HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 12 Feb 2012 14:26:22 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.3 (CentOS)
Vary: Cookie
Last-Modified: Wed, 01 Feb 2012 03:30:42 GMT
ETag: "1e03e2c-12432-b446bc80"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 74802
Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0
Expires: Sun, 19 Nov 1978 05:00:00 GMT
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" 
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html lang="en" dir="ltr">

  <head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="canonical" href="http://www.americanconstitutionsociety.org/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ACS Blog" href="/acsblog/feed/all/fourth-amendment" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://www.americanconstitutionsociety.org/sites/default/files/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />

    <title>Fourth Amendment | ACS</title>
    <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="http://www.americanconstitutionsociety.org/sites/default/files/css/css_c88e9146ae3ae0058b6694e5e13fc4af.css" />
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="http://www.americanconstitutionsociety.org/sites/default/files/css/css_2d804b4b74d07c042dfd385eafe890fd.css" />

<!--[if lte IE 8]>
  <style>
    
.region-sidebar .block .content {
  width: 215px;
}

body.front .region-sidebar-left .block .content {
  width: 215px;
}
body.front .region-sidebar-right .block .content {
  width: 280px;
}

body.page-node-webform .body fieldset {
  background-image: url(sites/default/themes/lawnoise/img/fieldset_top_border.png);
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
  border: 0;
}

body.primer .full-pager .pager-current {
  position: relative;
    top: -2px;
}

  </style>
<![endif]-->

<!--[if lte IE 7]>
  <style>
    
.slideshow-border-top,
.slideshow-border-bottom {
  color: transparent;
  font-size: 1px;
  width: 660px;
}
.field-slide-readmore a {
  float: left;
}
.heading-tabs {
  margin-top: 367px;
}

.form-submit,
.form-button {
  padding-left: 3px;
  padding-right: 3px;
}

.region-page_subheader-wrapper {
  height: 40px;
}

body.front #acs-blocks-email .form-submit {
  padding-left: 2px;
  padding-right: 2px;
}

body.alias-join #webform-component-other_amount .form-text {
  width: 60px;
}

body.primer .full-pager .back-to-top {
  right: 15px;
}
body.primer .full-pager .pager {
  margin-left: 20px;
  width: 655px;
}
  body.primer .full-pager .pager-current {
    position: relative;
      top: -6px;
  }

  </style>
<![endif]-->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script>
  </head>

  <body class="not-front not-logged-in page-acsblog sidebar-names-left_spades left-sidebar-names-spades sidebars-count-1 left-sidebars-count-1 right-sidebars-count-0 left-right-sidebars-count-1-0 primer path-acsblog-all-fourth-amendment">
    <div class="region-page_header clear-block">      <div class="block-power_blocks-site_identifier block block-power_blocks block-region-odd block-region-count-1">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div class='site-identifier'><a href="/" class="site-name">ACS</a></div>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-menu-menu-acs-blocks-action block block-menu block-region-even block-region-count-2 block-floating-right">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <ul class="menu"><li class="leaf first"><a href="/join" title="">Join ACS</a></li>
<li class="leaf last"><a href="/donate" title="">Donate Now</a></li>
</ul>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-acs_blocks-d5_search block block-acs_blocks block-region-odd block-region-count-3 block-floating-right block-clearing-right">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <form action="/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment"  accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post" id="acs-blocks-d5-search">
<div><div class="form-item form-item-terms" id="edit-terms-wrapper">
 <input type="text" maxlength="128" name="terms" id="edit-terms" size="60" value="" class="form-text" />
</div>
<input type="submit" name="op" id="edit-submit-3" value="Search"  class="form-submit" />
<input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" id="form-3a33b16e9a36e70e6d957676a065a1da" value="form-3a33b16e9a36e70e6d957676a065a1da"  />
<input type="hidden" name="form_id" id="edit-acs-blocks-d5-search" value="acs_blocks_d5_search"  />

</div></form>
  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-acs_blocks-acs_login block block-acs_blocks block-region-even block-region-count-4 block-floating-right block-clearing-right">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <span>Login:</span><div class="item-list"><ul><li class="first"><a href="/user/login?destination=members">Members</a></li>
<li><a href="/user/login?destination=members">Chapter Leaders</a></li>
<li class="last"><a href="/user/login?destination=boardmembers">Board members</a></li>
</ul></div>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  </div><!-- /end -->    <div class="region-page_subheader-wrapper"><div class="region-page_subheader clear-block">      <div class="block-menu_block-1 block block-menu_block block-region-odd block-region-count-1">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div class="menu-block-1 menu-name-primary-links parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1">
  <ul class="menu"><li class="leaf first menu-mlid-308 has-children"><a href="/about" title="">About</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-298 has-children"><a href="/issues" title="">Issues</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-315 has-children"><a href="/publications" title="">Publications</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-704 has-children"><a href="/news" title="News">News</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-322 has-children active-trail"><a href="/acsblog" title="" class="active-trail">Blog</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-323 has-children"><a href="/chapters" title="">Chapters</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-2026 has-children"><a href="/events" title="Events">Events</a></li>
<li class="leaf menu-mlid-327 has-children"><a href="/careers" title="">Careers</a></li>
<li class="leaf last menu-mlid-354 has-children"><a href="/special-projects" title="">Special Projects</a></li>
</ul></div>
  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  </div><!-- /end --></div><!-- /end -->
    <div class="body clear-block">
      <a name="top"></a>
      
      <table class="main-wrapper" cellspacing="0"><tr>
        <td class="sidebar">
          <div class="region-sidebar_left_spades region-sidebar region-sidebar-left">      <div class="block-views-blog_featured-block_1 block block-views block-region-odd block-region-count-1 block-style-blue block-floating-none list-style-flat">
  
      <h3>BookTalk</h3>
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div class="view view-blog-featured view-id-blog_featured view-display-id-block_1 view-dom-id-2">
    
    
      <div class="view-header">
      <p>Every Thursday, <a href="/acsblog/all/booktalk">ACS BookTalk</a> features a new post by the author of a recently published book on law or policy. Click <a href="/acsblog/all/booktalk">here</a> to catch up on the latest.</p>
    </div>
  
  
  
      <div class="view-content">
      <table class="views-view-grid col-2">
  <tbody>
                <tr class="row-1 row-first row-last">
                  <td class="col-1 col-first">
            
  
    
      <a href="/acsblog/might-the-recess-appointments-clause-be-the-oddest-clause-of-all" class="imagecache imagecache-portrait_thumb imagecache-linked imagecache-portrait_thumb_linked"><img src="http://www.americanconstitutionsociety.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/portrait_thumb/bookcovers/TheOddClauses.jpg" alt="" title=""  class="imagecache imagecache-portrait_thumb" width="90" height="120" /></a>
  
          </td>
                  <td class="col-2 col-last">
            
  
    
      <a href="/acsblog/reshaping-the-discourse-of-international-relations-an-excerpt-from-humanitys-law" class="imagecache imagecache-portrait_thumb imagecache-linked imagecache-portrait_thumb_linked"><img src="http://www.americanconstitutionsociety.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/portrait_thumb/bookcovers/HumanitysLaw.jpg" alt="" title=""  class="imagecache imagecache-portrait_thumb" width="90" height="120" /></a>
  
          </td>
              </tr>
      </tbody>
</table>
    </div>
  
  
  
  
      <div class="view-footer">
      <p><a href="/acsblog/all/booktalk">This week's selection &raquo;</a></p>
    </div>
  
</div>   </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-menu_block-2 block block-menu_block block-region-even block-region-count-2 block-style-blue block-floating-none list-style-flat">
  
      <h3><a href="/acsblog" title="" class="active-trail">Blog</a></h3>
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div class="menu-block-2 menu-name-primary-links parent-mlid-0 menu-level-2">
  <ul class="menu"><li class="leaf first menu-mlid-931"><a href="/acsblog/blog-editors" title="Blog Editors">Blog Editors</a></li>
<li class="leaf last menu-mlid-932"><a href="/acsblog/blog-policy" title="Blog Policy">Blog Policy</a></li>
</ul></div>
  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-acs_blog-subnav block block-acs_blog block-region-odd block-region-count-3 block-style-blue block-floating-none list-style-flat block-collapsible">
  
      <h3>Topics</h3>
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div class='item-list '><ul><li name="Access to Justice" class="first"><a href="/acsblog/all/access-to-justice">Access to Justice</a><div class="item-list"><ul name="Access to Justice"><li class="first"><a href="/acsblog/all/class-actions">Class actions</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/habeas-corpus">Habeas corpus</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/legal-services">Legal services</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/procedural-barriers-to-court">Procedural barriers to court</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/rights-of-detainees">Rights of detainees</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/arbitration">Arbitration</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/pleadings-standards">Pleadings standards</a></li>
<li class="last"><a href="/acsblog/all/immigration">Immigration</a></li>
</ul></div></li>
<li name="BookTalk"><a href="/acsblog/all/booktalk">BookTalk</a></li>
<li name="Constitutional Interpretation and Change"><a href="/acsblog/all/constitutional-interpretation-and-change">Constitutional Interpretation and Change</a><div class="item-list"><ul name="Constitutional Interpretation and Change"><li class="first"><a href="/acsblog/all/fidelity-to-the-constitution">Fidelity to the Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/methods-of-interpretation">Methods of interpretation</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/originalism">Originalism</a></li>
<li class="last"><a href="/acsblog/all/commerce-clause">Commerce clause</a></li>
</ul></div></li>
<li name="Criminal Justice"><a href="/acsblog/all/criminal-justice">Criminal Justice</a><div class="item-list"><ul name="Criminal Justice"><li class="first"><a href="/acsblog/all/death-penalty">Death penalty</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/habeas-corpus">Habeas corpus</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/indigent-defense">Indigent defense</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/juvenile-justice">Juvenile justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/prison-policy/incarceration">Prison policy/incarceration</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/search-and-seizure/fourth-amendment">Search and seizure/Fourth amendment</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/sentencing-guidelines">Sentencing guidelines</a></li>
<li class="last"><a href="/acsblog/all/white-collar-crime">White-collar crime</a></li>
</ul></div></li>
<li name="Democracy and Voting"><a href="/acsblog/all/democracy-and-voting">Democracy and Voting</a><div class="item-list"><ul name="Democracy and Voting"><li class="first"><a href="/acsblog/all/campaign-finance">Campaign finance</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/election-law">Election law</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/judicial-elections">Judicial elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/redistricting">Redistricting</a></li>
<li class="last"><a href="/acsblog/all/voting-rights">Voting rights</a></li>
</ul></div></li>
<li name="Economic, Workplace and Environment Regulation"><a href="/acsblog/all/economic%2C-workplace-and-environment-regulation">Economic, Workplace and Environment Regulation</a><div class="item-list"><ul name="Economic, Workplace and Environment Regulation"><li class="first"><a href="/acsblog/all/administrative-law">Administrative law</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/corporate-governance">Corporate governance</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/economic-inequality">Economic inequality</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/environmental-protection">Environmental protection</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/financial-regulation">Financial regulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/labor-law">Labor law</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/technology-and-i.p.">Technology and I.P.</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/open-source">Open source</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/copyright">Copyright</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/electronic-privacy">Electronic privacy</a></li>
<li class="last"><a href="/acsblog/all/patent">Patent</a></li>
</ul></div></li>
<li name="Education Policy"><a href="/acsblog/all/education-policy">Education Policy</a></li>
<li name="Equality and Liberty"><a href="/acsblog/all/equality-and-liberty">Equality and Liberty</a><div class="item-list"><ul name="Equality and Liberty"><li class="first"><a href="/acsblog/all/civil-rights">Civil rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/disability-rights">Disability rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/education">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/end-of-life-choices">End-of-life choices</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/individual-liberties">Individual liberties</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/lgbt-issues">LGBT issues</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/privacy-rights">Privacy rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/racial-justice">Racial justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/reproductive-freedom">Reproductive freedom</a></li>
<li class="last"><a href="/acsblog/all/women%27s-rights">Women&#039;s rights</a></li>
</ul></div></li>
<li name="First Amendment"><a href="/acsblog/all/first-amendment">First Amendment</a><div class="item-list"><ul name="First Amendment"><li class="first"><a href="/acsblog/all/press">Press</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/religion-clauses">Religion clauses</a></li>
<li class="last"><a href="/acsblog/all/speech-and-expression">Speech and expression</a></li>
</ul></div></li>
<li name="Guest Post"><a href="/acsblog/all/guest-post">Guest Post</a></li>
<li name="Humor"><a href="/acsblog/all/humor">Humor</a></li>
<li name="Judicial Nominations"><a href="/acsblog/all/judicial-nominations">Judicial Nominations</a><div class="item-list"><ul name="Judicial Nominations"><li class="first"><a href="/acsblog/all/judicial-campaigns-and-elections">Judicial campaigns and elections</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/judicial-independence">Judicial independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/federal-judicial-selection">Federal judicial selection</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/supreme-court">Supreme Court</a></li>
<li class="last"><a href="/acsblog/all/other-courts">Other courts</a></li>
</ul></div></li>
<li name="Networking/Social Event"><a href="/acsblog/all/networking/social-event">Networking/Social Event</a></li>
<li name="Practical Advice"><a href="/acsblog/all/practical-advice">Practical Advice</a></li>
<li name="Separation of Powers and Federalism"><a href="/acsblog/all/separation-of-powers-and-federalism">Separation of Powers and Federalism</a><div class="item-list"><ul name="Separation of Powers and Federalism"><li class="first"><a href="/acsblog/all/detainee-treatment">Detainee treatment</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/executive-power">Executive power</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/federalism">Federalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/national-security-and-civil-liberties">National security and civil liberties</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/preemption">Preemption</a></li>
<li><a href="/acsblog/all/separation-of-powers">Separation of powers</a></li>
<li class="last"><a href="/acsblog/all/surveillance">Surveillance</a></li>
</ul></div></li>
<li name="Video Interview" class="last"><a href="/acsblog/all/video-interview">Video Interview</a></li>
</ul></div>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-acs_blocks-join block block-acs_blocks block-region-even block-region-count-4 block-floating-none">
  
      <h3>Join ACS</h3>
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <form action="/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment"  accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post" id="acs-blocks-join">
<div><div class="form-radios"><div class="form-item form-item-donation" id="edit-donation-10-wrapper">
 <label class="option" for="edit-donation-10"><input type="radio" id="edit-donation-10" name="donation" value="10"   class="form-radio" /> $10 Student Membership</label>
</div>
<div class="form-item form-item-donation" id="edit-donation-25-wrapper">
 <label class="option" for="edit-donation-25"><input type="radio" id="edit-donation-25" name="donation" value="25"   class="form-radio" /> $25 Public Sector</label>
</div>
<div class="form-item form-item-donation" id="edit-donation-50-wrapper">
 <label class="option" for="edit-donation-50"><input type="radio" id="edit-donation-50" name="donation" value="50"  checked="checked"  class="form-radio" /> $50 Private Sector</label>
</div>
<div class="form-item form-item-donation" id="edit-donation-other-wrapper">
 <label class="option" for="edit-donation-other"><input type="radio" id="edit-donation-other" name="donation" value="other"   class="form-radio" /> Other: <div class="form-item form-item-donation_other" id="edit-donation-other-1-wrapper">
 <input type="text" maxlength="128" name="donation_other" id="edit-donation-other-1" size="60" value="" class="form-text" />
</div>
</label>
</div>
</div><input type="submit" name="op" id="edit-submit" value="Join"  class="form-submit" />
<input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" id="form-9f894fc72336f799872dd3698a85da95" value="form-9f894fc72336f799872dd3698a85da95"  />
<input type="hidden" name="form_id" id="edit-acs-blocks-join" value="acs_blocks_join"  />

</div></form>
  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-views-blog_featured-block_2 block block-views block-region-odd block-region-count-5 block-style-blue block-floating-none list-style-flat">
  
      <h3>Featured Videos</h3>
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div class="view view-blog-featured view-id-blog_featured view-display-id-block_2 view-dom-id-3">
    
    
  
  
  
      <div class="view-content">
        <ul class="featured-items">
    <li class="featured-item row first last odd">
      
      <div>
  
    
      <a href="/news/video/born-in-the-usa-the-historical-and-constitutional-underpinnings-of-birthright-citizenship"><img src="http://a.images.blip.tv/Acslaw1776-BornInTheUSATheHistoricalAndConstitutionalUnderpinnings738-593.jpg" alt="See video" title="See video"  width="120" height="90" /></a>
      </div>
  

      <div>
  
    
      <a href="/news/video/born-in-the-usa-the-historical-and-constitutional-underpinnings-of-birthright-citizenship">Born in the USA?: The Historical and Constitutional Underpinnings of Birthright Citizenship</a>
      </div>
  
    </li>
    </ul>
    </div>
  
  
  
  
      <div class="view-footer">
      <p><a href="/news/video">More Videos &raquo;</a></p>
    </div>
  
</div>   </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-acs_custom-email_signup block block-acs_custom block-region-even block-region-count-6 block-floating-none">
  
      <h3>Email Signup</h3>
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <form action="/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment"  accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post" id="acs-custom-email-signup-form">
<div><div class="form-item form-item-email" id="edit-email-wrapper">
 <input type="text" maxlength="128" name="email" id="edit-email" size="60" value="" class="form-text" />
</div>
<input type="submit" name="op" id="edit-submit-1" value="Sign Up"  class="form-submit" />
<input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" id="form-07f4b52feb6afe3b17d806cd660c697e" value="form-07f4b52feb6afe3b17d806cd660c697e"  />
<input type="hidden" name="form_id" id="edit-acs-custom-email-signup-form" value="acs_custom_email_signup_form"  />

</div></form>
  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-views-blog_featured-block_3 block block-views block-region-odd block-region-count-7 block-style-blue block-floating-none list-style-flat">
  
      <h3>Video Podcasts</h3>
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div class="view view-blog-featured view-id-blog_featured view-display-id-block_3 view-dom-id-4">
    
    
  
  
  
      <div class="view-content">
        <ul class="featured-items">
    <li class="featured-item row first last odd">
      
  
    
      <a href="/acsblog/brennan-center%E2%80%99s-austin-hillery-laments-bleak-status-of-felon-franchise" class="imagecache imagecache-blog_featured_video_thumb imagecache-linked imagecache-blog_featured_video_thumb_linked"><img src="http://www.americanconstitutionsociety.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/blog_featured_video_thumb/video_stills/AustinHilleryScreenShot.jpg" alt="" title=""  class="imagecache imagecache-blog_featured_video_thumb" width="190" height="122" /></a>
  

      <div>
  
    
      <a href="/acsblog/brennan-center%E2%80%99s-austin-hillery-laments-bleak-status-of-felon-franchise">Brennan Center’s Austin-Hillery Laments Bleak Status of Felon Franchise</a>
      </div>
  
    </li>
    </ul>
    </div>
  
  
  
  
      <div class="view-footer">
      <p><a href="/acsblog/all/video-interview">More Podcasts &raquo;</a></p>
    </div>
  
</div>   </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-acs_blocks-chapters block block-acs_blocks block-region-even block-region-count-8 block-floating-none">
  
      <h3>Find a Lawyer Chapter or Student Chapter</h3>
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <form action="/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment"  accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post" id="acs-blocks-chapters" class="acs-blocks-chapters-form">
<div><div class="form-item form-item-state" id="edit-state-wrapper">
 <select name="state" class="form-select" id="edit-state" ><option value="" selected="selected">Select Your State</option><option value="al">Alabama</option><option value="ak">Alaska</option><option value="az">Arizona</option><option value="ar">Arkansas</option><option value="ca">California</option><option value="co">Colorado</option><option value="ct">Connecticut</option><option value="de">Delaware</option><option value="dc">District of Columbia</option><option value="fl">Florida</option><option value="ga">Georgia</option><option value="hi">Hawaii</option><option value="id">Idaho</option><option value="il">Illinois</option><option value="in">Indiana</option><option value="ia">Iowa</option><option value="ks">Kansas</option><option value="ky">Kentucky</option><option value="la">Louisiana</option><option value="me">Maine</option><option value="md">Maryland</option><option value="ma">Massachusetts</option><option value="mi">Michigan</option><option value="mn">Minnesota</option><option value="ms">Mississippi</option><option value="mo">Missouri</option><option value="mt">Montana</option><option value="ne">Nebraska</option><option value="nv">Nevada</option><option value="nh">New Hampshire</option><option value="nj">New Jersey</option><option value="nm">New Mexico</option><option value="ny">New York</option><option value="nc">North Carolina</option><option value="nd">North Dakota</option><option value="oh">Ohio</option><option value="ok">Oklahoma</option><option value="or">Oregon</option><option value="pa">Pennsylvania</option><option value="ri">Rhode Island</option><option value="sc">South Carolina</option><option value="sd">South Dakota</option><option value="tn">Tennessee</option><option value="tx">Texas</option><option value="ut">Utah</option><option value="vt">Vermont</option><option value="va">Virginia</option><option value="wa">Washington</option><option value="wv">West Virginia</option><option value="wi">Wisconsin</option><option value="wy">Wyoming</option><option value="as">American Samoa</option><option value="fm">Federated States of Micronesia</option><option value="gu">Guam</option><option value="mh">Marshall Islands</option><option value="mp">Northern Mariana Islands</option><option value="pw">Palau</option><option value="pr">Puerto Rico</option><option value="vi">Virgin Islands</option></select>
</div>
<input type="submit" name="op" id="edit-submit-2" value="Go"  class="form-submit" />
<input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" id="form-d9f3387f5bd30e830aa7fe599ec6f03d" value="form-d9f3387f5bd30e830aa7fe599ec6f03d"  />
<input type="hidden" name="form_id" id="edit-acs-blocks-chapters" value="acs_blocks_chapters"  />

</div></form>
  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-views-blogroll-block_1 block block-views block-region-odd block-region-count-9 block-style-blue block-floating-none list-style-flat block-collapsible block-collapsed">
  
      <h3>Blogroll</h3>
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div class="view view-blogroll view-id-blogroll view-display-id-block_1 view-dom-id-5">
    
    
  
  
  
      <div class="view-content">
        <h4 class="blogroll-category">
    Legal Blogs  </h4>
  <ul class="blogroll-items">
    <li class="blogroll-item row first odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://appellate.typepad.com/" target="_blank">Appellate Law and Practice</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://balkin.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Balkinization</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://electionlawblog.org/" target="_blank">Election Law Blog</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.fourthamendment.com/blog/" target="_blank">Fourth Amendment Blog</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://hlpronline.com/" target="_blank">Harvard Law and Policy Review</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://howappealing.law.com/" target="_blank">How Appealing</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.brennancenter.org/content/pages/just_books" target="_blank">Just Books -- Brennan Center for Justice</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://blogs.wsj.com/law/" target="_blank">Law Blog</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://lawdork.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Law Dork, 2.0</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://lefarkins.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Lawyers, Guns and Money</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://blogs.cqpolitics.com/legal_beat" target="_blank">Legal Beat</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.lessig.org/blog/" target="_blank">Lessig Blog</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://prawfsblawg.blogs.com/prawfsblawg/" target="_blank">Prawfsblawg</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/" target="_blank">SCOTUSBlog</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://sentencing.typepad.com/" target="_blank">Sentencing Law And Policy Blog</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2076784/fr/rss" target="_blank">Slate Magazine - Jurisprudence</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.talkleft.com/" target="_blank">Talk Left: The Politics of Crime</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://legaltimes.typepad.com/" target="_blank">The BLT: The Blog of Legal Times</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/" target="_blank">Unclaimed Territory</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row last even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://volokh.com/" target="_blank">Volokh Conspiracy</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
    </ul>
  <h4 class="blogroll-category">
    Policy Blogs  </h4>
  <ul class="blogroll-items">
    <li class="blogroll-item row first odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/" target="_blank">Constitution Daily</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.ideasactionblog.org/" target="_blank">Demos Ideas | Action Blog</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/" target="_blank">Political Animal (Calpundit)</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.americanprogress.org/" target="_blank">Progress Report</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/" target="_blank">Talking Points Memo</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.prospect.org/weblog/" target="_blank">Tapped</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row odd">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.samefacts.com/" target="_blank">The Reality-Based Community</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
      <li class="blogroll-item row last even">
        
  <div class="views-field-field-url-url">
                <span class="field-content"><a href="http://www.thinkprogress.org/" target="_blank">Think Progress</a></span>
  </div>
    </li>
    </ul>
    </div>
  
  
  
  
  
</div>   </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-acs_blocks-social block block-acs_blocks block-region-even block-region-count-10 block-floating-none">
  
      <h3>Join The Conversation</h3>
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/American-Constitution-Society-for-Law-and-Policy-Official/212677670907" class="facebook" target="_blank">Facebook</a>
<a href="http://www.twitter.com/ACSLaw" class="twitter" target="_blank">Twitter</a>
<a href="http://www.linkedin.com/groups?mostPopular=&amp;gid=1269597" class="linkedin" target="_blank">LinkedIn</a>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-views-teasers-block_20 block block-views block-region-odd block-region-count-11 block-style-blue block-floating-none list-style-flat block-collapsible block-collapsed">
  
      <h3>Archive</h3>
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div class="view view-teasers view-id-teasers view-display-id-block_20 view-dom-id-6">
    
    
  
  
  
      <div class="view-content">
      <div class="item-list">
  <ul class="views-summary">
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201201">January 2012</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201112">December 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201111">November 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201110">October 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201109">September 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201108">August 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201107">July 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201106">June 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201105">May 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201104">April 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201103">March 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201102">February 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201101">January 2011</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201012">December 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201011">November 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201010">October 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201009">September 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201008">August 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201007">July 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201006">June 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201005">May 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201004">April 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201003">March 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201002">February 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/201001">January 2010</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200912">December 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200911">November 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200910">October 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200909">September 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200908">August 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200907">July 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200906">June 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200905">May 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200904">April 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200903">March 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200902">February 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200901">January 2009</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200812">December 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200811">November 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200810">October 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200809">September 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200808">August 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200807">July 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200806">June 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200805">May 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200804">April 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200803">March 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200802">February 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200801">January 2008</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200712">December 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200711">November 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200710">October 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200709">September 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200708">August 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200707">July 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200706">June 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200705">May 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200704">April 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200703">March 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200702">February 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200701">January 2007</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200612">December 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200611">November 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200610">October 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200609">September 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200608">August 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200607">July 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200606">June 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200605">May 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200604">April 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200603">March 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200602">February 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200601">January 2006</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200512">December 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200511">November 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200510">October 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200509">September 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200508">August 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200507">July 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200506">June 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200505">May 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200504">April 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200503">March 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200502">February 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200501">January 2005</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200412">December 2004</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200411">November 2004</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200410">October 2004</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200409">September 2004</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200408">August 2004</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200212">December 2002</a>
          </li>
      <li><a href="/acsblog/200208">August 2002</a>
          </li>
    </ul>
</div>
    </div>
  
  
  
  
  
</div>   </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  </div><!-- /end -->        </td> <!-- .sidebar -->
        <td class="main">
          <div class="breadcrumb-region">
            <div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> <span class='breadcrumb-separator'>></span> <a href="/acsblog">Blog</a> <span class='breadcrumb-separator'>></span> <a href="/acsblog">All</a> <span class='breadcrumb-separator'>></span> <a href="/acsblog/all">Fourth Amendment</a></div>                      </div>
          <div class="main-inner clear-block">
            <div class="region-content_header">      <div class="block-boxes-acs_blog_masthead block block-boxes block-region-odd block-region-count-1 block-floating-none">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div id='boxes-box-acs_blog_masthead' class='boxes-box'><div class="boxes-box-content"></div></div>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-power_blocks-title block block-power_blocks block-region-even block-region-count-2 block-floating-none">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <h1>Fourth Amendment</h1>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  </div><!-- /end -->                        <div class="view view-teasers view-id-teasers view-display-id-page_2 block-style-list block-floating-none block-c list-style-flat view-dom-id-1">
    
    
  
  
  
      <div class="view-content">
        <ul class="views-list">
    <li class="clear-block views-row first odd">
      
<div class="buildmode-teaser_no_thumb">
  <div class="node-923808070 node node-type-blogpost node-build_mode-teaser">    <div class="nd-region-middle-wrapper   nd-no-sidebars" ><div class="nd-region-middle"><div class="field field-little-date">November 10, 2011</div><div class="field field-title"><h2><a href="/acsblog/big-brother-surveillance-getting-bigger">Big Brother Surveillance: Getting Bigger</a></h2></div><div class="field field-blog-topics-icon"><div class="blog-topics-term blog-topics--guest-post">Guest Post</div></div><div class="field field-body"><hr />
<p><strong><em>By <a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/fac/hu">Margaret Hu</a>, a visiting assistant professor at Duke Law School. Her research focuses on immigration and surveillance policy. She previously served as special policy counsel on immigration-related discrimination in the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice. &nbsp;</em></strong></p>
<hr />
<p>When it comes to surveillance, size matters. In <em><a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/united-states-v-jones/">U.S. v. Jones</a></em>, the GPS tracking case, the Supreme Court just might agree.On November 8, the Court heard arguments on whether the police violated the Fourth Amendment&rsquo;s prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures when it continued to monitor Mr. Jones&rsquo; car with a GPS device after the warrant expired.&nbsp;During oral argument, what seemed clear to the Justices is that cyber-surveillance today is not your grandma&rsquo;s apple pie surveillance.&nbsp;With new technologies, the Justices seem to be wondering whether being watched 24/7 may one day be as common as, well, apple pie.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Surveillance_cameras.jpg/104px-Surveillance_cameras.jpg" style="margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; float: left; width: 150px; height: 173px; " /></p>
<p>Back in the day, surveillance meant being tailed.&nbsp;The government sent someone to follow you around. Today, technology has given the government the capacity to track both your body and biography 24/7.&nbsp;And it&rsquo;s not just &ldquo;persons of interest&rdquo; anymore.&nbsp;With cyber-surveillance, it&rsquo;s now cost-effective to track everyone.&nbsp; But, is it ok for the government to check your email, google searches, and Facebook page? Skim your credit card records and purchases on Amazon? Monitor your cell phone records and smartphone locations? During <em>U.S. v. Jones</em>, the Supreme Court wondered aloud during oral argument whether the government could attach GPS devices to the license plates of everyone who owns a car in the entire U.S.</p>
<p>This last scenario might not be as far-fetched as it sounds. </div><div class="field field-read-more"><a href="/acsblog/big-brother-surveillance-getting-bigger">More</a></div><div class="field field-blog-tags"><div class="field-label-inline-first">Tags: </div><a href="/acsblog/all/surveillance">Surveillance</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/technology-and-i.p.">Technology and I.P.</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/constitutional-interpretation-and-change">Constitutional Interpretation and Change</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/electronic-privacy">Electronic privacy</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment" class="active">Fourth Amendment</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/gps-tracking-device">GPS tracking device</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/guest-post">Guest Post</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/u.s.-v.-jones">U.S. v. Jones</a></div></div></div>  </div><!-- /end --></div> <!-- /buildmode -->
    </li>
      <li class="clear-block views-row even">
      
<div class="buildmode-teaser_no_thumb">
  <div class="node-923805593 node node-type-blogpost node-build_mode-teaser">    <div class="nd-region-middle-wrapper   nd-no-sidebars" ><div class="nd-region-middle"><div class="field field-little-date">July 28, 2011</div><div class="field field-title"><h2><a href="/acsblog/constitution-check-full-body-scanning-at-the-airport"> Constitution Check: Full-Body Scanning at the Airport</a></h2></div><div class="field field-blog-topics-icon"><div class="blog-topics-term blog-topics--guest-post">Guest Post</div></div><div class="field field-body"><hr />
<p><em><strong>By Lyle Denniston. Mr. Denniston is the <a href="http://www.constitutioncenter.org/">National Constitution Center</a>&rsquo;s Adviser on Constitutional Literacy</strong>. He has reported on the Supreme Court for 53 years, currently covering it for <a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/">SCOTUSblog</a>, an online clearing house of information about the Supreme Court&rsquo;s work. Denniston&rsquo;s analysis was first posted at the National Constitution Center&rsquo;s </em><a href="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/constitution-check-full-body-scanning-at-the-airport/">Constitution Daily</a><em>. </em></p>
<hr />
<p><strong>The constitut</strong><strong>ional claim:</strong></p>
<p>&nbsp;&ldquo;The TSA&rsquo;s body scanner program violates the Fourth Amendment&hellip;The TSA subjects all air travelers to the most extensive, invasive search available&hellip;The TSA rules require individuals to submit to a digital strip search that is maximally intrusive.&rdquo;</p>
<p>- Arguments made in a legal brief filed by the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)&nbsp;in its lawsuit against the Dept. of Homeland Security, decided by the&nbsp;D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals,&nbsp;July 15, 2011.</p>
<p><strong>The constitutional response:</strong></p>
<p>The U.S. Supr<em><strong><img alt="" src="http://www.acslaw.org/sites/default/files/imce/constitution3_0.jpg" style="width: 225px; height: 147px; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; margin: 5px; float: left;" /></strong></em>eme Court has never ruled directly on the constitutionality of screening&nbsp;passengers at the nation&rsquo;s&nbsp;airports, but has suggested in cases involving other kinds of searches that airport searches are vital to public safety.&nbsp; In the first federal court test of full-body scanners, the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit earlier this month rejected the constitutional challenge.</p>
<p>Full-body scanners are now in use at more than 80 U.S. airports and are destined for all domestic air terminals as the primary screening method, replacing magnetometers.&nbsp; A passenger who objects to this imaging can choose a physical pat-down.</p>
<p>From the time the government began using full-body imaging four years ago, there have been strong protests that the technology invades personal privacy and is unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment.</p>
</div><div class="field field-read-more"><a href="/acsblog/constitution-check-full-body-scanning-at-the-airport">More</a></div><div class="field field-blog-tags"><div class="field-label-inline-first">Tags: </div><a href="/acsblog/all/other-courts">Other courts</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/search-and-seizure/fourth-amendment">Search and seizure/Fourth amendment</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/constitutional-interpretation-and-change">Constitutional Interpretation and Change</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/airport-security">airport security</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/constitution-daily">Constitution Daily</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/electronic-privacy-invformation-center-%28epic%29">Electronic Privacy Invformation Center (EPIC)</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment" class="active">Fourth Amendment</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/full-body-scanners">full body scanners</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/guest-post">Guest Post</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/lyle-denniston">Lyle Denniston</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/privacy">Privacy</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/tsa">TSA</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/u.s.-supreme-court">U.S. Supreme Court</a></div></div></div>  </div><!-- /end --></div> <!-- /buildmode -->
    </li>
      <li class="clear-block views-row odd">
      
<div class="buildmode-teaser_no_thumb">
  <div class="node-923802825 node node-type-blogpost node-build_mode-teaser">    <div class="nd-region-middle-wrapper   nd-no-sidebars" ><div class="nd-region-middle"><div class="field field-little-date">June 17, 2011</div><div class="field field-title"><h2><a href="/acsblog/chipping-fourth-amendment-away-let%E2%80%99s-celebrate-mapp-v-ohio-while-we-can">Chipping Fourth Amendment Away, Let’s Celebrate Mapp v. Ohio, While We Can</a></h2></div><div class="field field-body"><p>
	<style type="text/css">
@font-face {
  font-family: "Times New Roman";
}@font-face {
  font-family: "Arial";
}@font-face {
  font-family: "Verdana";
}@font-face {
  font-family: "Calibri";
}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0in 0in 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri; }a:link, span.MsoHyperlink { color: blue; text-decoration: underline; }a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed { color: purple; text-decoration: underline; }table.MsoNormalTable { font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; }div.Section1 { page: Section1; }	</style>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">The U.S. Supreme Court&rsquo;s landmark opinion in <i><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0367_0643_ZO.html">Mapp v. Ohio</a></i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> celebrates its 50th birthday this week, but as a number of experts suggest, we probably should celebrate that historic decision&rsquo;s affirmation of the Fourth Amendment&rsquo;s bar from &ldquo;unreasonable searches and seizures&rdquo; and the extension of the exclusionary rule to the states while we still have the opportunity. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">Mapp turns 50 this Sunday but, as Alexander Wohl <a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2296453/pagenum/all/#p2">writes in <i>Slate</i></a>, &ldquo;an increasingly conservative court has issued numerous rulings slowly chipping away at <i>Mapp</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> and now appears to be within one vote of overturning it entirely.&rdquo; Wohl suggests that <i>Mapp, </i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">written by the moderate justice Tom Clark,<i> </i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">is actually a decision that true conservatives should embrace, rather than attack.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">Wohl, a former Supreme Court judicial fellow who is writing a biograp</span><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Tom_C._Clark.jpg" style="width: 172px; height: 260px; border-width: 0px; border-style: solid; margin: 5px; float: right;" /><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">hy of Justice Clark (pictured) and his son, former attorney general Ramsey Clark, tells the story of <i>Mapp</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&rsquo;s origins and explains how Tom Clark transformed the decision from a first amendment case into the historic Fourth Amendment ruling.<span style="">&nbsp; </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&ldquo;How and why an easygoing Texan managed to engineer this historic decision with a court comprised of brilliant prima donnas, including another </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">southerner who happened to be a former member of the KKK is almost the best part of the story,&rdquo; he writes. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">Wohl continues:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">Although he was good friends with two of the court&#39;s leading liberals, Warren and Brennan, Clark was no liberal, no judicial activist<i>&mdash;</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">and no pushover. A former assistant district attorney and later Harry Truman&#39;s attorney general, Clark was as pro-law enforcement as they came. As attorney general he had come under fire from civil libertarians for his stewardship of a Truman anti-Communist law known as the Attorney General&#39;s List of Subversive Organizations. So when Clark talked about &quot;judicial integrity&quot; and the problems resulting from federal officers who &quot;were invited to and did &hellip; step across the street to the state&#39;s attorney with their unconstitutionally seized evidence,&quot; there is reason to respect his understanding of law enforcement practices. And that&#39;s why, in that elevator, Justice Black, who would become the key fifth vote for incorporation of the exclusionary rule, was willing to listen to</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">him.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">See the entire <a href="http://www.slate.com/id/2296453/pagenum/all/#p2">article here</a>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">&nbsp;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">Yale Kamisar, who is the nation&rsquo;s preeminent expert on <i>Mapp </i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">and co-author of the casebook, &ldquo;Modern Criminal Procedure,&rdquo; also has a <a href="http://www.law.com/jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1202496797784&amp;Mapp_v_Ohio__years_later&amp;slreturn=1&amp;hbxlogin=1">piece commemorating</a> <i>Mapp</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> in <i>The National Law Journal</i></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">. He too notes the precarious setting of the landmark case. &ldquo;It is fairly clear that four members of the current Court</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> are quite unhappy with the search-and-seizure exclusionary rule: Chief Justice John Roberts Jr. and justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito Jr.&rdquo; </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">Last year, ACS published an issue brief, <a href="http://www.acslaw.org/publications/issue-briefs/the-crisis-in-fourth-amendment-jurisprudence-0">&ldquo;The Crisis in Fourth Amendment Jurisprudence,</a>&rdquo; by Jay Stanley. In 2009, ACS published an Issue Brief by Susan Bandes, &ldquo;<a href="http://www.acslaw.org/publications/issue-briefs/the-roberts-court-and-the-future-of-the-exclusionary-rule-0">The Roberts Court and the Future of the Exclusionary Rule.&rdquo;</a></span></p>
</div><div class="field field-read-more"><a href="/acsblog/chipping-fourth-amendment-away-let%E2%80%99s-celebrate-mapp-v-ohio-while-we-can">More</a></div><div class="field field-blog-tags"><div class="field-label-inline-first">Tags: </div><a href="/acsblog/all/criminal-justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/exclusionary-rule">Exclusionary Rule</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment" class="active">Fourth Amendment</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/unreasonable-searches-and-seizures">unreasonable searches and seizures</a></div></div></div>  </div><!-- /end --></div> <!-- /buildmode -->
    </li>
      <li class="clear-block views-row even">
      
<div class="buildmode-teaser_no_thumb">
  <div class="node-18015 node node-type-blogpost node-build_mode-teaser">    <div class="nd-region-middle-wrapper   nd-no-sidebars" ><div class="nd-region-middle"><div class="field field-little-date">January 11, 2011</div><div class="field field-title"><h2><a href="/acsblog/can-police-create-the-circumstances-that-support-a-warrantless-search">Can Police Create the Circumstances That Support a Warrantless Search? </a></h2></div><div class="field field-blog-topics-icon"><div class="blog-topics-term blog-topics--guest-post">Guest Post</div></div><div class="field field-body"><hr /><strong><em>By </em></strong><a href="http://www.daypitney.com/people/people-detail.aspx?proID=523"><strong><em>Martin Magnusson</em></strong></a><strong><em>. Mr. Magnusson is an associate at Day Pitney LLP.</em></strong><hr />
Under the <a href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment04/">Fourth Amendment</a>, police need a warrant to enter a person's home without that person's consent. An exception to this rule exists for so-called <a href="http://www.lectlaw.com/def/e063.htm">exigent circumstances</a>. Under the exigent-circumstances exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement, police are excused from getting a warrant when face<img height="559" width="660" src="/files/Supcourt5_1.jpg" align="right" vspace="5" hspace="5" border="0" style="width: 195px; height: 133px" />d with situations that call for immediate action. An important example of exigent circumstances is the destruction of evidence. If the police had to get a warrant before entering a home in which they believe evidence is being destroyed, the evidence would be probably gone by the time that they return with the warrant. 
<p>
Tomorrow, the Supreme Court will hear oral argument in <em><a href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/kentucky-v-king/">Kentucky v. King</a></em>, a case that explores the boundaries of the exigent-circumstances exception. According to the trial court's <a href="http://volokh.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/KentuckvKingTrialCourt.pdf">findings of facts</a> in that case, police officers smelled burning marijuana outside an apartment. Instead of seeking a warrant to search the apartment, though, the police officers &quot;banged on the door of the apartment . . . identifying themselves as police officers and demanding that the door be opened by the persons inside.&quot; The officers then heard &quot;things being moved in the apartment.&quot; They subsequently described the sounds as that of &quot;people moving around as opposed to furniture being moved.&quot; From these sounds, &quot;[i]t seemed to the officers that the occupants . . . may have been in the process of destroying evidence.&quot; After no one answered the door, the police forcibly entered the apartment. Inside, they found Hollis King smoking marijuana. 
</p>
<p>
Before the Supreme Court, Mr. King argues that the police officers' warrantless entry into his apartment violated the Fourth Amendment and that the evidence discovered during their warrantless entry must therefore be suppressed. His position is that if the police create the exigent circumstances that purportedly call for immediate action, there really isn't any emergency and the exigent-circumstances exception is inapt. The logic of Mr. King's argument is hard to argue with: If the police could circumvent the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement by manufacturing emergencies, then the warrant requirement wouldn't be very meaningful. 
</p>
<p>
Although the <em>King</em> case has received little press attention, its resolution could affect anybody who is visited by the police. As <a href="http://www.law.gwu.edu/Faculty/profile.aspx?id=3568">Professor Orin Kerr</a> has <a href="http://volokh.com/2011/01/05/police-created-exigent-circumstances-thoughts-on-kentucky-v-king/">noted</a>: 
</p>
<blockquote>
	<p>
	When the police bang on a door, shout that they are the police, and demand entry, they do what they do when they have a warrant. To someone inside, that noise from outside creates the impression that the police are following the &quot;knock and announce&quot; rule they have to follow when executing warrant. Under the rule, if no one answers the door in 15-20 seconds, the police will break down the door and enter. If I'm in an apartment and I hear that outside, I'm not just going to sit there in my apartment and keep watching TV or surfing the Internet or watching the paint dry. Rather I'm either going to run to the door immediately to stop the police from breaking it down (which I have only a few seconds to do before they enter) or else I'm going to prepare myself for a bunch of cops violently entering a few seconds later. Either way, I'm going to move around and make some noise. 
	</p>
</blockquote>
</div><div class="field field-read-more"><a href="/acsblog/can-police-create-the-circumstances-that-support-a-warrantless-search">More</a></div><div class="field field-blog-tags"><div class="field-label-inline-first">Tags: </div><a href="/acsblog/all/search-and-seizure/fourth-amendment">Search and seizure/Fourth amendment</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/constitutional-interpretation-and-change">Constitutional Interpretation and Change</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/criminal-justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/exigent-circumstances">exigent circumstances</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment" class="active">Fourth Amendment</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/guest-post">Guest Post</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/hollis-king">Hollis King</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/kentucky-v.-king">Kentucky v. King</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/martin-magnusson">Martin Magnusson</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/1st-circuit">1st Circuit</a></div></div></div>  </div><!-- /end --></div> <!-- /buildmode -->
    </li>
      <li class="clear-block views-row last odd">
      
<div class="buildmode-teaser_no_thumb">
  <div class="node-16511 node node-type-blogpost node-build_mode-teaser">    <div class="nd-region-middle-wrapper   nd-no-sidebars" ><div class="nd-region-middle"><div class="field field-little-date">July 12, 2010</div><div class="field field-title"><h2><a href="/acsblog/police-dna-uses-and-implications-for-the-fourth-amendment">Police, DNA Uses and Implications for the Fourth Amendment</a></h2></div><div class="field field-body">The <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-ap-us-grim-sleeper-killings,0,2877122.story">arrest</a> of Lonnie David Franklin, suspected of being the &quot;Grim Sleeper&quot; seriel killer<img height="240" width="145" src="/files/542370154_a8575631cc_m[1].jpg" align="right" vspace="4" hspace="4" border="0" /> in Los Angeles, while being &quot;an investigative triumph,&quot; should prompt concern about the methods police used to obtain the suspect's DNA, writes Elizabeth E. Joh in an <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-joh-dna-20100710,0,421986.story">op-ed</a> for the <em>Los Angeles Times</em>. 
<p>
It is during these moments -- of seemingly investigative victories -- that &quot;can blind us to the dangers of expanding genetic surveillance,&quot; <a href="http://www.law.ucdavis.edu/faculty/Joh/">Joh</a>, a professor of law at UC Davis School of law, maintains. Joh describes three uses of DNA evidence that were used in the Grim Sleeper case that should trigger concern for the Fourth Amendment: &quot;familial DNA searches abandoned or discarded DNA and sweeping arrests, or DNA dragnets. 
</p>
<p>
Regarding discarded DNA, Joh writes: 
</p>
<blockquote>
	<p>
	The second investigative technique used in the Grim Sleeper investigation was the use of ‘abandoned' or ‘discarded' DNA. We all leave DNA on used coffee cups, smoked cigarettes and many other items on a daily basis. After the police turned their focus to Franklin, undercover police followed him until he left some of his DNA on a piece of pizza as well as silverware and a glass after a meal out. 
	</p>
	<p>
	Few rules govern the circumstances in which police can collect this involuntarily shed DNA. Police typically defend the practice by saying it produces results. Of course, when successful matches are found, the unrestrained collection of abandoned DNA sounds defensible. But what about all of the hunches that police might like to pursue in this way? Have we all silently consented to giving up our discarded DNA to the police? 
	</p>
</blockquote>
<p>
Joh's entire article is <a href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-joh-dna-20100710,0,421986.story">here</a>. Joh recently participated in a panel discussion about the Fourth Amendment and technology's impact on the amendment's scope. Video of the panel, &quot;Technology, Change, and the Future of the Fourth Amendment,&quot; is <a href="http://acslaw.org/node/16393">available here</a>. 
</p>
</div><div class="field field-read-more"><a href="/acsblog/police-dna-uses-and-implications-for-the-fourth-amendment">More</a></div><div class="field field-blog-tags"><div class="field-label-inline-first">Tags: </div><a href="/acsblog/all/search-and-seizure/fourth-amendment">Search and seizure/Fourth amendment</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/criminal-justice">Criminal Justice</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/dna-evidence">DNA Evidence</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/elizabeth-joh">Elizabeth Joh</a>, <a href="/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment" class="active">Fourth Amendment</a></div></div></div>  </div><!-- /end --></div> <!-- /buildmode -->
    </li>
    </ul>
    </div>
  
      <div class='item-list full-pager'><div class="back-to-top clear-block"><a href="#top">Back to top</a><span>&nbsp;</span></div><ul class="pager"><li class="pager-previous first"><span class="pager-previous-disabled" title="Go to previous page">newer</span></li>
<li class="pager-current">1</li>
<li class="pager-item"><span class="pager-item-separator">|</span><a href="/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment?page=1" title="Go to page 2" class="active">2</a></li>
<li class="pager-next last"><a href="/acsblog/all/fourth-amendment?page=1" title="Go to next page" class="active">older</a></li>
</ul></div>  
  
  
  
</div>                      </div>
        </td> <!-- .main -->
      </tr></table>

          </div> <!-- .body -->

    <div class="region-page_footer-wrapper"><div class="deep-shadow"></div><div class="region-page_footer clear-block">      <div class="block-menu-menu-acs-blocks-footer-primary block block-menu block-region-odd block-region-count-1 list-style-flat">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <ul class="menu"><li class="leaf first"><a href="/" title="">Home</a></li>
<li class="leaf"><a href="/issues" title="">Issues</a></li>
<li class="leaf"><a href="/publications" title="">Publications</a></li>
<li class="leaf"><a href="/news" title="">Newsroom</a></li>
<li class="leaf last active-trail"><a href="/acsblog" title="">Blog</a></li>
</ul>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-menu-menu-acs-blocks-footer-secondary block block-menu block-region-even block-region-count-2 block-width-240 list-style-flat">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <ul class="menu"><li class="leaf first"><a href="/chapters" title="">Chapters</a></li>
<li class="leaf"><a href="/about/opportunities" title="">Careers</a></li>
<li class="collapsed"><a href="/join" title="">Join</a></li>
<li class="collapsed last"><a href="/donate" title="">Donate</a></li>
</ul>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-menu-menu-footer-tertiary block block-menu block-region-odd block-region-count-3 list-style-flat">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <ul class="menu"><li class="leaf first"><a href="/special-projects" title="">Special Projects</a></li>
<li class="leaf"><a href="/careers/acs" title="">Jobs at ACS</a></li>
<li class="leaf last"><a href="/user/login" title="">Login</a></li>
</ul>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-menu-menu-footer-quaternary block block-menu block-region-even block-region-count-4 list-style-flat">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <ul class="menu"><li class="leaf first"><a href="/about/privacy-policy" title="">Privacy Policy</a></li>
<li class="leaf last"><a href="/about/contact-us" title="">Media Inquiries</a></li>
</ul>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-boxes-acs_blocks_credits block block-boxes block-region-odd block-region-count-5 block-floating-right list-style-flat block-margins-left">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div id='boxes-box-acs_blocks_credits' class='boxes-box'><div class="boxes-box-content"><ul class="credits">
<li class="credits-freerange">Site designed by <a href="http://freerange.com">Free Range Studios</a></li>
<li class="credits-jacksonriver">Site developed by <a href="http://jacksonriver.com">Jackson River</a></li>
</ul>
</div></div>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  <div class="block-boxes-acs_blocks_address block block-boxes block-region-even block-region-count-6 block-floating-right">
  
  
  <div class="content clear-block">
    <div id='boxes-box-acs_blocks_address' class='boxes-box'><div class="boxes-box-content"><p>1333 H St, NW, 11th Floor<br />
  Washington, DC 20005</p>
<p>  T. (202) 393-6181<br />
  F. (202) 393-6189<br />
  <a href="mailto:info@ACSLaw.org">info@ACSLaw.org</a></p>
</div></div>  </div>

</div><!-- /end -->
  </div><!-- /end --></div><!-- /end -->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.americanconstitutionsociety.org/sites/default/files/js/js_c9b69d93d9f3366387ff107a04dec7c7.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","googleanalytics":{"trackOutgoing":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls|xml|z|zip"},"cj":null,"getQ":"acsblog\/all\/fourth-amendment","acsBlocks":{"url":"\/chapters\/find-a-chapter\/"}});
//--><!]]>
</script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
/**
 * helper functions borrowed from http://www.quirksmode.org/js/cookies.html
 */

function createCookie(name, value, days) {
	if (days) {
		var date = new Date();
		date.setTime(date.getTime() + (days * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000));
		var expires = "; expires=" + date.toGMTString();
	}
	else {
    var expires = "";
  }

	document.cookie = name + "=" + value + expires + "; path=/";
}

function readCookie(name) {
	var nameEQ = name + "=";
	var ca = document.cookie.split(';');

	for(var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) {
		var c = ca[i];

		while (c.charAt(0) == ' ') {
      c = c.substring(1, c.length);
    }

		if (c.indexOf(nameEQ) == 0) {
      return c.substring(nameEQ.length, c.length);
    }
	}

	return null;
}

function eraseCookie(name) {
	createCookie(name, "", -1);
}


/**
 * helper function from http://prettycode.org/2009/04/21/javascript-query-string/
 */

window.location.querystring = (function() {
  var collection = {};

  // Gets the query string, starts with '?'
  var querystring = window.location.search;

  // Empty if no query string
  if (!querystring) {
    return { toString: function() { return ""; } };
  }

  // Decode query string and remove '?'
  querystring = decodeURI(querystring.substring(1));

  // Load the key/values of the return collection
  var pairs = querystring.split("&");

  for (var i = 0; i < pairs.length; i++) {
    // Empty pair (e.g. ?key=val&&key2=val2)
    if (!pairs[i]) {
      continue;
    }

    // Don't use split("=") in case value has "=" in it
    var seperatorPosition = pairs[i].indexOf("=");

    if (seperatorPosition == -1) {
      collection[pairs[i]] = "";
    }
    else {
      collection[pairs[i].substring(0, seperatorPosition)] = pairs[i].substr(seperatorPosition + 1);
    }
  }

  // toString() returns the key/value pairs concatenated
  collection.toString = function() {
    return "?" + querystring;
  };

  return collection;
})();


/**
 * custom code for market_source
 */

jQuery(document).ready(function() {
  var querystring = window.location.querystring;

  if (querystring["ms"]) {
    createCookie("market_source_ms", querystring["ms"], 0.25);
  }

  if (querystring["cid"]) {
    createCookie("market_source_cid", querystring["cid"], 0.25);
  }

  if (readCookie("market_source_initial_referrer") == null) {
    createCookie("market_source_initial_referrer", document.referrer, 0.25);
  }
});
//--><!]]>
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
var _gaq = _gaq || [];_gaq.push(["_setAccount", "UA-8049998-1"]);_gaq.push(["_trackPageview"]);(function() {var ga = document.createElement("script");ga.type = "text/javascript";ga.async = true;ga.src = ("https:" == document.location.protocol ? "https://ssl" : "http://www") + ".google-analytics.com/ga.js";var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s);})();
//--><!]]>
</script>
    
    <script language='JavaScript' type='text/javascript'>if (self==top){document.write("<scr" + "ipt type='text/javascript' language='JavaScript' id='GeniusCode' src='" + location.protocol + '//daagh.rsvpgenius.com/mgTrack1.js?mgcid=bc60idJ' + "'><\/scr" + "ipt>");}</script>

  </body><!-- /end -->
</html>
<!-- Page cached by Boost @ 2012-01-31 22:30:40, expires @ 2012-01-31 23:30:40 -->
