries" class="mw-redirect">developed countries</a>, notably the United States and more recently <a href="wiki-People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="People's Republic of China" class="mw-redirect">China</a> and developing countries, notably <a href="wiki-Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="wiki-Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and <a href="wiki-Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span></span>49<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Millions of Nigerians have emigrated at times of economic hardship to <a href="wiki-Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="wiki-North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="wiki-Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> among others. It is estimated that over a million <a href="wiki-Nigerian_American" title="Nigerian American">Nigerians</a> have emigrated to the United States and constitute the <a href="wiki-Nigerian_American" title="Nigerian American">Nigerian American</a> populace. Of such Diasporic communities include the "Egbe Omo Yoruba" society.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span></span>50<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="wiki-Military_of_Nigeria" title="Military of Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Military of Nigeria</a></div>
<p>The Nigerian Military are charged with protecting The Federal Republic of Nigeria, promoting Nigeria's global security interests, and supporting peacekeeping efforts especially in West Africa.</p>
<p>The Nigerian Military consist of an <a href="wiki-Army" title="Army">Army</a>, a <a href="wiki-Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a> and an <a href="wiki-Air_Force" title="Air Force" class="mw-redirect">Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-38"><span></span>39<span></span></a></sup> The military in Nigeria have played a major role in the country's history since independence. Various juntas have seized control of the country and ruled it through most of its history. Its last period of rule ended in 1999 following the sudden death of former dictator <a href="wiki-Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Sani Abacha</a> in 1998, with his successor, Abdulsalam Abubakar, handing over power to the democratically elected government of Olusegun Obasanjo in 1999.</p>
<p>Taking advantage of its role as Africa's most populated country, Nigeria has repositioned its military as an African peacekeeping force. Since 1995, the Nigerian military through <a href="wiki-ECOMOG" title="ECOMOG" class="mw-redirect">ECOMOG</a> mandates have been deployed as peacekeepers in <a href="wiki-Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> (1997), <a href="wiki-Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast" class="mw-redirect">Ivory Coast</a> (1997–1999), <a href="wiki-Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> 1997–1999,<sup id="cite_ref-Press_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-50"><span></span>51<span></span></a></sup> and presently in <a href="wiki-Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>'s <a href="wiki-Darfur_conflict" title="Darfur conflict" class="mw-redirect">Darfur</a> region under an African Union mandate.</p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="wiki-Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Geography of Nigeria</a> and <a href="wiki-Climate_of_Nigeria" title="Climate of Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Climate of Nigeria</a></div>
<p>Nigeria is located in western Africa on the Gulf of Guinea and has a total area of 923,768 km<sup>2</sup> (356,669 sq&#160;mi),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span></span>52<span></span></a></sup> making it the world's 32nd-largest country (after <a href="wiki-Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>). It is comparable in size to <a href="wiki-Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, and is about twice the size of <a href="wiki-California" title="California">California</a>. It shares a 4,047 kilometres (2,515&#160;mi) border with Benin (773&#160;km), Niger (1497&#160;km), Chad (87&#160;km), Cameroon (1690&#160;km), and has a coastline of at least 853&#160;km.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span></span>53<span></span></a></sup> Nigeria lies between latitudes <a href="wiki-4th_parallel_north" title="4th parallel north">4°</a> and <a href="wiki-14th_parallel_north" title="14th parallel north">14°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="wiki-2nd_meridian_east" title="2nd meridian east">2°</a> and <a href="wiki-15th_meridian_east" title="15th meridian east">15°E</a>.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="wiki-File:Zuma_rock.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Zuma_rock.jpg/250px-Zuma_rock.jpg" width="250" height="144" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:Zuma_rock.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The <a href="wiki-Zuma_Rock" title="Zuma Rock">Zuma Rock</a> near Suleja</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The highest point in Nigeria is <a href="wiki-Chappal_Waddi" title="Chappal Waddi">Chappal Waddi</a> at 2,419&#160;m (7,936&#160;ft). The main rivers are the <a href="wiki-Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a> and the <a href="wiki-Benue_River" title="Benue River">Benue River</a> which converge and empty into the <a href="wiki-Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>, one of the world's largest river deltas and the location of a large area of Central African Mangroves.</p>
<p>Nigeria is also an important center for <a href="wiki-Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. It is widely believed that the areas surrounding <a href="wiki-Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a>, Cross River State, contain the world's largest diversity of <a href="wiki-Butterflies" title="Butterflies" class="mw-redirect">butterflies</a>. The <a href="wiki-Drill_(mammal)" title="Drill (mammal)">drill monkey</a> is only found in the wild in Southeast Nigeria and neighbouring <a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>.</p>
<p>Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its <a href="wiki-Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a>, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,524 to 2,032 mm) a year.<sup id="cite_ref-gai5_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gai5-53"><span></span>54<span></span></a></sup> In the southeast stand the <a href="wiki-Obudu_Plateau" title="Obudu Plateau">Obudu Plateau</a>. <a href="wiki-Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plains</a> are found in both the southwest and the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta-54"><span></span>55<span></span></a></sup> This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as salt water swamp, also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of <a href="wiki-Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a> in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest.<sup id="cite_ref-gai4_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gai4-55"><span></span>56<span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gai4_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gai4-55"><span></span>56<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the <a href="wiki-Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a> and <a href="wiki-Benue_River" title="Benue River">Benue River</a> valleys (which merge into each other and form a "y" shape).<sup id="cite_ref-encarta_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta-54"><span></span>55<span></span></a></sup> To the southwest of the Niger there is "rugged" <a href="wiki-Highland_(geography)" title="Highland (geography)" class="mw-redirect">highland</a>, and to the southeast of the Benue are hills and mountains which forms the <a href="wiki-Mambilla_Plateau" title="Mambilla Plateau">Mambilla Plateau</a>,the highest Plateau in Nigeria.This plateau extends to the border with <a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, this <a href="wiki-Montane" title="Montane">montane</a> land is part of the <a href="wiki-Bamenda_Highlands" title="Bamenda Highlands" class="mw-redirect">Bamenda Highlands</a> in Cameroon. The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the <a href="wiki-Cross-Sanaga-Bioko_coastal_forests" title="Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests">Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests</a> ecoregion, an important centre for <a href="wiki-Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> including the <a href="wiki-Drill_(mammal)" title="Drill (mammal)">drill monkey</a> which is only found in the wild in this area and across the border in Cameroon. It is widely believed that the areas surrounding <a href="wiki-Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</a>, Cross River State, also in this forest, contain the world's largest diversity of <a href="wiki-Butterflies" title="Butterflies" class="mw-redirect">butterflies</a>. The area of southern Nigeria between the <a href="wiki-River_Niger" title="River Niger" class="mw-redirect">Niger</a> and the <a href="wiki-Cross_River_(Nigeria)" title="Cross River (Nigeria)">Cross Rivers</a> has seen its forest more or less disappear to be replaced by grassland (<i>see <a href="wiki-Cross-Niger_transition_forests" title="Cross-Niger transition forests">Cross-Niger transition forests</a></i>).</p>
<p>Everything in between the far south and the far north, is <a href="wiki-Savannah" title="Savannah" class="mw-redirect">savannah</a> (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees), and rainfall is between 20 and 60 inches (508 and 1,524 mm) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-gai5_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gai5-53"><span></span>54<span></span></a></sup> The savannah zone's three categories are <a href="wiki-Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a>, plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees and the most common across the country: Sudan savannah, similar but with "shorter grasses and shorter trees; and <a href="wiki-Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> savannah, comprised patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-gai4_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gai4-55"><span></span>56<span></span></a></sup> To the north is the <a href="wiki-Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> with its almost desert-like climate, where rain is less than 20 inches (508&#160;mm) per year and the <a href="wiki-Sahara_Desert" title="Sahara Desert" class="mw-redirect">Sahara Desert</a> is encroaching.<sup id="cite_ref-gai5_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gai5-53"><span></span>54<span></span></a></sup> In the dry north-east corner of the country lies <a href="wiki-Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a>, which Nigeria shares with <a href="wiki-Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="wiki-Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> and <a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</span></h3>
<p>Nigeria's Delta region, home of the large <a href="wiki-Petroleum_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum in Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">oil industry</a>, experiences serious <a href="wiki-Oil_spills" title="Oil spills" class="mw-redirect">oil spills</a> and other environmental problems. See <a href="wiki-Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Environmental issues in the Niger Delta">Environmental issues in the Niger Delta</a> for more details, and <a href="wiki-Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Conflict in the Niger Delta</a> about strife which has arisen in connection with those issues.</p>
<p><a href="wiki-Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> including <a href="wiki-Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>, the linked processes of <a href="wiki-Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="wiki-Soil_degradation" title="Soil degradation" class="mw-redirect">soil degradation</a>, and <a href="wiki-Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> or <a href="wiki-Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a> are the major environmental problems in Nigeria.</p>
<p>Waste management presents problems in a <a href="wiki-Mega_city" title="Mega city" class="mw-redirect">mega city</a> like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste.</p>
<p>Haphazard industrial planning, increased urbanization, poverty and lack of competence of the municipal government are seen as the major reasons for high levels of waste <a href="wiki-Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> in major Nigerian cities. Some of the 'solutions' have been disastrous to the environment, resulting in untreated waste being dumped in places where it can pollute waterways and groundwater.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span></span>57<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>In terms of <a href="wiki-Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, Africans contribute only about one metric ton of carbon dioxide per person per year. It is perceived by many climate change experts that food production and security in the northern <a href="wiki-Sahel" title="Sahel">sahel</a> region of the country will suffer as semi-arid areas will have more dry periods in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span></span>58<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="wiki-States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">States of Nigeria</a> and <a href="wiki-Local_Government_Areas_of_Nigeria" title="Local Government Areas of Nigeria">Local Government Areas of Nigeria</a></div>
<p>Nigeria is divided into thirty-six <a href="wiki-State_(administrative_division)" title="State (administrative division)" class="mw-redirect">states</a> and one <a href="wiki-Federal_Capital_Territory,_Nigeria" title="Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Federal Capital Territory</a>, which are further sub-divided into 774 <a href="wiki-Local_Government_Areas_in_Nigeria" title="Local Government Areas in Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Local Government Areas</a> (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government.</p>
<p>Nigeria has six cities with a population of over 1&#160;million people (from largest to smallest: <a href="wiki-Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="wiki-Kano" title="Kano">Kano</a>, <a href="wiki-Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a>, <a href="wiki-Kaduna" title="Kaduna">Kaduna</a>, <a href="wiki-Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a>, and <a href="wiki-Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a>). Lagos is the <a href="wiki-List_of_most_populous_cities_in_Africa" title="List of most populous cities in Africa" class="mw-redirect">largest city in sub-Saharan Africa</a>, with a population of over <a href="wiki-List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of metropolitan areas by population">8&#160;million</a> in its urban area alone. Population of Nigeria's cities over a million are listed below</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Population_of_major_cities">Population of major cities</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="wiki-List_of_cities_in_Nigeria" title="List of cities in Nigeria">List of cities in Nigeria</a></div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th>City</th>
<th>Population</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="wiki-Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></td>
<td>7,937,932</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="wiki-Kano" title="Kano">Kano</a></td>
<td>3,848,885</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="wiki-Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a></td>
<td>3,078,400</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="wiki-Kaduna" title="Kaduna">Kaduna</a></td>
<td>1,652,844</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="wiki-Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a></td>
<td>1,320,214</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="wiki-Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a></td>
<td>1,051,600</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="wiki-Maiduguri" title="Maiduguri">Maiduguri</a></td>
<td>1,044,497</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="wiki-Zaria" title="Zaria">Zaria</a></td>
<td>1,018,827</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>However, these figures are regularly disputed in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-felix_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felix-58"><span></span>59<span></span></a></sup></p>
<div class="center"><small>A clickable map of Nigeria exhibiting its 36 states and federal capital territory.</small></div>
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone">
<div style="height: 482px; width: 567px; "><map name="ImageMap_1_1336460453" id="ImageMap_1_1336460453">
<area href="wiki-Niger" shape="rect" coords="207,8,267,35" alt="Niger" title="Niger" />
<area href="wiki-Zinder" shape="rect" coords="298,11,350,32" alt="Zinder" title="Zinder" />
<area href="wiki-Niamey" shape="rect" coords="3,18,58,41" alt="Niamey" title="Niamey" />
<area href="wiki-Burkina_Faso" shape="rect" coords="2,99,44,129" alt="Burkina Faso" title="Burkina Faso" />
<area href="wiki-Benin" shape="rect" coords="4,158,51,182" alt="Benin" title="Benin" />
<area href="wiki-Atlantic_Ocean" shape="rect" coords="4,402,128,422" alt="Atlantic Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean" />
<area href="wiki-Cameroon" shape="rect" coords="333,380,432,405" alt="Cameroon" title="Cameroon" />
<area href="wiki-Porto_Novo" shape="rect" coords="2,359,36,387" alt="Porto Novo" title="Porto Novo" />
<area href="wiki-Garoua" shape="rect" coords="502,207,541,222" alt="Garoua" title="Garoua" />
<area href="wiki-Chad" shape="rect" coords="541,194,562,208" alt="Chad" title="Chad" />
<area href="wiki-Chad" shape="rect" coords="526,3,563,17" alt="Chad" title="Chad" />
<area href="wiki-Lake_Chad" shape="rect" coords="526,24,560,46" alt="Lake Chad" title="Lake Chad" />
<area href="wiki-Abuja" shape="rect" coords="192,229,242,247" alt="Abuja" title="Abuja" />
<area href="wiki-Sokoto_State" shape="rect" coords="124,29,183,52" alt="Sokoto State" title="Sokoto State" />
<area href="wiki-Kebbi_State" shape="rect" coords="67,95,110,122" alt="Kebbi State" title="Kebbi State" />
<area href="wiki-Zamfara_State" shape="rect" coords="153,82,208,107" alt="Zamfara State" title="Zamfara State" />
<area href="wiki-Katsina_State" shape="rect" coords="221,67,271,87" alt="Katsina State" title="Katsina State" />
<area href="wiki-Jigawa_State" shape="rect" coords="308,65,358,93" alt="Jigawa State" title="Jigawa State" />
<area href="wiki-Yobe_State" shape="rect" coords="402,85,438,110" alt="Yobe State" title="Yobe State" />
<area href="wiki-Borno_State" shape="rect" coords="475,77,520,100" alt="Borno State" title="Borno State" />
<area href="wiki-Kano_State" shape="rect" coords="274,116,316,137" alt="Kano State" title="Kano State" />
<area href="wiki-Bauchi_State" shape="rect" coords="318,165,371,190" alt="Bauchi State" title="Bauchi State" />
<area href="wiki-Gombe_State" shape="rect" coords="386,182,433,202" alt="Gombe State" title="Gombe State" />
<area href="wiki-Adamawa_State" shape="rect" coords="437,204,493,219" alt="Adamawa State" title="Adamawa State" />
<area href="wiki-Plateau_State" shape="rect" coords="316,224,365,248" alt="Plateau State" title="Plateau State" />
<area href="wiki-Taraba_State" shape="rect" coords="360,288,404,313" alt="Taraba State" title="Taraba State" />
<area href="wiki-Kaduna_State" shape="rect" coords="233,182,288,205" alt="Kaduna State" title="Kaduna State" />
<area href="wiki-Nassarawa_State" shape="rect" coords="239,260,316,286" alt="Nassarawa State" title="Nassarawa State" />
<area href="wiki-Benue_State" shape="rect" coords="270,308,318,331" alt="Benue State" title="Benue State" />
<area href="wiki-Niger_State" shape="rect" coords="134,183,183,210" alt="Niger State" title="Niger State" />
<area href="wiki-Kwara_State" shape="rect" coords="93,244,139,269" alt="Kwara State" title="Kwara State" />
<area href="wiki-Oyo_State" shape="rect" coords="43,260,76,283" alt="Oyo State" title="Oyo State" />
<area href="wiki-Ogun_State" shape="rect" coords="28,318,63,334" alt="Ogun State" title="Ogun State" />
<area href="wiki-Lagos_State" shape="rect" coords="54,357,92,372" alt="Lagos State" title="Lagos State" />
<area href="wiki-Kogi_State" shape="rect" coords="187,293,223,316" alt="Kogi State" title="Kogi State" />
<area href="wiki-Osun_State" shape="rect" coords="84,290,119,312" alt="Osun State" title="Osun State" />
<area href="wiki-Ekiti_State" shape="rect" coords="122,284,154,309" alt="Ekiti State" title="Ekiti State" />
<area href="wiki-Ondo_State" shape="rect" coords="118,319,157,339" alt="Ondo State" title="Ondo State" />
<area href="wiki-Edo_State" shape="rect" coords="162,344,186,359" alt="Edo State" title="Edo State" />
<area href="wiki-Ebonyi_State" shape="rect" coords="254,350,300,375" alt="Ebonyi State" title="Ebonyi State" />
<area href="wiki-Delta_State" shape="rect" coords="151,390,183,408" alt="Delta State" title="Delta State" />
<area href="wiki-Bayelsa_State" shape="rect" coords="118,428,169,445" alt="Bayelsa State" title="Bayelsa State" />
<area href="wiki-Rivers_State" shape="rect" coords="184,412,224,427" alt="Rivers State" title="Rivers State" />
<area href="wiki-Imo_State" shape="rect" coords="201,391,227,407" alt="Imo State" title="Imo State" />
<area href="wiki-Abia_State" shape="rect" coords="231,383,255,398" alt="Abia State" title="Abia State" />
<area href="wiki-Cross_River_State" shape="rect" coords="262,381,299,415" alt="Cross River State" title="Cross River State" />
<area href="wiki-Federal_Capital_Territory_(Nigeria)" shape="rect" coords="451,365,538,381" alt="Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)" title="Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)" />
<area href="wiki-Federal_Capital_Territory_(Nigeria)" shape="rect" coords="215,251,226,264" alt="Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)" title="Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)" />
<area href="wiki-Anambra_State" shape="rect" coords="450,382,508,394" alt="Anambra State" title="Anambra State" />
<area href="wiki-Anambra_State" shape="rect" coords="202,355,220,379" alt="Anambra State" title="Anambra State" />
<area href="wiki-Enugu_State" shape="rect" coords="450,396,494,402" alt="Enugu State" title="Enugu State" />
<area href="wiki-Enugu_State" shape="rect" coords="228,343,247,367" alt="Enugu State" title="Enugu State" />
<area href="wiki-Akwa_Ibom_State" shape="rect" coords="449,405,517,415" alt="Akwa Ibom State" title="Akwa Ibom State" />
<area href="wiki-Akwa_Ibom_State" shape="rect" coords="247,416,260,440" alt="Akwa Ibom State" title="Akwa Ibom State" />
<area href="wiki-Port_Harcourt" shape="rect" coords="204,437,252,462" alt="Port Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt" />
<area href="wiki-Benin_City" shape="rect" coords="98,366,157,377" alt="Benin City" title="Benin City" />
<area href="wiki-Lagos" shape="rect" coords="24,343,53,349" alt="Lagos" title="Lagos" />
<area href="wiki-Ibadan" shape="rect" coords="40,297,71,307" alt="Ibadan" title="Ibadan" />
<area href="wiki-Kaduna" shape="rect" coords="214,151,257,168" alt="Kaduna" title="Kaduna" />
<area href="wiki-Kano" shape="rect" coords="270,90,298,105" alt="Kano" title="Kano" />
<area href="wiki-Maiduguri" shape="rect" coords="476,114,536,125" alt="Maiduguri" title="Maiduguri" /></map><img alt="A clickable map of Nigeria exhibiting its 36 states and the federal capital territory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Nigeria_political.png" width="567" height="482" usemap="#ImageMap_1_1336460453" />
<div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: -20px; text-align: left;"><a href="wiki-File:Nigeria_political.png" title="About this image"><img alt="About this image" src="/w/extensions/ImageMap/desc-20.png" style="border: none;" /></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><br />
<b>States:</b></p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<ol>
<li><a href="wiki-Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Anambra_State" title="Anambra State">Anambra</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Enugu_State" title="Enugu State">Enugu</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Abia_State" title="Abia State">Abia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ebonyi_State" title="Ebonyi State">Ebonyi</a></li>
</ol>
</td>
<td>
<ol start="14">
<li><a href="wiki-Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ekiti_State" title="Ekiti State">Ekiti</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Imo_State" title="Imo State">Imo</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Jigawa_State" title="Jigawa State">Jigawa</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Katsina_State" title="Katsina State">Katsina</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a></li>
</ol>
</td>
<td>
<ol start="27">
<li><a href="wiki-Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ogun_State" title="Ogun State">Ogun</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Osun_State" title="Osun State">Osun</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Oyo_State" title="Oyo State">Oyo</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sokoto_State" title="Sokoto State">Sokoto</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Zamfara_State" title="Zamfara State">Zamfara</a></li>
</ol>
</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><b>Federal Capital Territory:</b> <a href="wiki-Federal_Capital_Territory_(Nigeria)" title="Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)">Abuja</a></p>
<p><br /></p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Economy of Nigeria</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="wiki-File:Lagos_Island.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lagos_Island.jpg/300px-Lagos_Island.jpg" width="300" height="170" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:Lagos_Island.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="wiki-Lagos_Island" title="Lagos Island">Lagos Island</a> as seen from the harbour near <a href="wiki-Victoria_Island_(Nigeria)" title="Victoria Island (Nigeria)">Victoria Island</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Nigeria is classified as a <a href="wiki-Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> <a href="wiki-Emerging_markets" title="Emerging markets">emerging market</a>, and has already reached middle income status according to the <a href="wiki-Worldbank" title="Worldbank" class="mw-redirect">Worldbank</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span></span>60<span></span></a></sup> with its abundant supply of natural resources, well-developed financial, legal, communications, transport sectors and stock exchange (the <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Stock_Exchange" title="Nigerian Stock Exchange">Nigerian Stock Exchange</a>), which is the second largest in Africa. Nigeria is ranked 37th in the world in terms of <a href="wiki-List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> as of 2007. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the U.S. of any country worldwide. Nigeria is currently the 50th-largest export market for U.S. goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the U.S. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span></span>61<span></span></a></sup> The <a href="wiki-International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span></span>62<span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span></span>63<span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span></span>64<span></span></a></sup> The IMF further projects a 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span></span>65<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>February 2011: According to <a href="wiki-Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>, Nigeria will get the highest average GDP growth in the world between 2010–2050. Nigeria is one of two countries from Africa among 11 <a href="wiki-3G_(countries)" title="3G (countries)">Global Growth Generators</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span></span>66<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Previously, economic development had been hindered by years of <a href="wiki-Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military rule</a>, corruption, and mismanagement. The restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reforms have successfully put Nigeria back on track towards achieving its full economic potential. It is now the second largest economy in Africa (following <a href="wiki-South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>), and the largest economy in the <a href="wiki-West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> Region.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span></span>67<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>During the <a href="wiki-OPEC" title="OPEC">oil boom</a> of the 1970s, Nigeria accumulated a significant foreign debt to finance major infrastructural investments. With the fall of oil prices during the <a href="wiki-1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a> Nigeria struggled to keep up with its loan payments and eventually defaulted on its principal debt repayments, limiting repayment to the interest portion of the loans. Arrears and penalty interest accumulated on the unpaid principal which increased the size of the debt.</p>
<p>However, after negotiations by the Nigeria authorities, in October 2005 Nigeria and its <a href="wiki-Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a> creditors reached an agreement in which Nigeria repurchased its debt at a discount of approximately 60%. Nigeria used part of its oil profits to pay the residual 40%, freeing up at least $1.15&#160;billion annually for poverty reduction programmes. Nigeria made history in April 2006 by becoming the first African Country to completely pay off its debt (estimated $30&#160;billion) owed to the <a href="wiki-Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a>.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Key_sectors">Key sectors</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="wiki-File:OAU_Palm_farm.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/OAU_Palm_farm.jpg/170px-OAU_Palm_farm.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:OAU_Palm_farm.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="wiki-Obafemi_Awolowo_University" title="Obafemi Awolowo University">Obafemi Awolowo University</a> Palm farm, <a href="wiki-Ile-Ife" title="Ile-Ife" class="mw-redirect">Ile-Ife</a>, Nigeria</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Nigeria is the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world and the 8th largest exporter, and has the 10th largest proven reserves. (The country joined <a href="wiki-OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> in 1971). <a href="wiki-Petroleum_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum in Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Petroleum</a> plays a large role in the Nigerian economy, accounting for 40% of GDP and 80% of Government earnings. However, agitation for better resource control in the <a href="wiki-Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>, its main oil producing region, has led to disruptions in oil production and currently prevents the country from exporting at 100% capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span></span>68<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Nigeria has one of the fastest growing telecommunications markets in the world, major emerging market operators (like MTN, Etisalat, Zain and Globacom) basing their largest and most profitable centres in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span></span>69<span></span></a></sup> The government has recently begun expanding this infrastructure to <a href="wiki-National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">space based communications</a>. Nigeria has a space satellite which is monitored at the Nigerian National Space Research and Development Agency Headquarters in Abuja.</p>
<p>The country has a highly developed financial services sector, with a mix of local and international banks, asset management companies, brokerage houses, insurance companies and brokers, private equity funds and investment banks.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span></span>70<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Nigeria also has a wide array of underexploited mineral resources which include <a href="wiki-Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="wiki-Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="wiki-Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="wiki-Tantalite" title="Tantalite">tantalite</a>, <a href="wiki-Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="wiki-Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="wiki-Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="wiki-Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="wiki-Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="wiki-Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="wiki-Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gov_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gov-70"><span></span>71<span></span></a></sup> Despite huge deposits of these natural resources, the mining industry in Nigeria is still in its infancy.</p>
<p>Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span></span>72<span></span></a></sup> At one time, Nigeria was the world's largest exporter of <a href="wiki-Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnuts</a>, <a href="wiki-Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, and <a href="wiki-Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and a significant producer of <a href="wiki-Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, <a href="wiki-Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> fruits, <a href="wiki-Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="wiki-Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>, <a href="wiki-Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="wiki-Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a> and <a href="wiki-Sugar_cane" title="Sugar cane" class="mw-redirect">sugar cane</a>. About 60% of Nigerians work in the agricultural sector, and Nigeria has vast areas of underutilized arable land.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span></span>73<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>It also has a manufacturing industry which includes leather and textiles (centred Kano, Abeokuta, Onitsha, and Lagos), car manufacturing (for the French car manufacturer <a href="wiki-Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a> as well as for the English truck manufacturer <a href="wiki-Bedford_Vehicles" title="Bedford Vehicles">Bedford</a>, now a subsidiary of <a href="wiki-General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>), <a href="wiki-T-shirts" title="T-shirts" class="mw-redirect">t-shirts</a>, <a href="wiki-Plastics" title="Plastics" class="mw-redirect">plastics</a> and <a href="wiki-Processed_food" title="Processed food" class="mw-redirect">processed food</a>.</p>
<p>The country has recently made considerable amount of revenue from home made Nigerian Movies which are sold locally and Internationally. These movies are popular in other African countries and among African immigrants in Europe.</p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</span></h2>
<p>Three <a href="wiki-Satellites" title="Satellites" class="mw-redirect">satellites</a> have been launched by the Nigerian government into <a href="wiki-Space" title="Space">space</a>. The Nigeriasat-1 was the first satellite to be built under the Nigerian government sponsorship. The satellite was launched from <a href="wiki-Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> on 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat-1 was part of the world-wide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System.<sup id="cite_ref-nairaland.com_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nairaland.com-73"><span></span>74<span></span></a></sup> The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat-1 were: to give early warning signals of environmental <a href="wiki-Disaster" title="Disaster">disaster</a>; to help detect and control <a href="wiki-Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> in the northern part of Nigeria; to assist in <a href="wiki-Demographic" title="Demographic" class="mw-redirect">demographic</a> planning; to establish the relationship between <a href="wiki-Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of <a href="wiki-Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> using remote sensing technology; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders.</p>
<p>NigeriaSat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited, a <a href="wiki-United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>-based satellite technology company. It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32-metre multispectral (medium resolution, NIR red, green and red bands) antennas, with a ground receiving station in Abuja. The NigeriaSat-2 spacecraft alone was built at a cost of over £35 million.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2011">citation needed</span></a></i></sup> This satellite was launched into <a href="wiki-Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> from a military base in <a href="wiki-China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nairaland.com_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nairaland.com-73"><span></span>74<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p><a href="wiki-NigComSat-1" title="NigComSat-1">NigComSat-1</a>, a Nigerian satellite built in 2004, was Nigeria's third satellite and Africa's first communication satellite. It was launched on 13 May 2007, aboard a <a href="wiki-China" title="China">Chinese</a> <a href="wiki-Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">Long March 3B</a> <a href="wiki-Carrier_rocket" title="Carrier rocket" class="mw-redirect">carrier rocket</a>, from the <a href="wiki-Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Centre" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Centre" class="mw-redirect">Xichang Satellite Launch Centre</a> in China. The spacecraft was operated by <a href="wiki-NigComSat" title="NigComSat" class="mw-redirect">NigComSat</a> and the Nigerian Space Agency, <a href="wiki-NASRDA" title="NASRDA" class="mw-redirect">NASRDA</a>. On November 11, 2008, NigComSat-1 failed in orbit after running out of power due to an anomaly in its solar array. It was based on the Chinese <a href="wiki-DFH-4" title="DFH-4" class="mw-redirect">DFH-4</a> <a href="wiki-Satellite_bus" title="Satellite bus">satellite bus</a>, and carries a variety of <a href="wiki-Transponder" title="Transponder">transponders</a>: 4 <a href="wiki-C-band" title="C-band" class="mw-redirect">C-band</a>; 14 <a href="wiki-Ku-band" title="Ku-band" class="mw-redirect">Ku-band</a>; 8 <a href="wiki-Ka-band" title="Ka-band" class="mw-redirect">Ka-band</a>; and 2 <a href="wiki-L-band" title="L-band" class="mw-redirect">L-band</a>. It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa, and the Ka-band transponders would also cover <a href="wiki-Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.</p>
<p>On 10 November 2008 (0900 GMT), the satellite was reportedly switched off for analysis and to avoid a possible collision with other satellites. According to Nigerian Communications Satellite Limited, it was put into "emergency mode operation in order to effect mitigation and repairs".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span></span>75<span></span></a></sup> The satellite eventually failed after losing power on 11 November 2008.</p>
<p>On March 24, 2009, the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed a further contract for the in-orbit delivery of the NigComSat-1R satellite. NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite, and is expected to be delivered in the fourth quarter of 2011 as a replacement for the failed NigComSat-1.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span></span>76<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Demographics of Nigeria</a></div>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="wiki-Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Education in Nigeria</a>&#160;and <a href="wiki-List_of_Nigerian_universities" title="List of Nigerian universities" class="mw-redirect">List of Nigerian universities</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="wiki-File:Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png/400px-Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png" width="400" height="310" class="thumbimage" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:Population_density_map_of_Nigerian_states_-_English.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Population density in Nigeria</div>
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<th colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: #cfb;">Population in Nigeria <sup id="cite_ref-IEApop2011_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEApop2011-76"><span></span>77<span></span></a></sup></th>
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<th style="background-color: #cfb;">Year</th>
<th style="background-color: #cfb;">Million</th>
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<td align="left">1971</td>
<td align="right">55.1</td>
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<td align="left">1980</td>
<td align="right">71.1</td>
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<td align="left">1990</td>
<td align="right">94.5</td>
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<td align="left">2000</td>
<td align="right">124.8</td>
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<td align="left">2004</td>
<td align="right">138.0</td>
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<td align="left">2008</td>
<td align="right">151.3</td>
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<p>Population in Nigeria increased from 1990 to 2008 with 57 million and 60&#160;% growth in population.<sup id="cite_ref-IEApop2011_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEApop2011-76"><span></span>77<span></span></a></sup> Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa but exactly how populous is a subject of speculation. The <a href="wiki-United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> estimates that the population in 2009 was at 154,729,000, distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometer. National census results in the past few decades have been disputed. The results of the most recent census were released in December 2006 and gave a population of 140,003,542. The only breakdown available was by gender: males numbered 71,709,859, females numbered 68,293,08.</p>
<p>According to the United Nations, Nigeria has been undergoing explosive population growth and one of the highest growth and fertility rates in the world. By their projections, Nigeria is one of eight countries expected to account collectively for half of the world's total population increase from 2005–2050.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span></span>78<span></span></a></sup> By 2100 the UN estimates that the Nigerian population will be no less than 730 million.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span></span>79<span></span></a></sup> In 1950, Nigeria had only 33 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span></span>80<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>According to current data, one out of every four Africans is Nigerian.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span></span>81<span></span></a></sup> Presently, <a href="wiki-World_population" title="World population">Nigeria is the seventh most populous country in the world</a>, and even conservative estimates conclude that more than 20% of the world's black population lives in Nigeria. 2006 estimates claim 42.3% of the population is between 0–14 years of age, while 54.6% is between 15–65; the <a href="wiki-Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> is significantly higher than the <a href="wiki-Death_rate" title="Death rate" class="mw-redirect">death rate</a>, at 40.4 and 16.9 per 1000&#160;people respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-CP2006_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP2006-81"><span></span>82<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Health, <a href="wiki-Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, and general living conditions in Nigeria are poor. <a href="wiki-Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> is 47 years (average male/female) and just over half the population has access to potable water and appropriate <a href="wiki-Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>; the percentage is of children under five has gone up rather than down between 1990 and 2003 and infant mortality is 97.1 deaths per 1000 <a href="wiki-Live_birth_(human)" title="Live birth (human)">live births</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CP2006_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP2006-81"><span></span>82<span></span></a></sup> <a href="wiki-HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="wiki-AIDS" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as <a href="wiki-Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. In 2003, the HIV prevalence rate among 20 to 29 year-olds was 5.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span></span>83<span></span></a></sup> Nigeria suffers from periodic outbreaks of <a href="wiki-Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="wiki-Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, and <a href="wiki-African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">sleeping sickness</a>. It is the only country in Africa to have never eradicated <a href="wiki-Polio" title="Polio" class="mw-redirect">polio</a>, which it periodically exports to other African countries. A 2004 vaccination drive, spearheaded by the <a href="wiki-World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">W.H.O.</a> to combat <a href="wiki-Polio" title="Polio" class="mw-redirect">polio</a> and <a href="wiki-Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, met with some opposition in the north,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span></span>84<span></span></a></sup> but polio was cut 98% between 2009 and 2010.</p>
<p><a href="wiki-Education" title="Education">Education</a> is in a state of neglect. After the 1970s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so that it would reach every subregion of Nigeria. Education is provided free by the government, but the attendance rate for secondary education is only 29% (32% for males, 27% for females). The education system has been described as "dysfunctional" largely because of decaying institutional infrastructure. 68% of the population is <a href="wiki-Literate" title="Literate" class="mw-redirect">literate</a>, and the rate for men (75.7%) is higher than that for women (60.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-CP2006_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP2006-81"><span></span>82<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Nigeria's largest city is <a href="wiki-Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>. Lagos has grown from about 300,000 in 1950<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span></span>85<span></span></a></sup> to an estimated 15 million today, and the Nigerian government estimates that city will have expanded to 25 million residents by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span></span>86<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Ethno-linguistic_groups">Ethno-linguistic groups</span></h3>
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<td><a href="wiki-File:Hausa_harpist.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Hausa harpist.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hausa_harpist.jpg/125px-Hausa_harpist.jpg" width="125" height="185" /></a></td>
<td><a href="wiki-File:Igbo_hat_and_Isiagu.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Igbo hat and Isiagu.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Igbo_hat_and_Isiagu.jpg/90px-Igbo_hat_and_Isiagu.jpg" width="90" height="189" /></a></td>
<td><a href="wiki-File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Kwarastatedrummers.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwarastatedrummers.jpg/125px-Kwarastatedrummers.jpg" width="125" height="184" /></a></td>
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<td>A Hausa harpist</td>
<td>Igbo men</td>
<td>Yoruba drummers</td>
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<p>Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich ethnic diversity. The largest ethnic groups are the <a href="wiki-Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a>/<a href="wiki-Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, <a href="wiki-Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a>, <a href="wiki-Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a>, accounting for 68% of population,(Quote Source) while the <a href="wiki-Edo_(ethnic_group)" title="Edo (ethnic group)" class="mw-redirect">Edo</a>, <a href="wiki-Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a>, <a href="wiki-Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a>, <a href="wiki-Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a>, Ebira <a href="wiki-Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe</a> and <a href="wiki-Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a> comprise 27%; other minorities make up the remaining 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-NGeo_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGeo-86"><span></span>87<span></span></a></sup> The middle belt of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, including the Pyem, Goemai, and <a href="wiki-Kofyar" title="Kofyar" class="mw-redirect">Kofyar</a>. The official population count of each of Nigeria's ethnicities has always remained controversial and disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the census is rigged to give a particular group (usually believed to be northern groups) numerical superiority.<sup id="cite_ref-felix_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felix-58"><span></span>59<span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span></span>88<span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span></span>89<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>There are small minorities of British, American, <a href="wiki-Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora" class="mw-redirect">East Indian</a>, <a href="wiki-Chinese_people_in_Nigeria" title="Chinese people in Nigeria">Chinese</a> (est. 50,000),<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span></span>90<span></span></a></sup> white <a href="wiki-Whites_in_Zimbabwe" title="Whites in Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect">Zimbabwean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span></span>91<span></span></a></sup> Japanese, Greek, <a href="wiki-Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> and Lebanese immigrants in Nigeria. Immigrants also include those from other <a href="wiki-West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> or <a href="wiki-East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> nations. These minorities mostly reside in major cities such as <a href="wiki-Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> and <a href="wiki-Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, or in the <a href="wiki-Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a> as employees for the major oil companies. A number of <a href="wiki-Cuba" title="Cuba">Cubans</a> settled in Nigeria as political refugees following the <a href="wiki-Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>.</p>
<p>In the middle of the 19th century, a number of ex-slaves of <a href="wiki-Afro-Cuban" title="Afro-Cuban">Afro-Cuban</a> and <a href="wiki-Afro-Brazilian" title="Afro-Brazilian">Afro-Brazilian</a> descent<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span></span>92<span></span></a></sup> and emigrants from <a href="wiki-Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> established communities in Lagos and other regions of Nigeria. Many ex-slaves came to Nigeria following the emancipation of slaves in the <a href="wiki-Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Many of the immigrants, sometimes called Saros (immigrants from Sierra Leone) and Amaro (ex-slaves from Brazil)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span></span>93<span></span></a></sup> later became prominent merchants and <a href="wiki-Missionaries" title="Missionaries" class="mw-redirect">missionaries</a> in these cities.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="wiki-File:Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png/400px-Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png" width="400" height="365" class="thumbimage" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:Nigeria_Benin_Cameroon_languages.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
Linguistic map of Nigeria, Cameroon, and Benin</div>
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages of Nigeria</a></div>
<p>The number of languages currently estimated and catalogued in Nigeria is 521. This number includes 510 living languages, two second languages without native speakers and nine extinct languages. In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language. The official language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the country. The choice of <a href="wiki-English_language" title="English language">English</a> as the official language was partially related to the fact that a part of the Nigerian population spoke English as a result of <a href="wiki-Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">British colonization</a> that ended in 1960.</p>
<p>The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of <a href="wiki-African_languages" title="African languages" class="mw-redirect">African languages</a> – the majority are <a href="wiki-Niger%E2%80%93Congo" title="Niger–Congo" class="mw-redirect">Niger–Congo</a> languages, such as <a href="wiki-Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, <a href="wiki-Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, the <a href="wiki-Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa language</a> is <a href="wiki-Afro-Asiatic" title="Afro-Asiatic" class="mw-redirect">Afro-Asiatic</a>; and <a href="wiki-Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a>, spoken in the northeast, primarily <a href="wiki-Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno State</a>, is a member of the <a href="wiki-Nilo-Saharan" title="Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect">Nilo-Saharan family</a>. Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English, being the official language, is widely used for education, business transactions and for official purposes. English as a first language, however, remains an exclusive preserve of a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardized languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Pidgin_English" title="Nigerian Pidgin English" class="mw-redirect">Nigerian Pidgin English</a>, often known simply as '<a href="wiki-Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a>' or 'Broken' (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect and <a href="wiki-Slang" title="Slang">slang</a>. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the <a href="wiki-Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a> Regions, predominately in <a href="wiki-Warri" title="Warri">Warri</a>, <a href="wiki-Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a>, <a href="wiki-Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a>, <a href="wiki-Agenebode" title="Agenebode">Agenebode</a>, <a href="wiki-Ewu" title="Ewu">Ewu</a>, and <a href="wiki-Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span></span>94<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion in Nigeria</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="wiki-File:AbujaNationalMosque.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AbujaNationalMosque.jpg/200px-AbujaNationalMosque.jpg" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:AbujaNationalMosque.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
The <a href="wiki-Abuja_National_Mosque" title="Abuja National Mosque">Abuja National Mosque</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="wiki-File:National_christian_centre1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/National_christian_centre1.jpg/200px-National_christian_centre1.jpg" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:National_christian_centre1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<a href="wiki-National_Church_of_Nigeria" title="National Church of Nigeria">National Church of Nigeria</a>, Abuja</div>
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<p>Nigeria is home to a variety of <a href="wiki-Religions" title="Religions" class="mw-redirect">religions</a> which tend to vary regionally. This situation accentuates regional and ethnic distinctions and has often been seen as a source of <a href="wiki-Sectarian" title="Sectarian" class="mw-redirect">sectarian</a> conflict amongst the population.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span></span>95<span></span></a></sup> Even though, Nigeria is apparently divided equally between Islam and Christianity between north and south, it is evident that across Nigeria there is widespread belief, albeit suppressed for political reasons, in traditional religious practices.</p>
<p>Based on a World Religious survey (Mapping out the Global Muslim Population) 50.4% of Nigeria's population were Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span></span>96<span></span></a></sup> 50.8% were Christian<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span></span>97<span></span></a></sup> (15% <a href="wiki-Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, 13.7% <a href="wiki-Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, and 19.6% other Christian), and followers of other religions were 1.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span></span>98<span></span></a></sup> The core north is largely Muslim, there are large numbers of both Muslims and Christians in the Middle Belt, including the Federal Capital Territory. In the west of the country, especially in the Yorubaland, the population is said to be evenly divided between Muslims and Christians, while in the southeastern regions are predominantly Christians with widespread traditional beliefs, <a href="wiki-Catholics" title="Catholics" class="mw-redirect">Catholics</a>, <a href="wiki-Anglicans" title="Anglicans" class="mw-redirect">Anglicans</a>, and <a href="wiki-Methodists" title="Methodists" class="mw-redirect">Methodists</a> are the majority with few traditional beliefs, while the Niger Delta region is mainly Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-statereport_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statereport-98"><span></span>99<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>The majority of Nigerian Muslims are <a href="wiki-Sunni" title="Sunni" class="mw-redirect">Sunni</a>, but a significant <a href="wiki-Shia" title="Shia" class="mw-redirect">Shia</a> and <a href="wiki-Sufi" title="Sufi" class="mw-redirect">Sufi</a> minority exists (<i>see <a href="wiki-Shia_in_Nigeria" title="Shia in Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Shia in Nigeria</a></i>) and a small minority of <a href="wiki-Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>. Some northern states have incorporated <a href="wiki-Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law into their previously secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-tiptoe_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiptoe-99"><span></span>100<span></span></a></sup> <a href="wiki-Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano State</a> has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span></span>101<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Christian Nigerians are about evenly split between <a href="wiki-Roman_Catholic" title="Roman Catholic" class="mw-redirect">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="wiki-Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. Leading Protestant churches are the <a href="wiki-Church_of_Nigeria" title="Church of Nigeria">Church of Nigeria</a>, of the <a href="wiki-Anglican" title="Anglican" class="mw-redirect">Anglican</a> communion, Assemblies of God Church, Nigeria, <a href="wiki-Redeemed_Christian_Church_of_God" title="Redeemed Christian Church of God">Redeemed Christian Church of God</a>, the <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Baptist_Convention" title="Nigerian Baptist Convention">Nigerian Baptist Convention</a> and <a href="wiki-T.B._Joshua" title="T.B. Joshua" class="mw-redirect">The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations</a>. The Yoruba area contains a large Anglican population, while <a href="wiki-Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> is predominantly Catholic and the <a href="wiki-Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> area is predominantly <a href="wiki-Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a> which was introduced into Nigeria by Augustus Ehurie Wogu and his associates at Old Umuahia.</p>
<p>Across <a href="wiki-Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland" class="mw-redirect">Yorubaland</a> in the west many people are adherents to Yorubo/Irunmole spirituality with its philosophy of divine destiny that all can become <a href="wiki-Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a> (<i>ori</i>, spiritual head; <i>sha</i>, is chosen: to be one with Olodumare (<i>oni odu</i>, the God source of all energy; <i>ma re</i>, enlighthens / triumphs).</p>
<p>Other minority religious and spiritual groups in Nigeria include <a href="wiki-Hinduism_in_Nigeria" title="Hinduism in Nigeria">Hinduism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span></span>102<span></span></a></sup> <a href="wiki-Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Judaism</a>, The <a href="wiki-Bah%C3%A1%E2%80%99%C3%AD_Faith" title="Bahá’í Faith" class="mw-redirect">Bahá’í Faith</a>, and <a href="wiki-Chrislam" title="Chrislam">Chrislam</a> (a <a href="wiki-Syncretic" title="Syncretic" class="mw-redirect">syncretic</a> faith melding elements of Christianity and Islam).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span></span>103<span></span></a></sup> Further, Nigeria has become an African hub for the <a href="wiki-Grail_Movement" title="Grail Movement">Grail Movement</a><sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2011">citation needed</span></a></i></sup> and the <a href="wiki-International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">Hare Krishnas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span></span>104<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Culture of Nigeria</a></div>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="wiki-File:Things_Fall_Apart_books_02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Things_Fall_Apart_books_02.jpg/220px-Things_Fall_Apart_books_02.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="wiki-File:Things_Fall_Apart_books_02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="//bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" /></a></div>
<i><a href="wiki-Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart">Things Fall Apart</a></i> by <a href="wiki-Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a> is Nigeria's most popular and best selling literary piece ever, translated into over 40 languages<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span></span>105<span></span></a></sup></div>
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<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigerian literature</a></div>
<p>Nigerian citizens have authored many influential works of <a href="wiki-Post-colonial_theory" title="Post-colonial theory" class="mw-redirect">post-colonial</a> literature in the English language. Nigeria's best-known writers are <a href="wiki-Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a>, the first African <a href="wiki-Nobel_Laureate_in_Literature" title="Nobel Laureate in Literature" class="mw-redirect">Nobel Laureate in Literature</a>, and <a href="wiki-Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>, best known for the novel, <i><a href="wiki-Things_Fall_Apart" title="Things Fall Apart">Things Fall Apart</a></i> and his controversial critique of <a href="wiki-Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>. Other Nigerian <a href="wiki-List_of_Nigerian_writers" title="List of Nigerian writers">writers</a> and <a href="wiki-List_of_Nigerian_poets" title="List of Nigerian poets">poets</a> who are well known internationally include <a href="wiki-John_Pepper_Clark" title="John Pepper Clark" class="mw-redirect">John Pepper Clark</a>, <a href="wiki-Ben_Okri" title="Ben Okri">Ben Okri</a>, <a href="wiki-Cyprian_Ekwensi" title="Cyprian Ekwensi">Cyprian Ekwensi</a>, <a href="wiki-Buchi_Emecheta" title="Buchi Emecheta">Buchi Emecheta</a>, <a href="wiki-Helon_Habila" title="Helon Habila">Helon Habila</a>, <a href="wiki-Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie" title="Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie">Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie</a> and <a href="wiki-Ken_Saro_Wiwa" title="Ken Saro Wiwa" class="mw-redirect">Ken Saro Wiwa</a>, who was executed in 1995 by the military regime. Nigeria has the second largest <a href="wiki-Nigerian_newspapers" title="Nigerian newspapers" class="mw-redirect">newspaper</a> market in Africa (after <a href="wiki-Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>) with an estimated circulation of several million copies daily in 2003.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Music_and_film">Music and film</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="wiki-Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Music of Nigeria</a> and <a href="wiki-Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Cinema of Nigeria</a></div>
<p>Nigeria has a role in the development of West African <a href="wiki-Highlife" title="Highlife">highlife</a>, <a href="wiki-Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">afrobeat</a>, and <a href="wiki-Palm-wine_music" title="Palm-wine music">palm-wine music</a>, which fuses native rhythms with techniques imported from the <a href="wiki-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</a>, <a href="wiki-Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="wiki-Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and elsewhere.</p>
<p>Many late 20th century musicians such as <a href="wiki-Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a> have famously fused cultural elements of various <a href="wiki-Indigenous_music" title="Indigenous music">indigenous music</a> with American <a href="wiki-Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> and <a href="wiki-Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a> to form <a href="wiki-Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span></span>106<span></span></a></sup> <a href="wiki-Juju_music" title="Juju music" class="mw-redirect">JuJu</a> music which is <a href="wiki-Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a> music fused with traditional music from the <a href="wiki-Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> nation and made famous by <a href="wiki-King_Sunny_Ad%C3%A9" title="King Sunny Adé">King Sunny Adé</a>, is also from Nigeria. There is also <a href="wiki-Fuji_music" title="Fuji music">fuji music</a>, a <a href="wiki-Yoruba_Culture" title="Yoruba Culture" class="mw-redirect">Yoruba</a> <a href="wiki-Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a> style, created and popularized by Mr. Fuji, Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister. The is also the Afan Music invented and popularized by the <a href="wiki-Ewu" title="Ewu">Ewuborn</a> poet and musician Umuobuarie Igberaese.</p>
<p>There is a budding <a href="wiki-Nigerian_hip_hop" title="Nigerian hip hop" class="mw-redirect">hip hop</a> movement in Nigeria. <a href="wiki-Kennis_Music" title="Kennis Music">Kennis Music</a>, the self-proclaimed number-one record label in Africa, and one of Nigeria's biggest record labels, has a roster almost entirely dominated by <a href="wiki-Nigerian_hip_hop" title="Nigerian hip hop" class="mw-redirect">hip hop</a> artists.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">citation needed</span></a></i></sup></p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="wiki-File:Durbar_5.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Durbar_5.jpg/220px-Durbar_5.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" /></a>
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<a href="wiki-Bida_Emirate" title="Bida Emirate">Bida Emirate</a> durbar festival</div>
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<p>Some famous musicians that come from Nigeria are <a href="wiki-Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a>, <a href="wiki-Dele_Sosimi" title="Dele Sosimi">Dele Sosimi</a>, <a href="wiki-Adewale_Ayuba" title="Adewale Ayuba">Adewale Ayuba</a>, <a href="wiki-Ezebuiro_Obinna" title="Ezebuiro Obinna" class="mw-redirect">Ezebuiro Obinna</a>, Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister, Bennie King, <a href="wiki-King_Sunny_Ad%C3%A9" title="King Sunny Adé">King Sunny Adé</a>, <a href="wiki-Ebenezer_Obey" title="Ebenezer Obey">Ebenezer Obey</a>, Umobuarie Igberaese, <a href="wiki-Femi_Kuti" title="Femi Kuti">Femi Kuti</a>, <a href="wiki-Lagbaja" title="Lagbaja">Lagbaja</a>, <a href="wiki-Dr._Alban" title="Dr. Alban">Dr. Alban</a>, <a href="wiki-Sade_Adu" title="Sade Adu">Sade Adu</a>, Wasiu Alabi, Bola Abimbola,Zaki Adze, <a href="wiki-Tuface" title="Tuface" class="mw-redirect">Tuface Idibia</a>, <a href="wiki-D%27Banj" title="D'Banj" class="mw-redirect">D'Banj</a> and <a href="wiki-P_Square" title="P Square" class="mw-redirect">P Square</a>.</p>
<p>In November 2008, Nigeria's music scene (and that of Africa) received international attention when <a href="wiki-MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> hosted the continent's first African music awards show in Abuja.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span></span>107<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>The Nigerian video-film industry is known as <a href="wiki-Nollywood" title="Nollywood" class="mw-redirect">Nollywood</a>, which is now the second-largest producer of movies in the world. Many of the <a href="wiki-Film_studio" title="Film studio" class="mw-redirect">film studios</a> are based in Lagos and <a href="wiki-Enugu" title="Enugu">Enugu</a>, and the industry is now a very lucrative income for these cities.</p>
<p><a href="wiki-T.B._Joshua" title="T.B. Joshua" class="mw-redirect">T.B. Joshua's</a> <a href="wiki-Emmanuel_TV" title="Emmanuel TV">Emmanuel TV</a>, originating from Nigeria, is also one of the most viewed television stations across Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span></span>108<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Cuisine_of_Nigeria" title="Cuisine of Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Cuisine of Nigeria</a></div>
<p>Nigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. Many different <a href="wiki-Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, <a href="wiki-Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> and flavourings are used in conjunction with <a href="wiki-Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> or <a href="wiki-Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnut</a> oil to create deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with <a href="wiki-Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>. Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span></span>109<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Sport">Sport</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Football_in_Nigeria" title="Football in Nigeria">Football in Nigeria</a></div>
<p><a href="wiki-Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is Nigeria's national sport and the country has its own <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Premier_League" title="Nigerian Premier League" class="mw-redirect">Premier League</a> of football. Nigeria's <a href="wiki-Nigerian_national_football_team" title="Nigerian national football team" class="mw-redirect">national football team</a>, known as the Super Eagles, has made the <a href="wiki-FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a> on four occasions <a href="wiki-1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994</a>, <a href="wiki-1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998</a>, <a href="wiki-2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002</a>, and most recently in <a href="wiki-2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010</a>. They won the African Cup of Nations in <a href="wiki-1980_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1980 African Cup of Nations">1980</a> and <a href="wiki-1994_African_Cup_of_Nations" title="1994 African Cup of Nations">1994</a>, and also hosted the Junior World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the <a href="wiki-1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> (in which they beat Argentina).</p>
<p>The nation's cadet team to Japan '93 produced some international players notably <a href="wiki-Nwankwo_Kanu" title="Nwankwo Kanu">Nwankwo Kanu</a>, a two-time African Footballer of the year who won the European <a href="wiki-UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">Champions League</a> with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with <a href="wiki-F.C._Internazionale_Milano" title="F.C. Internazionale Milano">Inter Milan</a> (Italy), <a href="wiki-Arsenal_FC" title="Arsenal FC" class="mw-redirect">Arsenal FC</a> (London, UK), <a href="wiki-West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C." title="West Bromwich Albion F.C.">West Bromwich Albion</a> (UK) and <a href="wiki-Portsmouth_F.C." title="Portsmouth F.C.">Portsmouth F.C.</a> (UK). Other players that graduated from the Junior teams are <a href="wiki-Celestine_Babayaro" title="Celestine Babayaro">Celestine Babayaro</a> (of <a href="wiki-Newcastle_United" title="Newcastle United" class="mw-redirect">Newcastle United</a>, UK), <a href="wiki-Wilson_Oruma" title="Wilson Oruma">Wilson Oruma</a> and <a href="wiki-Taye_Taiwo" title="Taye Taiwo">Taye Taiwo</a> (of Marseille, France).</p>
<p>According to the official May 2010 <a href="wiki-FIFA_World_Rankings" title="FIFA World Rankings">FIFA World Rankings</a>, Nigeria was the second top-ranked football nation in Africa and the 21st highest in the world. Nigeria is also involved in other sports such as <a href="wiki-Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="wiki-Cricket_(sport)" title="Cricket (sport)" class="mw-redirect">cricket</a> and <a href="wiki-Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span></span>110<span></span></a></sup> Boxing is also an important sport in Nigeria; <a href="wiki-Dick_Tiger" title="Dick Tiger">Dick Tiger</a> and <a href="wiki-Samuel_Peter" title="Samuel Peter">Samuel Peter</a> are both former World Champions.</p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Societal_issues">Societal issues</span></h2>
<p>Despite its vast government revenue from the mining of petroleum, Nigeria is faced by a number of societal issues due primarily to a history of inefficiency in its governance.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights">Human rights</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights in Nigeria</a></div>
<p>Nigeria's human rights record remains poor and government officials at all levels continue to commit serious abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-StateDeptHumanRights_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateDeptHumanRights-110"><span></span>111<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>According to the U.S. Department of State,<sup id="cite_ref-StateDeptHumanRights_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateDeptHumanRights-110"><span></span>111<span></span></a></sup> the most significant human rights problems are: extrajudicial killings and use of excessive force by security forces; impunity for abuses by security forces; arbitrary arrests; prolonged pretrial detention; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary; rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life‑threatening prison and detention center conditions; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labor; societal violence and vigilante killings; child labor, child abuse and child sexual exploitation; <a href="wiki-Female_genital_cutting" title="Female genital cutting" class="mw-redirect">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM); domestic violence; discrimination based on sex, ethnicity, region and religion; restrictions on <a href="wiki-Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>, movement, press, speech and religion; infringement of privacy rights; and the abridgement of the right of citizens to change the government.</p>
<p>Under the Shari'a penal code that applies to Muslims in twelve northern states, offenses such as alcohol consumption, homosexuality, infidelity and theft carry harsh sentences, including amputation, lashing, stoning and long prison terms.<sup id="cite_ref-UKtravel_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKtravel-111"><span></span>112<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Strife_and_sectarian_violence">Strife and sectarian violence</span></h3>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="wiki-Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Conflict in the Niger Delta</a>&#160;and <a href="wiki-Nigerian_sectarian_violence" title="Nigerian sectarian violence" class="mw-redirect">Nigerian sectarian violence</a></div>
<p>Because of its multitude of diverse, sometimes competing ethno-linguistic groups, Nigeria prior to independence has been faced with sectarian tensions and violence. This is particularly a major issue in the oil-producing Niger Delta region, where both state and civilian forces employ varying methods of coercion in attempts gain control over regional petroleum resources. Some of the ethnic groups like the <a href="wiki-Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a>, have experienced severe environmental degradation due to petroleum extraction.</p>
<p>Since the end of the civil war in 1970, some ethnic violence has persisted. There has subsequently been a period of relative harmony since the Federal Government introduced tough new measures against religious violence in all affected parts of the country.</p>
<p>In 2002, the <a href="wiki-Miss_World" title="Miss World">Miss World Pageant</a> was moved from <a href="wiki-Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a> to London in the wake of violent protests in the Northern part of the country that left more than 100&#160;people dead and over 500 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span></span>113<span></span></a></sup> The rioting erupted after Muslims in the country reacted in anger to comments made by a newspaper reporter. Rioters in <a href="wiki-Kaduna" title="Kaduna">Kaduna</a> killed an estimated 105 men, women, and children with a further 521 injured taken to hospital.</p>
<p>In 2010, more than 500 people were killed by <a href="wiki-2010_Jos_riots" title="2010 Jos riots">religious violence in Jos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span></span>114<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Health_issues">Health issues</span></h3>
<div class="rellink">Further information: <a href="wiki-Health_care_in_Nigeria" title="Health care in Nigeria">Health care in Nigeria</a></div>
<p>Nigeria has been reorganizing its health system since the <a href="wiki-Bamako_Initiative" title="Bamako Initiative">Bamako Initiative</a> of 1987 formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span></span>115<span></span></a></sup> The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span></span>116<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>The Nigerian health care system is continuously faced with a shortage of doctors known as '<a href="wiki-Brain_drain" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a>' due to the fact that many highly skilled Nigerian doctors emigrate to North America and Europe.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from June 2010">citation needed</span></a></i></sup> In 1995, it was estimated that 21,000 Nigerian doctors were practicing in the United States alone, which about the same as the number of doctors working in the Nigerian public service. Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as one of the goals of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span></span>117<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="wiki-Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Education in Nigeria</a></div>
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Children at school in <a href="wiki-Ile-Ife" title="Ile-Ife" class="mw-redirect">Ile-Ife</a>, Nigeria</div>
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<p>Nigeria provides free, government-supported education, but attendance is not compulsory at any level, and certain groups, such as nomads and the handicapped, are under-served. The education system consists of six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior secondary school, and four years of university education leading to a bachelor’s degree. The rate of secondary school attendance is 32% for males and 27% for females. In 2004 the Nigerian National Planning Commission described the country’s education system as “dysfunctional.” Reasons for this characterization included decaying institutions and ill-prepared graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-117"><span></span>118<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Crime">Crime</span></h3>
<div class="rellink">Further information: <a href="wiki-Nigerian_organized_crime" title="Nigerian organized crime">Nigerian organized crime</a>,&#160;<a href="wiki-Confraternities_in_Nigeria" title="Confraternities in Nigeria">Confraternities in Nigeria</a>,&#160;<a href="wiki-Piracy_in_Nigeria" title="Piracy in Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Piracy in Nigeria</a>,&#160;and&#160;<a href="wiki-Advance_fee_fraud" title="Advance fee fraud" class="mw-redirect">Advance fee fraud</a></div>
<p>Nigeria is home to a substantial network of <a href="wiki-Nigerian_organized_crime" title="Nigerian organized crime">organized crime</a>, active especially in <a href="wiki-Drug_trafficking" title="Drug trafficking" class="mw-redirect">drug trafficking</a>. Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking, shipping <a href="wiki-Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> from Asian countries to Europe and America; and <a href="wiki-Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> from South America to Europe and South Africa. .<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span></span>119<span></span></a></sup> The various Nigerian <a href="wiki-Confraternities_in_Nigeria" title="Confraternities in Nigeria">Confraternities</a> or "campus cults" are active in both organized crime and in political violence as well as providing a network of <a href="wiki-Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> within Nigeria. As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that twelve members of the <a href="wiki-Rivers_State_House_of_Assembly" title="Rivers State House of Assembly">Rivers State House of Assembly</a> are cult members.<sup id="cite_ref-cults_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cults-119"><span></span>120<span></span></a></sup> On lower levels of society, there are the "<a href="wiki-Area_boys" title="Area boys">area boys</a>", organized gangs mostly active in <a href="wiki-Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> who specialize in mugging and small-scale drug dealing. According to official statistics, gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span></span>121<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a crime dubbed <i>419</i>, a type of <a href="wiki-Advance_fee_fraud" title="Advance fee fraud" class="mw-redirect">advance fee fraud</a> (named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code) along with the "<a href="wiki-Nigerian_scam" title="Nigerian scam" class="mw-redirect">Nigerian scam</a>", a form of <a href="wiki-Confidence_trick" title="Confidence trick">confidence trick</a> practiced by individuals and criminal syndicates.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span></span>122<span></span></a></sup> In 2003, the Nigerian <a href="wiki-Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission" title="Economic and Financial Crimes Commission">Economic and Financial Crimes Commission</a> (or EFCC) was created to combat this and other forms of organized financial crime.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span></span>123<span></span></a></sup></p>
<p>There is also some <a href="wiki-Piracy_in_Nigeria" title="Piracy in Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Piracy in Nigeria</a>, with attacks mainly directed at smaller ships shuttling employees and materials belonging to the <a href="wiki-Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">oil companies</a> with any involvement in <a href="wiki-Petroleum_exploration" title="Petroleum exploration" class="mw-redirect">oil exploration</a> in the <a href="wiki-Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>. From January 1, 2007 to October 29, 2007, twenty-six pirate attacks were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-ap_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-123"><span></span>124<span></span></a></sup></p>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Media_representation">Media representation</span></h2>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Documentary">Documentary</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Drilling_and_Killing:_Chevron_and_Nigeria%27s_Oil_Dictatorship" title="Drilling and Killing: Chevron and Nigeria's Oil Dictatorship" class="mw-redirect">Drilling and Killing: Chevron and Nigeria's Oil Dictatorship</a>, an audio documentary produced by <a href="wiki-Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman</a> first aired in 1998 on <a href="wiki-Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sweet_Crude" title="Sweet Crude">Sweet Crude</a>, a <a href="wiki-Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> produced and directed by <a href="wiki-Sandy_Cioffi" title="Sandy Cioffi">Sandy Cioffi</a> about Nigeria's oil-rich <a href="wiki-Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poisonfire.org/">Poison Fire</a>, a documentary exposing oil and gas abuses in Nigeria, featuring <a href="wiki-Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a> Nigeria volunteers, which premiered at the <a href="wiki-International_Documentary_Film_Festival_Amsterdam" title="International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam">International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Nollywood_Babylon" title="Nollywood Babylon">Nollywood Babylon</a>, a 2008 documentary by <a href="wiki-Montreal" title="Montreal">Montrealers</a> <a href="wiki-Ben_Addelman" title="Ben Addelman">Ben Addelman</a> and <a href="wiki-Samir_Mallal" title="Samir Mallal">Samir Mallal</a> about the Nigerian film industry, <a href="wiki-Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Nollywood</a>. It premiered at the Festival de nouveau cinéma de Montréal 2008.</li>
</ul>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div class="noprint tright portal" style="padding:0;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;border:solid #60609f 1px;background:#f9f9ec;font-size:85%;line-height:100%;">
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<td style="height:24px;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;"><a href="wiki-Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography"><img alt="Geography image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg/25px-Terrestrial_globe.svg.png" width="25" height="24" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:left;"><a href="wiki-Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography"><i><b>Geography portal</b></i></a></td>
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<td style="height:24px;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;"><a href="wiki-Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa"><img alt="Africa image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg/21px-Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg" width="21" height="24" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:left;"><a href="wiki-Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa"><i><b>Africa portal</b></i></a></td>
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<td style="height:24px;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.1em;text-align:center;"><a href="wiki-Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/36px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="36" height="18" /></a></td>
<td style="padding:0 0.1em 0 0.1em;text-align:left;"><a href="wiki-Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria"><i><b>Nigeria portal</b></i></a></td>
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<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Outline_of_Nigeria" title="Outline of Nigeria">Outline of Nigeria</a><br /></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">Index of Nigeria-related articles</a><br /></li>
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<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ng">"Languages of Nigeria"</a>. <a href="wiki-Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ng">http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ng</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-12</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Languages+of+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BEthnologue%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3Dng&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-voiceofnigeria-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-voiceofnigeria_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/Nigeria/Nigeria-population-hits-167-million.html">"Nigeria's population hits 167 million"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/Nigeria/Nigeria-population-hits-167-million.html">http://www.voiceofnigeria.org/Nigeria/Nigeria-population-hits-167-million.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigeria%27s+population+hits+167+million&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voiceofnigeria.org%2FNigeria%2FNigeria-population-hits-167-million.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span>at Voice of Nigeria, 2 December 2011</li>
<li id="cite_note-imf2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&amp;ey=2016&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=50&amp;pr1.y=13&amp;c=694&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=">"Nigeria"</a>. International Monetary Fund<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&amp;ey=2016&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=50&amp;pr1.y=13&amp;c=694&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=">http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&amp;ey=2016&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=50&amp;pr1.y=13&amp;c=694&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-September-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2011%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fsy%3D2009%26ey%3D2016%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26pr1.x%3D50%26pr1.y%3D13%26c%3D694%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%252CLP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-UN-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf">"Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G"</a>. <a href="wiki-The_United_Nations" title="The United Nations" class="mw-redirect">The United Nations</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf">http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-10-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2009.+Human+development+index+trends%3A+Table+G&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+United+Nations%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FHDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-mcintoshandkeech-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcintoshandkeech_4-0">^</a></b> <i>McIntosh, Susan Keech, Current directions in west African prehistory. Palo Alto, California: Annual Reviews Inc., 1981. 215–258 p.: ill.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-Profile-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Profile_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Library of Congress – Federal Research Division (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf"><i>Country profile: Nigeria</i></a>. pp. 9<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf">http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 December 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Country+profile%3A+Nigeria&amp;rft.aulast=Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Federal+Research+Division&amp;rft.au=Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Federal+Research+Division&amp;rft.date=July+2008&amp;rft.pages=pp.+9&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FNigeria.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-archaeology-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archaeology_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Kleiner, Fred S.; Christin J. Mamiya (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&amp;dq=Nok+terracotta+earliest&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Gardner's Art Through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives</i></a> (13, revised ed.). <a href="wiki-Cengage_Learning" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p.&#160;194. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0495573671" title="Special:BookSources/0495573671">0495573671</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&amp;dq=Nok+terracotta+earliest&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s">http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&amp;dq=Nok+terracotta+earliest&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages%3A+Non-Western+Perspectives&amp;rft.aulast=Kleiner&amp;rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&amp;rft.au=Kleiner%2C%26%2332%3BFred+S.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B194&amp;rft.edition=13%2C+revised&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BCengage+Learning%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0495573671&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTlVeuxIgjwQC%26dq%3DNok%2Bterracotta%2Bearliest%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">"Slavery - Historical survey - Slave societies"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History</i>. <a href="wiki-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157">http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Slavery+-+Historical+survey+-+Slave+societies&amp;rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%27s+Guide+to+Black+History&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblackhistory%2Farticle-24157&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Falola1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Falola1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Falola1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book">Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&amp;pg=PA23"><i>A history of Nigeria</i></a>. <a href="wiki-Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p.&#160;23. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0-521-68157-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-68157-X">0-521-68157-X</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&amp;pg=PA23">http://books.google.com/books?id=XygZjbNRap0C&amp;pg=PA23</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+history+of+Nigeria&amp;rft.aulast=Falola&amp;rft.aufirst=Toyin&amp;rft.au=Falola%2C%26%2332%3BToyin&amp;rft.au=Heaton%2C%26%2332%3BMatthew+M.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B23&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-68157-X&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXygZjbNRap0C%26pg%3DPA23&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Laitin, David D. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&amp;pg=PA111"><i>Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba</i></a>. <a href="wiki-University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p.&#160;111. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0-226-46790-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-46790-2">0-226-46790-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&amp;pg=PA111">http://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&amp;pg=PA111</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hegemony+and+culture%3A+politics+and+religious+change+among+the+Yoruba&amp;rft.aulast=Laitin&amp;rft.aufirst=David+D.&amp;rft.au=Laitin%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+D.&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B111&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+Chicago+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-46790-2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHbrDvGQEbUC%26pg%3DPA111&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&amp;pg=PA385"><i>Peoples of Africa, Volume 1</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p.&#160;385. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0-761-47158-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-761-47158-8">0-761-47158-8</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&amp;pg=PA385">http://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&amp;pg=PA385</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Peoples+of+Africa%2C+Volume+1&amp;rft.aulast=MacDonald&amp;rft.aufirst=Fiona&amp;rft.au=MacDonald%2C%26%2332%3BFiona&amp;rft.au=Paren%2C%26%2332%3BElizabeth&amp;rft.au=Shillington%2C%26%2332%3BKevin&amp;rft.au=Stacey%2C%26%2332%3BGillian&amp;rft.au=Steele%2C%26%2332%3BPhilip&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B385&amp;rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&amp;rft.isbn=0-761-47158-8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djoh5yHfcF-8C%26pg%3DPA385&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Metz, Helen Chapin (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/7.htm">"Nigeria: A Country Study - The Slave Trade"</a>. <a href="wiki-Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/7.htm">http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/7.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+A+Country+Study+-+The+Slave+Trade&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Metz&amp;rft.aufirst=Helen+Chapin&amp;rft.au=Metz%2C%26%2332%3BHelen+Chapin&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BLibrary+of+Congress+Country+Studies%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnigeria%2F7.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Juang-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Juang_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Juang_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book">Juang, Richard M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA597"><i>Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history&#160;: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p.&#160;597. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/1-851-09441-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-851-09441-5">1-851-09441-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA597">http://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&amp;pg=PA597</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Americas%3A+culture%2C+politics%2C+and+history+%3A+a+multidisciplinary+encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&amp;rft.aulast=Juang&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&amp;rft.au=Juang%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+M.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B597&amp;rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&amp;rft.isbn=1-851-09441-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFrAOqfhuGYC%26pg%3DPA597&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Hrbek, Ivan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&amp;pg=PA254"><i>Africa from the seventh to the eleventh century</i></a>. James Currey Publishers. p.&#160;254. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0-852-55093-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-852-55093-6">0-852-55093-6</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&amp;pg=PA254">http://books.google.com/books?id=qDFcD0BuekQC&amp;pg=PA254</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Africa+from+the+seventh+to+the+eleventh+century&amp;rft.aulast=Hrbek&amp;rft.aufirst=Ivan&amp;rft.au=Hrbek%2C%26%2332%3BIvan&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B254&amp;rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&amp;rft.isbn=0-852-55093-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDFcD0BuekQC%26pg%3DPA254&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>Worship as Body Language</i></a>. Liturgical Press. p.&#160;93. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0814661513" title="Special:BookSources/0814661513">0814661513</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC&amp;printsec=frontcover">http://books.google.com/?id=9hhmzVrYPHAC&amp;printsec=frontcover</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Worship+as+Body+Language&amp;rft.aulast=Uzukwu&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+Elochukwu&amp;rft.au=Uzukwu%2C%26%2332%3BE.+Elochukwu&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B93&amp;rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0814661513&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D9hhmzVrYPHAC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> Description de l'Afrique ... Traduite du Flamand (Amsterdam,1686; 1st ed., 1668), between pp. 320 and 321. (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-30841).</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4742049.stm">"10 things about British slavery"</a>. <a href="wiki-BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 3 August 2005<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4742049.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4742049.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=10+things+about+British+slavery&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=3+August+2005&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F4742049.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page56.shtml">"The end of slavery"</a>. <i>The Story of Africa</i>. <a href="wiki-BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page56.shtml">http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page56.shtml</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+end+of+slavery&amp;rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Africa&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fspecials%2F1624_story_of_africa%2Fpage56.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-JBS-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JBS_18-0">^</a></b> <i>Udofia, Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the political System, 1920–1966, Journal of Black Studies, June 1981. Retrieved February 22, 2007, pp. 437–447.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6657259.stm">"Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds"</a>. <a href="wiki-BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6657259.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6657259.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Reopening+Nigeria%27s+civil+war+wounds&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Murray&amp;rft.aufirst=Senan&amp;rft.au=Murray%2C%26%2332%3BSenan&amp;rft.date=30+May+2007&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F6657259.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DDRS-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DDRS_20-0">^</a></b> <i>"Background Paper on Nigeria and Biafra, Declassified Documents reference System</i>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Metz, Helen Chapin (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm">"Nigeria: A Country Study - Civil War"</a>. <a href="wiki-Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm">http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/23.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+A+Country+Study+-+Civil+War&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Metz&amp;rft.aufirst=Helen+Chapin&amp;rft.au=Metz%2C%26%2332%3BHelen+Chapin&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BLibrary+of+Congress+Country+Studies%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnigeria%2F23.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <i>Watts Michael, State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria, Berkeley, 1987. Retrieved February 22, 2007.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <i>Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges, AP Press International, March 3, 1984. Retrieved February 22, 2007.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-Globe-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Globe_24-0">^</a></b> <i>Nigeria stays calms as leader toppled in bloodless coup, The Globe and Mail, August 28, 1985. Retrieved February 22, 2007.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-AP-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP_25-0">^</a></b> <i>Michael Holman, Nigeria, Politics; Religious Differences Intensify, Financial Times, February 24, 1986.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <i>Bilski Andrew, "Broken Promises" Maclean, September 6, 1993.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <i>Diamond, Larry, Kirk-Greene Anthony, <a href="wiki-Oyeleye_Oyediran" title="Oyeleye Oyediran">Oyeleye Oyediran</a>, Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <i>"Nigerian Lawyer: Abacha accounts apparently in Switzerland, Luxembourg, France, and Germany", AP press, January 10, 2000.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eueom-ng.org/Files/final_report.pdf">"Final Report"</a> (PDF). EU Election Observation Mission Nigeria 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.eueom-ng.org/Files/final_report.pdf">http://www.eueom-ng.org/Files/final_report.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-01-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Final+Report&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=EU+Election+Observation+Mission+Nigeria+2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eueom-ng.org%2FFiles%2Ffinal_report.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8664150.stm">"Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan sworn in as president"</a>. <a href="wiki-BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 6 May 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8664150.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8664150.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigeria%27s+Goodluck+Jonathan+sworn+in+as+president&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=6+May+2010&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8664150.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201005185541038">"NASS confirms Sambo as vice president"</a>. <a href="wiki-The_Punch" title="The Punch">The Punch</a>. 2010-05-18<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201005185541038">http://www.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201005185541038</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=NASS+confirms+Sambo+as+vice+president&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2010-05-18&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Punch%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punchontheweb.com%2FArticl.aspx%3Ftheartic%3DArt201005185541038&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Akinlade, Muruf (2010-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203">"National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President"</a>. MyOndoState.Com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203">http://www.myondostate.com/myondostate/newssend.php?id=203</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=National+Assembly+confirms+Sambo+as+Vice+President&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Akinlade&amp;rft.aufirst=Muruf&amp;rft.au=Akinlade%2C%26%2332%3BMuruf&amp;rft.date=2010-05-18&amp;rft.pub=MyOndoState.Com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myondostate.com%2Fmyondostate%2Fnewssend.php%3Fid%3D203&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cnn-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_33-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Purefoy, Christian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-18/world/nigeria.elections_1_illegal-voting-muhammadu-buhari-kaduna?_s=PM:WORLD">"Goodluck Jonathan retains Nigerian presidency"</a>. CNN<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-18/world/nigeria.elections_1_illegal-voting-muhammadu-buhari-kaduna?_s=PM:WORLD">http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-18/world/nigeria.elections_1_illegal-voting-muhammadu-buhari-kaduna?_s=PM:WORLD</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 April 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Goodluck+Jonathan+retains+Nigerian+presidency&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Purefoy&amp;rft.aufirst=Christian&amp;rft.au=Purefoy%2C%26%2332%3BChristian&amp;rft.pub=CNN&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2011-04-18%2Fworld%2Fnigeria.elections_1_illegal-voting-muhammadu-buhari-kaduna%3F_s%3DPM%3AWORLD&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-New_York-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_York_34-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Nossiter, Adam (16 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html?pagewanted=1&amp;_r=1&amp;hp">"Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html?pagewanted=1&amp;_r=1&amp;hp">http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/world/africa/17nigeria.html?pagewanted=1&amp;_r=1&amp;hp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 17 April 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nigerians+Vote+in+Presidential+Election&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.aulast=Nossiter&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft.au=Nossiter%2C%26%2332%3BAdam&amp;rft.date=16+April+2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F04%2F17%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F17nigeria.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26_r%3D1%26hp&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-AJAN-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AJAN_35-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/12/20111224124241652788.html">"Dozens killed in Nigeria clashes"</a>. AlJazeera. 2011-12-24<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/12/20111224124241652788.html">http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/12/20111224124241652788.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-12-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Dozens+killed+in+Nigeria+clashes&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2011-12-24&amp;rft.pub=AlJazeera&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2011%2F12%2F20111224124241652788.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Olugbode, Michael (2011-02-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030036.html">"Nigeria: We Are Responsible for Borno Killings, Says Boko Haram"</a>. <i>allAfrica.com</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030036.html">http://allafrica.com/stories/201102030036.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 31, 2012</span>. "The sect in posters written in Hausa and pasted across the length and breadth of Maiduguri Wednesday morning signed by the Warriors of Jamaatu Ahlis Sunna Liddaawati Wal Jihad led by Imam Abu Muhammed Abubakar Bi Muhammed a .k .a Shehu claimed they embarked on the killings in Borno "in an effort to establish Sharia system of government in the country"."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+We+Are+Responsible+for+Borno+Killings%2C+Says+Boko+Haram&amp;rft.jtitle=allAfrica.com&amp;rft.aulast=Olugbode%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Olugbode%2C+Michael&amp;rft.date=2011-02-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201102030036.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> Charles Mwalimu. The Nigerian Legal System: Public Law. Peter Lang. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QWrGlYsCwPIC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA6#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Page 6</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-factbook-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html">"Africa&#160;:: Nigeria"</a>. <i><a href="wiki-The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="wiki-Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (United States)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Africa+%3A%3A+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+World+Factbook%5D%5D&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BCentral+Intelligence+Agency%5D%5D+%28United+States%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fni.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <a href="wiki-Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi" title="Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi">Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi</a>, who served briefly as Nigeria's second president, devoted his government to combating this phenomenon with Decree 33, which banned 81 political parties and 26 tribal and cultural organizations in the name of national unity. See Osaghae, <i>The Crippled Giant: Nigeria Since Independence</i>, Indiana University Press, 1998, p. 57. <a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0253211972" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-253-21197-2</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-rashid-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rashid_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rashid_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> See, for instance, Rashid, Khadijat K. "Ethnicity and Sub-Nationalism in Nigeria: Movement for a Mid-West State/Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria/Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria", in <i>African Studies Review</i>, September, 2003.</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Lancia, Nicole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.georgetown.edu/students/organizations/nscs/capitalscholar/lancia2.html">"Ethnic Politics in Nigeria: The Realities of Regionalism"</a>. <a href="wiki-Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www12.georgetown.edu/students/organizations/nscs/capitalscholar/lancia2.html">http://www12.georgetown.edu/students/organizations/nscs/capitalscholar/lancia2.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Ethnic+Politics+in+Nigeria%3A+The+Realities+of+Regionalism&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Lancia&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicole&amp;rft.au=Lancia%2C%26%2332%3BNicole&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BGeorgetown+University%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.georgetown.edu%2Fstudents%2Forganizations%2Fnscs%2Fcapitalscholar%2Flancia2.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">McGreal, Chris (2007-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,2064068,00.html">"Ruling party named winner in disputed Nigerian election | World news | The Guardian"</a>. London: Guardian.co.uk<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,2064068,00.html">http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,2064068,00.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Ruling+party+named+winner+in+disputed+Nigerian+election+%26%23124%3B+World+news+%26%23124%3B+The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=McGreal&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft.au=McGreal%2C%26%2332%3BChris&amp;rft.date=2007-04-24&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Guardian.co.uk&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2064068%2C00.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <i>Jibrin Ibrahim, Legislation and the Electoral Process: The Third Term Agenda and the Future of Nigerian Democracy. Paper for Centre for Democracy and Development (CDD) Nigeria Roundtable, 2006.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Nmehielle, Vincent Obisienunwo Orlu (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v026/26.3nmehielle.pdf">"Sharia Law in the Northern States of Nigeria: To Implement or Not to Implement, the Constitutionality is the Question"</a>. <i>Human Rights Quarterly</i> (<a href="wiki-The_Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="The Johns Hopkins University Press" class="mw-redirect">The Johns Hopkins University Press</a>) <b>26</b> (3): pp. 730–759. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0275-0392">0275-0392</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v026/26.3nmehielle.pdf">http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_rights_quarterly/v026/26.3nmehielle.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sharia+Law+in+the+Northern+States+of+Nigeria%3A+To+Implement+or+Not+to+Implement%2C+the+Constitutionality+is+the+Question&amp;rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&amp;rft.aulast=Nmehielle&amp;rft.aufirst=Vincent+Obisienunwo+Orlu&amp;rft.au=Nmehielle%2C%26%2332%3BVincent+Obisienunwo+Orlu&amp;rft.date=August+2004&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=pp.+730%E2%80%93759&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.issn=0275-0392&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fhuman_rights_quarterly%2Fv026%2F26.3nmehielle.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <i>"Collins Edomaruse, how Obasanjo cut UK, US to size", by Andrew Young, This Day (Nigeria) -, July 20, 2006.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <i>Golda</i>. Elinor Burkett, p. 202.</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/November/SummitASA/summit.htm">"ASAS - Africa-South America Summit"</a>. <a href="wiki-African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. 30 November 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/November/SummitASA/summit.htm">http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/November/SummitASA/summit.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=ASAS+-+Africa-South+America+Summit&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=30+November+2006&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BAfrican+Union%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa-union.org%2Froot%2Fau%2FConferences%2FPast%2F2006%2FNovember%2FSummitASA%2Fsummit.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <i>Shaw Timothy, The State of Nigeria: Oil Prices Power Bases and Foreign Policy, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol 18, no 2, 1984.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorubanation.org">"Egbe Omo Yoruba, National Association Of Yoruba descendants in North America"</a>. yorubanation.org. May 19, 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.yorubanation.org">http://www.yorubanation.org</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Egbe+Omo+Yoruba%2C+National+Association+Of+Yoruba+descendants+in+North+America&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=May+19%2C+2007&amp;rft.pub=yorubanation.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorubanation.org&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Press-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Press_50-0">^</a></b> <i>Ed O'Loughlin, Nigerians outshine the British brass, The Independent (London), March 11, 1998.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">"Rank Order – Area"</a>. <i><a href="wiki-The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="wiki-Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Rank+Order+%E2%80%93+Area&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+World+Factbook%5D%5D&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BCentral+Intelligence+Agency%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2147rank.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html">"Africa&#160;:: Nigeria"</a>. <i><a href="wiki-The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="wiki-Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. May 17, 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Africa+%3A%3A+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BThe+World+Factbook%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=May+17%2C+2011&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BCentral+Intelligence+Agency%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fni.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> *Note that coastlines, and borders based on rivers or natural features, are fractals, the length of which is imprecise and depends on the measurement convention adopted.</li>
<li id="cite_note-gai5-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gai5_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gai5_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gai5_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard5.html">"Regions Used to Interpret the Complexity of Nigeria"</a>. <i>Geographical Alliance of Iowa</i>. <a href="wiki-University_of_Northern_Iowa" title="University of Northern Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard5.html">http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard5.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Regions+Used+to+Interpret+the+Complexity+of+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=Geographical+Alliance+of+Iowa&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+Northern+Iowa%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni.edu%2Fgai%2FNigeria%2FBackground%2FStandard5.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-encarta-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encarta_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encarta_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257036644219803">"Nigeria"</a>. <i><a href="wiki-Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a></i>. <a href="wiki-Microsoft_Corporation" title="Microsoft Corporation" class="mw-redirect">Microsoft Corporation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html">the original</a> on 2009-11-01<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257036644219803">http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257036644219803</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-07-19</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=%5B%5BEncarta%5D%5D&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BMicrosoft+Corporation%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webcitation.org%2Fquery%3Fid%3D1257036644219803&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gai4-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gai4_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gai4_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gai4_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html">"The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria"</a>. <i>Geographical Alliance of Iowa</i>. <a href="wiki-University_of_Northern_Iowa" title="University of Northern Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html">http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-08-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Human+and+Physical+Characteristics+of+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=Geographical+Alliance+of+Iowa&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+Northern+Iowa%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni.edu%2Fgai%2FNigeria%2FBackground%2FStandard4.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal">Ogbonna, D. N.; Ekweozor, I. K. E.; Igwe, F. U. (2002). "Waste Management: A Tool for Environmental Protection in Nigeria". <i>A Journal of the Human Environment</i> <b>31</b> (1): 55–57. <a href="wiki-JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4315211">4315211</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Waste+Management%3A+A+Tool+for+Environmental+Protection+in+Nigeria&amp;rft.jtitle=A+Journal+of+the+Human+Environment&amp;rft.aulast=Ogbonna&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+N.&amp;rft.au=Ogbonna%2C%26%2332%3BD.+N.&amp;rft.au=Ekweozor%2C%26%2332%3BI.+K.+E.&amp;rft.au=Igwe%2C%26%2332%3BF.+U.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=55%E2%80%9357&amp;rft.jstor=4315211&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Fields, Scott (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/113-8/spheres.html">"Continental Divide: Why Africa’s Climate Change Burden Is Greater"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. <a href="wiki-Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.113-a534">10.1289/ehp.113-a534</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/113-8/spheres.html">http://www.ehponline.org/members/2005/113-8/spheres.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Continental+Divide%3A+Why+Africa%E2%80%99s+Climate+Change+Burden+Is+Greater&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Fields&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft.au=Fields%2C%26%2332%3BScott&amp;rft.date=August+2005&amp;rft.pub=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1289%2Fehp.113-a534&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehponline.org%2Fmembers%2F2005%2F113-8%2Fspheres.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-felix-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-felix_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-felix_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news">Onuah, Felix (29 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29819278.htm">"Nigeria gives census result, avoids risky details"</a>. Reuters<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29819278.htm">http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29819278.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigeria+gives+census+result%2C+avoids+risky+details&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Onuah&amp;rft.aufirst=Felix&amp;rft.au=Onuah%2C%26%2332%3BFelix&amp;rft.date=29+December+2006&amp;rft.pub=Reuters&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertnet.org%2Fthenews%2Fnewsdesk%2FL29819278.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/CLASS.XLS">"World Bank list of economies"</a>. http: www.worldbank.org. January 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/CLASS.XLS">http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/CLASS.XLS</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 27 May 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=World+Bank+list+of+economies&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=January+2011&amp;rft.pub=http%3A+www.worldbank.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FDATASTATISTICS%2FResources%2FCLASS.XLS&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2836.htm">"Nigeria (07/08)"</a>. State.gov<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2836.htm">http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2836.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigeria+%2807%2F08%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=State.gov&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2836.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2008/CAR021508A.htm">"IMF Survey: Nigeria Needs Sustained Reforms to Build on Success"</a>. Imf.org<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2008/CAR021508A.htm">http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2008/CAR021508A.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=IMF+Survey%3A+Nigeria+Needs+Sustained+Reforms+to+Build+on+Success&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Imf.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fsurvey%2Fso%2F2008%2FCAR021508A.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Aminu, Ayodele. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200804140655.html">"allAfrica.com: Africa: IMF Forecasts 9 Percent Growth for Nigeria (Page 1 of 1)"</a>. Allafrica.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200804140655.html">http://allafrica.com/stories/200804140655.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=allAfrica.com%3A+Africa%3A+IMF+Forecasts+9+Percent+Growth+for+Nigeria+%28Page+1+of+1%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Aminu&amp;rft.aufirst=Ayodele&amp;rft.au=Aminu%2C%26%2332%3BAyodele&amp;rft.pub=Allafrica.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200804140655.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Godwin, Atser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20080229153046">"The Punch: IMF predicts 9% GDP growth rate for Nigeria"</a>. Punchng.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20080229153046">http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20080229153046</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Punch%3A+IMF+predicts+9%25+GDP+growth+rate+for+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Godwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Atser&amp;rft.au=Godwin%2C%26%2332%3BAtser&amp;rft.pub=Punchng.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punchng.com%2FArticl.aspx%3Ftheartic%3DArt20080229153046&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Odueme, Stella (2011-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://independentngonline.com/DailyIndependent/Article.aspx?id=33492">":RenCap projects 8% growth for Nigeria in 2011"</a>. Independentngonline.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://independentngonline.com/DailyIndependent/Article.aspx?id=33492">http://independentngonline.com/DailyIndependent/Article.aspx?id=33492</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%3ARenCap+projects+8%25+growth+for+Nigeria+in+2011&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Odueme&amp;rft.aufirst=Stella&amp;rft.au=Odueme%2C%26%2332%3BStella&amp;rft.date=2011-05-09&amp;rft.pub=Independentngonline.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findependentngonline.com%2FDailyIndependent%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D33492&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1">"FORGET THE BRICs: Citi's Willem Buiter Presents The 11 "3G" Countries That Will Win The Future"</a>. businessinsider.com. 2011-02-22<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1">http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-31</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=FORGET+THE+BRICs%3A+Citi%27s+Willem+Buiter+Presents+The+11+%223G%22+Countries+That+Will+Win+The+Future&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2011-02-22&amp;rft.pub=businessinsider.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fwillem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2%3Fslop%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clickafrique.com/Magazine/ST014/CP0000002788.aspx">"Africa’s Ten Largest Economies in 2007"</a>. Clickafrique.com. 2010-01-17<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.clickafrique.com/Magazine/ST014/CP0000002788.aspx">http://www.clickafrique.com/Magazine/ST014/CP0000002788.aspx</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Africa%E2%80%99s+Ten+Largest+Economies+in+2007&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2010-01-17&amp;rft.pub=Clickafrique.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clickafrique.com%2FMagazine%2FST014%2FCP0000002788.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Williams, Lizzie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&amp;pg=PA26">accessdate=2008-12-26 <i>Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p.&#160;26. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/1-841-62239-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-841-62239-7">1-841-62239-7</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&amp;pg=PA26">http://books.google.com/?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&amp;pg=PA26</a> accessdate=2008-12-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Lizzie&amp;rft.au=Williams%2C%26%2332%3BLizzie&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B26&amp;rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&amp;rft.isbn=1-841-62239-7&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DfwuQ71ZbaOcC%26pg%3DPA26+accessdate%3D2008-12-26&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">DeRouen, Karl R.; Paul Bellamy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=tSLeN4U_C6kC&amp;pg=PA546"><i>International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.&#160;546. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0-275-99253-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99253-5">0-275-99253-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=tSLeN4U_C6kC&amp;pg=PA546">http://books.google.com/?id=tSLeN4U_C6kC&amp;pg=PA546</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=International+Security+and+the+United+States%3A+An+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.aulast=DeRouen&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl+R.&amp;rft.au=DeRouen%2C%26%2332%3BKarl+R.&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B546&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.isbn=0-275-99253-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DtSLeN4U_C6kC%26pg%3DPA546&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Lewis, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&amp;pg=PA168"><i>Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p.&#160;168. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0-472-06980-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06980-2">0-472-06980-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&amp;pg=PA168">http://books.google.com/?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&amp;pg=PA168</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Growing+Apart%3A+Oil%2C+Politics%2C+and+Economic+Change+in+Indonesia+and+Nigeria&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B168&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-472-06980-2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DT4-rlVeb1n0C%26pg%3DPA168&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gov-70"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gov_70-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&amp;pg=PA1093"><i>The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind</i></a>. Macmillan. 2007. p.&#160;1093. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0-312-37659-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-37659-6">0-312-37659-6</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&amp;pg=PA1093">http://books.google.com/?id=-BIGv9vIoqcC&amp;pg=PA1093</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Guide+to+Essential+Knowledge%3A+A+Desk+Reference+for+the+Curious+Mind&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B1093&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft.isbn=0-312-37659-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D-BIGv9vIoqcC%26pg%3DPA1093&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Ake, Claude (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&amp;pg=PA48"><i>Democracy and Development in Africa</i></a>. Brookings Institution Press. p.&#160;48. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0-815-70220-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-815-70220-5">0-815-70220-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&amp;pg=PA48">http://books.google.com/?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&amp;pg=PA48</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Development+in+Africa&amp;rft.aulast=Ake&amp;rft.aufirst=Claude&amp;rft.au=Ake%2C%26%2332%3BClaude&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B48&amp;rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-815-70220-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dbs5rTH7GClgC%26pg%3DPA48&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Levy, Patricia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Q_lCFcabj0MC&amp;pg=PA14"><i>Nigeria</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p.&#160;14. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0-761-41703-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-761-41703-6">0-761-41703-6</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Q_lCFcabj0MC&amp;pg=PA14">http://books.google.com/?id=Q_lCFcabj0MC&amp;pg=PA14</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nigeria&amp;rft.aulast=Levy&amp;rft.aufirst=Patricia&amp;rft.au=Levy%2C%26%2332%3BPatricia&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B14&amp;rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&amp;rft.isbn=0-761-41703-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DQ_lCFcabj0MC%26pg%3DPA14&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nairaland.com-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nairaland.com_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nairaland.com_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-192.0.html">"Nigeria has a Satellite in Orbit! (NigeriaSat-1)"</a>. Nairaland<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-192.0.html">http://www.nairaland.com/nigeria/topic-192.0.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigeria+has+a+Satellite+in+Orbit%21+%28NigeriaSat-1%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Nairaland&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nairaland.com%2Fnigeria%2Ftopic-192.0.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g4S4e2LVeoER0jCP79S0gw3tjp7A">"'Technical problems' shut down Nigerian satellite"</a>. <a href="wiki-Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a>. 2008-11-12<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g4S4e2LVeoER0jCP79S0gw3tjp7A">http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5g4S4e2LVeoER0jCP79S0gw3tjp7A</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%27Technical+problems%27+shut+down+Nigerian+satellite&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-11-12&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BAgence+France-Presse%7CAFP%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafp.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5g4S4e2LVeoER0jCP79S0gw3tjp7A&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgwic.com/In-OrbitDelivery/CommunicationsSatellite/Program/NigComSat-1.html">"Nigcomsat-1 Program – In-Orbit Delivery Program – Communications Satellite"</a>. CGWIC<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cgwic.com/In-OrbitDelivery/CommunicationsSatellite/Program/NigComSat-1.html">http://www.cgwic.com/In-OrbitDelivery/CommunicationsSatellite/Program/NigComSat-1.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigcomsat-1+Program+%E2%80%93+In-Orbit+Delivery+Program+%E2%80%93+Communications+Satellite&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=CGWIC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgwic.com%2FIn-OrbitDelivery%2FCommunicationsSatellite%2FProgram%2FNigComSat-1.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-IEApop2011-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEApop2011_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEApop2011_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS">CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion</a> Population 1971-2008 IEA (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf">pdf</a> pages 83-85)</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/pop918.doc.htm">"WORLD POPULATION TO INCREASE BY 2.6 BILLION OVER NEXT 45 YEARS, WITH ALL GROWTH OCCURRING IN LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS"</a>. Un.org<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/pop918.doc.htm">http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/pop918.doc.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=WORLD+POPULATION+TO+INCREASE+BY+2.6+BILLION+OVER+NEXT+45+YEARS%2C+WITH+ALL+GROWTH+OCCURRING+IN+LESS+DEVELOPED+REGIONS&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Un.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2005%2Fpop918.doc.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm">"Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat"</a>. Un.org. 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm">http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/Panel_profiles.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Population+Division+of+the+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs+of+the+United+Nations+Secretariat&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.pub=Un.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwpp%2Funpp%2FPanel_profiles.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Kent, Mary Mederios; Carl Haub (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Articles/2005/TheDemographicDivideWhatItIsandWhyItMatters.aspx">"The Demographic Divide: What It Is and Why It Matters"</a>. <a href="wiki-Population_Reference_Bureau" title="Population Reference Bureau">Population Reference Bureau</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.prb.org/Articles/2005/TheDemographicDivideWhatItIsandWhyItMatters.aspx">http://www.prb.org/Articles/2005/TheDemographicDivideWhatItIsandWhyItMatters.aspx</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Demographic+Divide%3A+What+It+Is+and+Why+It+Matters&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Kent&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary+Mederios&amp;rft.au=Kent%2C%26%2332%3BMary+Mederios&amp;rft.date=December+2005&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BPopulation+Reference+Bureau%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2FArticles%2F2005%2FTheDemographicDivideWhatItIsandWhyItMatters.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5072244.stm">"What do you think of Nigeria?"</a>. <a href="wiki-BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 2006-06-16<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5072244.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5072244.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-05</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=What+do+you+think+of+Nigeria%3F&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2006-06-16&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F5072244.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CP2006-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CP2006_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP2006_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP2006_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf">"Country Profile - Nigeria"</a>. <a href="wiki-United_States_Library_of_Congress" title="United States Library of Congress" class="mw-redirect">United States Library of Congress</a> - Federal Research Division. July 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf">http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Country+Profile+-+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=July+2008&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BUnited+States+Library+of+Congress%5D%5D+-+Federal+Research+Division&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FNigeria.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/gap/countries/docs/04profiles/FY04%20OGAC%20Nigeria.Final.pdf">"Country Profile – Nigeria"</a>. <a href="wiki-Centers_for_disease_control_and_prevention" title="Centers for disease control and prevention" class="mw-redirect">centers for disease control and prevention</a>. 2005<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/gap/countries/docs/04profiles/FY04%20OGAC%20Nigeria.Final.pdf">http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/gap/countries/docs/04profiles/FY04%20OGAC%20Nigeria.Final.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Country+Profile+%E2%80%93+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5Bcenters+for+disease+control+and+prevention%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchstp%2Fod%2Fgap%2Fcountries%2Fdocs%2F04profiles%2FFY04%2520OGAC%2520Nigeria.Final.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3556777.stm">"Nigerian state thwarts polio push"</a>. BBC News. March 22, 2004<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3556777.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3556777.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-09-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigerian+state+thwarts+polio+push&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=March+22%2C+2004&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F3556777.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">McDonald, John F.; Daniel P. McMillen (2010). <i>Urban Economics and Real Estate: Theory and Policy</i>. Wiley Desktop Editions (2 ed.). <a href="wiki-John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley &amp; Sons">John Wiley &amp; Sons</a>. p.&#160;9. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/9780470591482" title="Special:BookSources/9780470591482">9780470591482</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Urban+Economics+and+Real+Estate%3A+Theory+and+Policy&amp;rft.aulast=McDonald&amp;rft.aufirst=John+F.&amp;rft.au=McDonald%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+F.&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.series=Wiley+Desktop+Editions&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B9&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BJohn+Wiley+%26+Sons%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=9780470591482&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=60811">"NIGERIA: Lagos, the mega-city of slums"</a>. <a href="wiki-Integrated_Regional_Information_Networks" title="Integrated Regional Information Networks" class="mw-redirect">Integrated Regional Information Networks</a>. 5 September 2006<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=60811">http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=60811</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=NIGERIA%3A+Lagos%2C+the+mega-city+of+slums&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=5+September+2006&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BIntegrated+Regional+Information+Networks%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2FReport.aspx%3FReportId%3D60811&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NGeo-86"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NGeo_86-0">^</a></b> <i>Geographica: The complete Atlas of the world, "Nigeria", (Random House, 2002).</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Lewis, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&amp;pg=PA132"><i>Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p.&#160;132. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/0-472-06980-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-06980-2">0-472-06980-2</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&amp;pg=PA132">http://books.google.com/?id=T4-rlVeb1n0C&amp;pg=PA132</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-23</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Growing+Apart%3A+Oil%2C+Politics%2C+and+Economic+Change+in+Indonesia+and+Nigeria&amp;rft.aulast=Lewis&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Lewis%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B132&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-472-06980-2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DT4-rlVeb1n0C%26pg%3DPA132&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Suberu, Rotimi T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=WKeUMmDlPkEC&amp;pg=PA154"><i>Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria</i></a>. US Institute of Peace Press. p.&#160;154. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/1-929-22328-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-929-22328-5">1-929-22328-5</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=WKeUMmDlPkEC&amp;pg=PA154">http://books.google.com/?id=WKeUMmDlPkEC&amp;pg=PA154</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-18</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Federalism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Nigeria&amp;rft.aulast=Suberu&amp;rft.aufirst=Rotimi+T.&amp;rft.au=Suberu%2C%26%2332%3BRotimi+T.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B154&amp;rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-929-22328-5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DWKeUMmDlPkEC%26pg%3DPA154&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Politzer, Malia (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690">"China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration"</a>. Migration Information Source<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690">http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=690</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=China+and+Africa%3A+Stronger+Economic+Ties+Mean+More+Migration&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Politzer&amp;rft.aufirst=Malia&amp;rft.au=Politzer%2C%26%2332%3BMalia&amp;rft.date=August+2008&amp;rft.pub=Migration+Information+Source&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationinformation.org%2FFeature%2Fdisplay.cfm%3Fid%3D690&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Simpson, Sarah (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0502/p04s01-woaf.html">"Why white Zimbabwean farmers plan to stay in Nigeria"</a>. <a href="wiki-The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0502/p04s01-woaf.html">http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0502/p04s01-woaf.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Why+white+Zimbabwean+farmers+plan+to+stay+in+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Simpson&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft.au=Simpson%2C%26%2332%3BSarah&amp;rft.date=August+2008&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Christian+Science+Monitor%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2008%2F0502%2Fp04s01-woaf.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> Toyin Falola; The History of Nigeria, Greenwood Press, 1999. pp. 41,47.</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> Abiola Dosumu Elegbede-Fernandez, Lagos A Legacy of Honour. Spectrum Books, 1992. pp. 19,27.</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> <span class="citation book">Adegbija, Efurosibina E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=auI_WuBrWncC&amp;pg=PA55"><i>Multilingualism: A Nigerian Case Study</i></a>. Last paragraph: Africa World Press. p.&#160;55. <a href="wiki-International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="wiki-Special:BookSources/1-592-21173-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-592-21173-9">1-592-21173-9</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=auI_WuBrWncC&amp;pg=PA55">http://books.google.com/?id=auI_WuBrWncC&amp;pg=PA55</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-12-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Multilingualism%3A+A+Nigerian+Case+Study&amp;rft.aulast=Adegbija&amp;rft.aufirst=Efurosibina+E.&amp;rft.au=Adegbija%2C%26%2332%3BEfurosibina+E.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B55&amp;rft.place=Last+paragraph&amp;rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&amp;rft.isbn=1-592-21173-9&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DauI_WuBrWncC%26pg%3DPA55&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> Osita Agbu; Ethnic Militias and the Threat to Democracy in Post-Transition Nigeria, Nordic African Institute, 2004, p. 6.</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf">"Mapping out the Global Muslim Population"</a> (PDF)<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf">http://pewforum.org/newassets/images/reports/Muslimpopulation/Muslimpopulation.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Mapping+out+the+Global+Muslim+Population&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fnewassets%2Fimages%2Freports%2FMuslimpopulation%2FMuslimpopulation.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-africa.aspx">"2011 report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a>. The pew forum<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-africa.aspx">http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-africa.aspx</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 28 December 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=2011+report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=The+pew+forum&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2FChristian%2FGlobal-Christianity-africa.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6508055.stm">"Nigeria: Facts and figures"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2007-04-17<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6508055.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6508055.stm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+Facts+and+figures&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.date=2007-04-17&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6508055.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-statereport-98"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statereport_98-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127249.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report 2009 – Nigeria"</a>. <a href="wiki-U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State" class="mw-redirect">U.S. Department of State</a>. October 26, 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127249.htm">http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127249.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2009+%E2%80%93+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=October+26%2C+2009&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BU.S.+Department+of+State%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2009%2F127249.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tiptoe-99"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tiptoe_99-0">^</a></b> <i>Owobi Angrew, Tiptoeing Through A Constitutional Minefield: The Great Sharia Controversy in Nigeria,</i> <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_Of_African_Law&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal Of African Law (page does not exist)">Journal Of African Law</a><i>, Vol 48, No 2, 2002.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwrn.org/articles/15994/">"Kano Seeks Supremacy of Sharia Over Constitution"</a>. wwrn.org. March 17, 2005<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://wwrn.org/articles/15994/">http://wwrn.org/articles/15994/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Kano+Seeks+Supremacy+of+Sharia+Over+Constitution&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=March+17%2C+2005&amp;rft.pub=wwrn.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwrn.org%2Farticles%2F15994%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_245.html">"Religion by Location"</a>. Adherents.com<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_245.html">http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_245.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Religion+by+Location&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Adherents.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adherents.com%2Fadhloc%2FWh_245.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">McLaughlin, Abraham (January 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0126/p01s04-woaf.html">"In Africa, Islam and Christianity are growing - and blending"</a>. <a href="wiki-The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0126/p01s04-woaf.html">http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0126/p01s04-woaf.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=In+Africa%2C+Islam+and+Christianity+are+growing+-+and+blending&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=McLaughlin&amp;rft.aufirst=Abraham&amp;rft.au=McLaughlin%2C%26%2332%3BAbraham&amp;rft.date=January+26%2C+2006&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Christian+Science+Monitor%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F0126%2Fp01s04-woaf.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Mike Ebonugwo (September 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwrn.org/articles/5544/?&amp;place=nigeria&amp;section=hari-krishna">"Day Hare Krishna Came to Town"</a>. wwrn.org<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://wwrn.org/articles/5544/?&amp;place=nigeria&amp;section=hari-krishna">http://wwrn.org/articles/5544/?&amp;place=nigeria&amp;section=hari-krishna</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Day+Hare+Krishna+Came+to+Town&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Mike+Ebonugwo&amp;rft.au=Mike+Ebonugwo&amp;rft.date=September+1%2C+2004&amp;rft.pub=wwrn.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwrn.org%2Farticles%2F5544%2F%3F%26place%3Dnigeria%26section%3Dhari-krishna&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Thompson, Bob (14 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=16&amp;art_id=63036&amp;sid=18059567&amp;con_type=3&amp;d_str=&amp;fc=10">"An enduring classic"</a>. <a href="wiki-The_Standard" title="The Standard">The Standard</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=16&amp;art_id=63036&amp;sid=18059567&amp;con_type=3&amp;d_str=&amp;fc=10">http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=16&amp;art_id=63036&amp;sid=18059567&amp;con_type=3&amp;d_str=&amp;fc=10</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=An+enduring+classic&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson&amp;rft.aufirst=Bob&amp;rft.au=Thompson%2C%26%2332%3BBob&amp;rft.date=14+March+2008&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Standard%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fwe_cat%3D16%26art_id%3D63036%26sid%3D18059567%26con_type%3D3%26d_str%3D%26fc%3D10&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b> <i>Adams, S. Black President: The Art and Legacy of Fela Anikulapo-Kuti: New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, New York; This Is Lagos: Yabis Night, Music and Fela: Skoto Gallery, New York, New York [Exhibit]. African Arts v. 37 no. 1 (Spring 2004 Country</i> .</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/MTV.Africa.ap/index.html">"AP/CNN: MTV launches first-ever African music award show"</a>. CNN.com. 2008-11-22<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/MTV.Africa.ap/index.html">http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/22/MTV.Africa.ap/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-11-26</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=AP%2FCNN%3A+MTV+launches+first-ever+African+music+award+show&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2008-11-22&amp;rft.pub=CNN.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F11%2F22%2FMTV.Africa.ap%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="&#160;since September 2010" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i><a href="wiki-Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i></span></sup></li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b> <span class="citation news">Manasa, Makweembo (2010-02-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/">"TB Joshua – 21st Century Prophet In Our Midst?"</a>. <i>Zambian Watchdog</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/">http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=TB+Joshua+%E2%80%93+21st+Century+Prophet+In+Our+Midst%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Zambian+Watchdog&amp;rft.aulast=Manasa&amp;rft.aufirst=Makweembo&amp;rft.au=Manasa%2C%26%2332%3BMakweembo&amp;rft.date=2010-02-11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zambianwatchdog.com%2F2010%2F02%2F11%2Ftb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b> H.O. Anthonio &amp; M. Isoun: "Nigerian Cookbook". Macmillan, Lagos, 1982.</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp">"Nigerian Basketball"</a>. Africabasket.com. 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp">http://www.africabasket.com/Nigeria/basketball.asp</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Nigerian+Basketball&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.pub=Africabasket.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabasket.com%2FNigeria%2Fbasketball.asp&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-StateDeptHumanRights-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StateDeptHumanRights_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateDeptHumanRights_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119018.htm">"2008 Human Rights Report: Nigeria"</a>. <i>2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</i>. United States, Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2009-02-25<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119018.htm">http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119018.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-03-20</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=2008+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=2008+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices&amp;rft.date=2009-02-25&amp;rft.pub=United+States%2C+Department+of+State%2C+Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2008%2Faf%2F119018.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-UKtravel-111"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UKtravel_111-0">^</a></b> {{cite web Under a proposed law passed by the Senate December 2, 2011, same-sex couples who marry could face up to 14 years each in prison. Witnesses or anyone who helps gay couples marry could be sentenced to 10 years behind bars. The bill also punishes the "public show of same-sex amorous relationships directly or indirectly" with ten years in prison. A newly added portion of the bill levels 10 years in prison for those found guilty of organizing, operating or supporting gay clubs, organizations and meetings. | title =Sub Saharan Africa, Nigeria | work = Travel advice by country | publisher = United Kingdom, Foreign &amp; Commonwealth Office | date = 2009-03-20 | url = <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&amp;pg=3">http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&amp;pg=3</a> | accessdate = 2009-03-20}}</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/23/newsid_3226000/3226740.stm">"'2002:Riots force Miss World out of Nigeria'"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 November 2002<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/23/newsid_3226000/3226740.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/23/newsid_3226000/3226740.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 January 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%272002%3ARiots+force+Miss+World+out+of+Nigeria%27&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.date=23+November+2002&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fnovember%2F23%2Fnewsid_3226000%2F3226740.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8555018.stm">"'Hundreds dead' in Nigeria attack"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 March 2010<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8555018.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8555018.stm</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27Hundreds+dead%27+in+Nigeria+attack&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.date=8+March+2010&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8555018.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061128203803/http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm">"User fees for health: a background"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm">the original</a> on 2006-11-28<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061128203803/http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm">http://web.archive.org/web/20061128203803/http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-12-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=User+fees+for+health%3A+a+background&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20061128203803%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldis.org%2Fhealthsystems%2Fuserfees%2Fbackground.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/4/378">"Effect of the Bamako-Initiative drug revolving fund on availability and rational use of essential drugs in primary health care facilities in south-east Nigeria"</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/4/378">http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/4/378</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2006-12-28</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Effect+of+the+Bamako-Initiative+drug+revolving+fund+on+availability+and+rational+use+of+essential+drugs+in+primary+health+care+facilities+in+south-east+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheapol.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F17%2F4%2F378&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Anekwe, Mike Chinedu (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/barticles/brain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm">"BRAIN DRAIN: THE NIGERIAN EXPERIENCE (1)"</a>. <a href="wiki-Niger_Delta_Congress" title="Niger Delta Congress">Niger Delta Congress</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/barticles/brain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm">http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/barticles/brain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=BRAIN+DRAIN%3A+THE+NIGERIAN+EXPERIENCE+%281%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Anekwe&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike+Chinedu&amp;rft.au=Anekwe%2C%26%2332%3BMike+Chinedu&amp;rft.date=April+2003&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BNiger+Delta+Congress%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigerdeltacongress.com%2Fbarticles%2Fbrain_drain_the_nigerian_experie.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cp-117"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cp_117-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf">"COUNTRY PROFILE: NIGERIA"</a>. <a href="wiki-Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>-<a href="wiki-Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>. July 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf">http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=COUNTRY+PROFILE%3A+NIGERIA&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=July+2008&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BLibrary+of+Congress%5D%5D-%5B%5BFederal+Research+Division%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FNigeria.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="wiki-Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/organizedcrime/african">"Organized Crime: African Criminal Enterprises"</a>. <a href="wiki-Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/organizedcrime/african">http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/organizedcrime/african</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Organized+Crime%3A+African+Criminal+Enterprises&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BFederal+Bureau+of+Investigation%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout-us%2Finvestigate%2Forganizedcrime%2Fafrican&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-cults-119"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cults_119-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11849078">"Cults of violence - How student fraternities turned into powerful and well-armed gangs"</a>. <a href="wiki-The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 31 July 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11849078">http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11849078</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Cults+of+violence+-+How+student+fraternities+turned+into+powerful+and+well-armed+gangs&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=31+July+2008&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Economist%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fmideast-africa%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D11849078&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Olukoya, Sam (20 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1443902.stm">"Crime war rages in Nigeria"</a>. <a href="wiki-BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1443902.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1443902.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Crime+war+rages+in+Nigeria&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Olukoya&amp;rft.aufirst=Sam&amp;rft.au=Olukoya%2C%26%2332%3BSam&amp;rft.date=20+February+2003&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1443902.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b> <span class="citation web">Harvey Glickman (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050115001333/http://www.haverford.edu/pols/faculty/glickman/Articles/CJAS_Text_final_1-35.pdf">"The Nigerian "419" Advance Fee Scams: Prank or Peril?"</a>. <a href="wiki-Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a>, Department of Political science<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20050115001333/http://www.haverford.edu/pols/faculty/glickman/Articles/CJAS_Text_final_1-35.pdf">http://web.archive.org/web/20050115001333/http://www.haverford.edu/pols/faculty/glickman/Articles/CJAS_Text_final_1-35.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-05-27</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Nigerian+%22419%22+Advance+Fee+Scams%3A+Prank+or+Peril%3F&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Harvey+Glickman&amp;rft.au=Harvey+Glickman&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BHaverford+College%5D%5D%2C+Department+of+Political+science&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20050115001333%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.haverford.edu%2Fpols%2Ffaculty%2Fglickman%2FArticles%2FCJAS_Text_final_1-35.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efccnigeria.org">"Economic and Financial Crimes Commission – EFCC – Home"</a>. Efccnigeria.org<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.efccnigeria.org">http://www.efccnigeria.org</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-12-21</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Economic+and+Financial+Crimes+Commission+%E2%80%93+EFCC+%E2%80%93+Home&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Efccnigeria.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efccnigeria.org&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ap-123"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ap_123-0">^</a></b> <span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21543303/ns/world_news-africa/t/crew-ship-somalia-thwarts-pirate-attack/">"Crew of a ship in Somalia thwarts pirate attack"</a>. <a href="wiki-Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, via <a href="wiki-MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>. 2007-10-30<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21543303/ns/world_news-africa/t/crew-ship-somalia-thwarts-pirate-attack/">http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21543303/ns/world_news-africa/t/crew-ship-somalia-thwarts-pirate-attack/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-06-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Crew+of+a+ship+in+Somalia+thwarts+pirate+attack&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007-10-30&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BAssociated+Press%5D%5D%2C+via+%5B%5BMSNBC%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F21543303%2Fns%2Fworld_news-africa%2Ft%2Fcrew-ship-somalia-thwarts-pirate-attack%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nigeria"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;">
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<td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center">Find more about <b>Nigeria</b> on Wikipedia's <a href="wiki-Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</td>
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<td><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" height="25" /></a></td>
<td><a class="external text" href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria">Definitions and translations</a> from Wiktionary<br /></td>
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<td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria" title="Search Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" /></a></td>
<td><a class="external text" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria">Images and media</a> from Commons<br /></td>
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<td><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" height="23" /></a></td>
<td><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity<br /></td>
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<td><a href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="14" /></a></td>
<td><a class="external text" href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria">News stories</a> from Wikinews<br /></td>
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<td><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" /></a></td>
<td><a class="external text" href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote<br /></td>
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<td><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" height="25" /></a></td>
<td><a class="external text" href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria">Source texts</a> from Wikisource<br /></td>
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<td><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="25" /></a></td>
<td><a class="external text" href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nigeria">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks<br /></td>
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</table>
<p><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="16" /> Media related to <a class="external text" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nigeria">Nigeria</a> at <a href="wiki-Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></p>
<ul>
<li><span class="official website"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigeria.gov.ng">Official website</a></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html">Nigeria</a> entry at <i><a href="wiki-The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Nigeria/">Nigeria</a> at the <a href="wiki-Open_Directory_Project" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a></li>
<li><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Nigeria" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Nigeria">Wikimedia Atlas of Nigeria</a></li>
<li><a href="http://wikitravel.org/en/Nigeria" class="extiw" title="wikitravel:Nigeria">Nigeria travel guide</a> from <a href="wiki-Wikitravel" title="Wikitravel">Wikitravel</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Know_More_About_Nigeria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Know More About Nigeria (page does not exist)">Template:Know More About Nigeria</a></li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="wiki-Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Nigeria&amp;params=8_N_10_E_region:NI_type:country_source:dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°N</span> <span class="longitude">10°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8°N 10°E</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">8; 10</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p>
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<li class="nv-view"><a href="wiki-Template:Nigeria_topics" title="Template:Nigeria topics"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="wiki-Template_talk:Nigeria_topics" title="Template talk:Nigeria topics"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a></li>
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<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong> topics <span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" /></a></span></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">History</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="wiki-Timeline_of_Nigerian_history" title="Timeline of Nigerian history">Timeline</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  Kingdoms and Empires (<a href="wiki-Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</a>, <a href="wiki-Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a>, <a href="wiki-Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin" class="mw-redirect">Benin</a>, <a href="wiki-Fulani_Empire" title="Fulani Empire" class="mw-redirect">Fulani</a>, <a href="wiki-Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a>, <a href="wiki-Bornu_Empire" title="Bornu Empire">Kanem-Bornu</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Civil War</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Economic history</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria" title="Foreign relations of Nigeria">Foreign relations</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Government_of_Nigeria" title="Government of Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Government</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="wiki-Legislative_branch" title="Legislative branch" class="mw-redirect">Legislative branch</a> (<a href="wiki-National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" title="National Assembly of Nigeria">National Assembly</a>, <a href="wiki-Nigerian_House_of_Representatives" title="Nigerian House of Representatives" class="mw-redirect">House of Representatives</a>, <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Senate" title="Nigerian Senate" class="mw-redirect">Senate</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Executive_branch" title="Executive branch" class="mw-redirect">Executive branch</a> (<a href="wiki-President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</a>, <a href="wiki-Vice-President_of_Nigeria" title="Vice-President of Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Vice-President</a>, <a href="wiki-Cabinet_of_Nigeria" title="Cabinet of Nigeria">Cabinet</a>, <a href="wiki-Federal_Ministries_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Ministries of Nigeria">Federal Executive Council</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Judicial_branch" title="Judicial branch" class="mw-redirect">Judicial branch</a> (<a href="wiki-Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Category:Law_enforcement_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Law enforcement in Nigeria">Law enforcement</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Military_of_Nigeria" title="Military of Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Military</a> (<a href="wiki-Nigerian_Army" title="Nigerian Army">Army</a>, <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Navy" title="Nigerian Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Air_Force" title="Nigerian Air Force">Air Force</a>)</div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Politics</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="wiki-Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Flag_of_Nigeria" title="Flag of Nigeria">Flag</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="wiki-Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria">Coat of Arms</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="wiki-Arise,_O_Compatriots" title="Arise, O Compatriots">Anthem</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-List_of_political_parties_in_Nigeria" title="List of political parties in Nigeria">Political parties</a> (<a href="wiki-People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">PDP</a>, <a href="wiki-All_Nigeria_Peoples_Party" title="All Nigeria Peoples Party">ANPP</a>, <a href="wiki-Alliance_for_Democracy_(Nigeria)" title="Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria)">AD</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Public_holidays_in_Nigeria" title="Public holidays in Nigeria">Public holidays</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Elections_in_Nigeria" title="Elections in Nigeria">Elections</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Geography</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="wiki-States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">States</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-List_of_cities_in_Nigeria" title="List of cities in Nigeria">Cities</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Nigerian_LGAs" title="Nigerian LGAs" class="mw-redirect">Local Government Areas</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Adamawa_Plateau" title="Adamawa Plateau">Adamawa Plateau</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Category:Mountains_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Mountains of Nigeria">Mountains</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Category:Islands_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Islands of Nigeria">Islands</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Category:Rivers_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Rivers of Nigeria">Rivers</a> (<a href="wiki-Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Wildlife_of_Nigeria" title="Wildlife of Nigeria">Wildlife</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Economy</a> and infrastructure</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="wiki-Agriculture_in_Nigeria" title="Agriculture in Nigeria">Agriculture</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Communications_in_Nigeria" title="Communications in Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Communications</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-List_of_companies_of_Nigeria" title="List of companies of Nigeria">Companies</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Currency</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Transport_in_Nigeria" title="Transport in Nigeria">Transport</a> (<a href="wiki-List_of_airports_in_Nigeria" title="List of airports in Nigeria">Airports</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Petroleum_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum in Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Petroleum in Nigeria</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Central Bank of Nigeria</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Nigerian_Stock_Exchange" title="Nigerian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Tourism_in_Nigeria" title="Tourism in Nigeria">Tourism</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Culture and society</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="wiki-Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Demographics</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Cinema</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Category:Nigerian_cuisine" title="Category:Nigerian cuisine">Cuisine</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Education</a> (<a href="wiki-List_of_universities_in_Nigeria" title="List of universities in Nigeria">Universities</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nigeria">Ethnic groups</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Health_in_Nigeria" title="Health in Nigeria" class="mw-redirect">Health</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages</a> (<a href="wiki-Nigerian_Pidgin" title="Nigerian Pidgin">Nigerian Pidgin</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Literature</a> (<a href="wiki-List_of_Nigerian_poets" title="List of Nigerian poets">Poets</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Media_of_Nigeria" title="Media of Nigeria">Media</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Music</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-List_of_Nigerians" title="List of Nigerians">Notable Nigerians</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion</a> (<a href="wiki-Odinani" title="Odinani">Odinani</a>, <a href="wiki-Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Smoking_in_Nigeria" title="Smoking in Nigeria">Smoking</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Category:Sport_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Sport in Nigeria">Sport</a> (<a href="wiki-Rugby_union_in_Nigeria" title="Rugby union in Nigeria">Rugby</a>)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Other</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Ethnic Organizations (<a href="wiki-Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">MASSOB</a>, <a href="wiki-Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People" title="Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People">MOSOP</a>, <a href="wiki-Oodua_Peoples_Congress" title="Oodua Peoples Congress">Oodua Peoples Congress</a>)&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Conflict in the Niger Delta</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Nigerian_organized_crime" title="Nigerian organized crime">Organized crime</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Nigerian_sectarian_violence" title="Nigerian sectarian violence" class="mw-redirect">Nigerian sectarian violence</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">
<div><a href="wiki-List_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="List of Nigeria-related articles" class="mw-redirect">List of Nigeria-related articles</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="wiki-Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="wiki-Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_of_Africa&amp;action=edit"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="wiki-Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-France" title="France">France</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="wiki-Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="wiki-Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="wiki-Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;" rowspan="7">
<div><a href="wiki-File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image"><img alt="Africa (orthographic projection).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="120" height="120" /></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />
limited recognition</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Scattered_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean" class="mw-redirect">Îles Éparses</a> (<a href="wiki-France" title="France">France</a>)</li>
<li><a href="wiki-Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> (<a href="wiki-United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Unclear sovereignty</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em;">&#160;</span>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;">International membership</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px; font-size:113%;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="wiki-Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="wiki-Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;background:transparent;color:inherit;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<td style="width:2.75em;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="padding:0px;;;;width:9em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" width="22" height="14" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:9em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-India" title="India">India</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:9em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:9em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:9em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/22px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:9em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/22px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></p>
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<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-List_of_members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="List of members of the Commonwealth of Nations" class="mw-redirect">Members of the</a> <a href="wiki-Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> <small>(<i>suspended</i>)</small></li>
<li><a href="wiki-The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-India" title="India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
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<tr style="height:2px">
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Australia</div>
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<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">New Zealand</div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li>
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<td></td>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">United Kingdom</div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li>
</ul>
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<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">
<div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/">Commonwealth Secretariat - Member States</a></div>
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<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-Developing_8_Countries" title="Developing 8 Countries">Developing 8 Countries (D8)</a></div>
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<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>&#160;&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> &#160; <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>&#160;&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> &#160; <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>&#160;&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> &#160; <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>&#160;&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> &#160; <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>&#160;&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> &#160; <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong>&#160;&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> &#160; <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>&#160;&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> &#160; <span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></p>
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<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-Community_of_Sahel-Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel-Saharan States">Community of Sahel-Saharan States</a></div>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="wiki-Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span></div>
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<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Members</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong></li>
<li><a href="wiki-S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Ministerial Meetings</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd_Ministerial_Meeting_of_the_Zone_for_Peace_and_Cooperation_in_the_South_Atlantic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Ministerial Meeting of the Zone for Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (page does not exist)">2nd (1993)</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3rd_Ministerial_Meeting_of_the_Zone_for_Peace_and_Cooperation_in_the_South_Atlantic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Ministerial Meeting of the Zone for Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (page does not exist)">3rd (1994)</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Ministerial_Meeting_of_the_Zone_for_Peace_and_Cooperation_in_the_South_Atlantic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Ministerial Meeting of the Zone for Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (page does not exist)">4th (1996)</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th_Ministerial_Meeting_of_the_Zone_for_Peace_and_Cooperation_in_the_South_Atlantic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Ministerial Meeting of the Zone for Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (page does not exist)">5th (1998)</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6th_Ministerial_Meeting_of_the_Zone_for_Peace_and_Cooperation_in_the_South_Atlantic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Ministerial Meeting of the Zone for Peace and Cooperation in the South Atlantic (page does not exist)">6th (2007)</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="wiki-Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="wiki-Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation&amp;action=edit"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Members</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Observers</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Countries and&#160;territories</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<p><a href="wiki-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (as <i>Turkish Cypriot State</i>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Muslim communities</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="wiki-Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">International&#160;organizations</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<p><a href="wiki-Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="3">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="wiki-Template:OPEC" title="Template:OPEC"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-OPEC" title="OPEC">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Angola" title="Angola"><img alt="Angola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/22px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Kuwait" title="Kuwait"><img alt="Kuwait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Libya" title="Economy of Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" width="22" height="9" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="wiki-Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/22px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" /></a></span> <a href="wiki-Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
<td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="1">
<div><a href="wiki-File:Flag_of_OPEC.svg" class="image" title="Flag of OPEC"><img alt="Flag of OPEC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_OPEC.svg/60px-Flag_of_OPEC.svg.png" width="60" height="36" /></a></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em;">&#160;</span>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;">Languages</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0px; font-size:113%;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
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<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
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<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="wiki-Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Nigeria"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a href="wiki-Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Nigeria"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a></li>
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</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;">Ethnic groups in <strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
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<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<div>
<p><a href="wiki-Annang_people" title="Annang people" class="mw-redirect">Annang</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Atyap" title="Atyap" class="mw-redirect">Atyap</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Wellemmedan_people" title="Wellemmedan people" class="mw-redirect">Aulliminden</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Berom_people" title="Berom people">Berom</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Buduma_people" title="Buduma people">Buduma</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Defaka_people" title="Defaka people">Defaka</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Djerma</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Ebira" title="Ebira" class="mw-redirect">Ebira</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Eket" title="Eket">Eket</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Eleme_people" title="Eleme people">Eleme</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Esan" title="Esan" class="mw-redirect">Esan</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Etsakor_people" title="Etsakor people">Etsakor</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="wiki-Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Gwari" title="Gwari" class="mw-redirect">Gwari</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Idoma_people" title="Idoma people">Idoma</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Igala" title="Igala" class="mw-redirect">Igala</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Isoko_people" title="Isoko people">Isoko</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Itsekiri" title="Itsekiri" class="mw-redirect">Itsekiri</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Jukun_people_(West_Africa)" title="Jukun people (West Africa)">Jukun</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Kamuku" title="Kamuku" class="mw-redirect">Kamuku</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Kilba" title="Kilba" class="mw-redirect">Kilba</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Kirdi" title="Kirdi">Kirdi</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Kofyar" title="Kofyar" class="mw-redirect">Kofyar</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Kuteb_people" title="Kuteb people">Kuteb</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Longuda" title="Longuda" class="mw-redirect">Longuda</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Mumuye" title="Mumuye" class="mw-redirect">Mumuye</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Saro_(Nigeria)" title="Saro (Nigeria)">Saro</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Tarok" title="Tarok" class="mw-redirect">Tarok</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a> &#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="wiki-Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></p>
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<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic-speaking</a> countries</div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a></th>
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<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/22px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" width="22" height="19" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
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<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/22px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" width="22" height="19" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong></li>
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<td></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
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<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
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<ul>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/22px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a></th>
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<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
</ul>
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<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic</a> / <a href="wiki-Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/22px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-File:Flag_of_Hamas.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Hamas.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Hamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamas.svg.png" width="23" height="14" /></a> <a href="wiki-Governance_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Governance of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/22px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" width="22" height="16" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/22px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Palestinian_National_Authority" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" width="22" height="9" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/22px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/22px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" width="22" height="16" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South Semitic</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/22px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/22px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">
<div><small><sup>1</sup> <a href="wiki-Aramaic_language" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> and <a href="wiki-Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></small></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;;">
<tr>
<td style="padding:2px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2">
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar" style="">
<ul>
<li class="nv-view"><a href="wiki-Template:Niger-Congo-speaking_nations" title="Template:Niger-Congo-speaking nations"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk"><a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Niger-Congo-speaking_nations&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Niger-Congo-speaking nations (page does not exist)"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Niger-Congo-speaking_nations&amp;action=edit"><span style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo-speaking</a> nations</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em;">&#160;</span>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;background:transparent;color:inherit;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<td style="width:6.5em;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="padding:0px;;;;width:12.75em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/22px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:12.75em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:12.75em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" width="22" height="12" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:12.75em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/22px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:12.75em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" width="22" height="14" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em;">&#160;</span>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-Atlantic_languages" title="Atlantic languages">Atlantic</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;background:transparent;color:inherit;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<td style="width:5.5em;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/22px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">CAR</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/22px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" width="22" height="12" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/22px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" width="22" height="19" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" width="22" height="14" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em;">&#160;</span>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-Savanna_languages" title="Savanna languages">Savanna</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;background:transparent;color:inherit;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<td style="width:5.5em;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><b><a href="wiki-Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/22px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" width="22" height="14" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><b><a href="wiki-Adamawa_languages" title="Adamawa languages">Adamawa</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">CAR</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
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<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
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<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em;">&#160;</span>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;">(other branches)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;background:transparent;color:inherit;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<td style="width:5.5em;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><b><a href="wiki-Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><b><a href="wiki-Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/22px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></p>
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</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><b><a href="wiki-Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" width="22" height="12" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><b><a href="wiki-Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" width="22" height="14" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><b><a href="wiki-Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" width="22" height="14" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/22px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><b><a href="wiki-Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><b><a href="wiki-Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<th scope="col" style=";" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;width:6em;">&#160;</span>
<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a></div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;background:transparent;color:inherit;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0px;">
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox-columns-table" style="text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
<tr style="vertical-align:top;">
<td style="width:5.5em;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="padding:0px;;;;width:11em;">
<div>
<p><b><a href="wiki-Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/22px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="22" height="17" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC</a></p>
<div style="padding:0.5em 0 0.8em;"><b>(other)</b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:13.6em;">
<div>
<p><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Rep. of the Congo</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" width="22" height="17" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></p>
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/22px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Swaziland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Swaziland.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a></p>
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</td>
<td style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:11.75em;">
<div>
<p><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" />&#160;</span><a href="wiki-Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></p>
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<ul>
<li>CAR = Central African Republic</li>
<li>DRC = Democratic Republic of the Congo</li>
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<div class="" style="font-size:110%;"><a href="wiki-English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></div>
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<area href="wiki-Bermudian_English" shape="circle" coords="138,97,9" alt="Bermudian English" title="Bermudian English" /></map><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Anglospeak%28800px%29Countries.png/600px-Anglospeak%28800px%29Countries.png" width="600" height="263" usemap="#ImageMap_2_1756549734" /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;background: blue;"><span style="padding-left: 1em;">&#160;</span></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority.</b></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Saba" title="Saba">Saba</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;background: lightblue;"><span style="padding-left: 1em;">&#160;</span></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;;;">
<tr>
<td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">
<div>
<ul>
<li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority language.</b></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px;">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Africa</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Gambia" title="Gambia" class="mw-redirect">Gambia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">Nigeria</strong></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Americas</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><a href="wiki-Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-India" title="India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="wiki-English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2px">
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style=";;">Oceania</th>
<td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul>
<li><i><a href="wiki-American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><i><a href="wiki-Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>
<li><a href="wiki-Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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</tr>
</table>
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