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<br><font size=+3>Thurgood Marshall</font>
<br><font size=+1>Associate Justice, United States Supreme Court</font></td>

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<br><img SRC="tmarshall-10.jpg" ALT="Thurgood Marshall PHOTO" BORDER=3 height=217 width=150>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Born July 2, 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland, he
graduated from Lincoln University in Oxford, Pennsylvania.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">He served as counsel and chief counsel for
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),
and argued the groundbreaking case of Brown vs. Board of Education before
the United States Supreme Court which effectively made segregration of
the races in public schools illegal.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">In 1967, President Lyndon Johnson appointed
him to the Supreme Court, replacing the retiring Justice Tom Clark of Texas.
He was the first black to serve on the Court and was, in most reports,
an almost larger-than-life figure there.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">He stepped down from the Court in July 1991
due to failing health and died of heart failure on January 24, 1993 at
Bethesda Naval Medical Center in Maryland.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">He was buried in Section 5 of Arlington National
Cemetery, near the graves of fellow Justices, <a href="owholmes.htm">Oliver
Wendell Holmes, Jr.</a>, <a href="wdouglas.htm">William O. Douglas</a>,
<a href="wbrennan.htm">William
J. Brennan </a>and <a href="potterst.htm">Potter Stewart.</a></font></b>
<br>
<hr WIDTH="100%"><b><font color="#3333FF">January 25, 1993</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#3333FF">OBITUARY</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#3333FF">Thurgood Marshall, Civil Rights Hero, Dies
at 84</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Thurgood Marshall, pillar of the civil rights
revolution, architect of the legal strategy that ended the era of official
segregation and the first black Justice of the Supreme Court, died today.
A major figure in American public life for a half-century, he was 84 years
old.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Toni House, the Court's spokeswoman, said Justice
Marshall died of heart failure at Bethesda Naval Medical Center in Maryland
at 2 P.M.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Justice Marshall, who retired from the High
Court in 1991, had been scheduled to administer the oath of office to Vice
President Al Gore on Wednesday, but his failing health prevented him from
doing so.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Thurgood Marshall was a figure of history well
before he began his 24-year service on the Supreme Court on Oct. 2, 1967.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">During more than 20 years as director-counsel
of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, he was the principal architect
of the strategy of using the courts to provide what the political system
would not: a definition of equality that assured black Americans the full
rights of citizenship.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Landmark Triumph in 1954&nbsp;</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">His greatest legal victory came in 1954 with
the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which declared
an end to the "separate but equal" system of racial segregation then in
effect in the public schools of 21states.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Despite the years of turmoil that followed
the unanimous decision, the Court left no doubt that it was bringing an
end to the era of official segregation in all public institutions. Many
questions lingered after so monumental a transformation, and the Court
continued to confront issues involving the legacy of segregation even after
Justice Marshall retired.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">As a civil rights lawyer, Mr. Marshall devised
the legal strategy and headed the team that brought the school desegregation
issue before the Court. An experienced Supreme Court advocate by that time,
he argued the case himself in the straightforward, plain-spoken manner
that was the hallmark of his courtroom style. Asked by Justice Felix Frankfurter
during the argument what he meant by "equal," Mr. Marshall replied, "Equal
means getting the same thing, at the same time, and in the same place."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">He won many other important civil rights cases,
including a challenge to the whites-only primary elections in Texas. This
device was commonly used by white Southern politicians to disenfranchise
blacks.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">He also won a major Supreme Court case in which
the Court declared that restrictive covenants that barred blacks from buying
or renting homes could not be enforced in state courts.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">'Heroic Imagination' In a Ruthless World</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Mr. Marshall, who was born and reared in Baltimore,
was excluded from the all-white law school at the University of Maryland.
Later he brought successful lawsuits that integrated not only that school
but also several other state university systems. He received his legal
education at the law school of Howard University in Washington, D.C., the
nation's pre-eminent black university, where he graduated first in his
class in 1933 and made the personal and intellectual connections that shaped
his future career.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Years later, the University of Maryland named
its law library for him, and the City of Baltimore honored him by placing
a bronze likeness, more than eight feet tall, outside the Federal courthouse.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"To do what he did required a heroic imagination,"
Paul Gewirtz, one of Justice Marshall's former law clerks, wrote in a tribute
published after the Justice retired from the Court.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">The article by Mr. Gewirtz, the Potter Stewart
Professor of Constitutional Law at Yale Law School, continued: "He grew
up in a ruthlessly discriminatory world -- a world in which segregation
of the races was pervasive and taken for granted, where lynching was common,
where the black man's inherent inferiority was proclaimed widely and wantonly.
Thurgood Marshall had the capacity to imagine a radically different world,
the imaginative capacity to believe that such a world was possible, the
strength to sustain that image in the mind's eye and the heart's longing,
and the courage and ability to make that imagined world real."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Yet Justice Marshall was not satisfied with
what he had achieved, believing that the Constitution's promise of equality
remained unfulfilled and that his work was therefore unfinished.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">A Voice of Anger And Disappointment&nbsp;</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">For much of his Supreme Court career, as the
Court's majority increasingly drew back from affirmative action and other
remedies for discrimination that he believed were still necessary to combat
the nation's legacy of racism, Justice Marshall used dissenting opinions
to express his disappointment and anger.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">In 1978, for example, in the Bakke case, in
which the Court found it&nbsp; unconstitutional for a state-run medical
school to reserve 16 of 100 places in the entering class for black and
other minority students, Justice Marshall filed</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#3333FF">a separate 16-page opinion tracing the black
experience in America.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"In light of the sorry history of discrimination
and its devastating impact on the lives of Negroes," he wrote, "bringing
the Negro into the mainstream of American life should be a state interest
of the highest order. To fail to do so is to insure that America will forever
remain a divided society."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">He dissented in City of Richmond v. Croson,
a 1989 ruling in which the Court declared unconstitutional a municipal
ordinance setting aside 30 percent of public contracting dollars for companies
owned by blacks or members of other minorities. The Court majority called
the program a form of state-sponsored racism that was no less offensive
to the Constitution than a policy officially favoring whites.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">In his dissenting opinion, Justice Marshall
said that in reaching that conclusion "a majority of this Court signals
that it regards racial discrimination as largely a phenomenon of the past,
and that government bodies need no longer preoccupy themselves with rectifying
racial injustice."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">He added: "I, however, do not believe this
nation is anywhere close to eradicating racial discrimination or its vestiges.
In constitutionalizing its wishful thinking, the majority today does a
grave disservice not only to those victims of past and present racial discrimination
in this nation whom government has sought to assist, but also to this Court's
long tradition of approaching issues of race with the utmost sensitivity."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">'Great Dissenter' As Political Prophet&nbsp;</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Although he wrote a number of important majority
opinions for the Court, his most powerful voice was in dissent, and not
only in the area of racial discrimination. Like his friend and closest
ally, Justice William J. Brennan Jr., who retired the year before he did,
Justice Marshall believed that the death penalty was unconstitutional under
all circumstances. He dissented from all decisions in which the Court upheld
application of the death penalty, and he wrote more than 150 dissenting
opinions in cases in which the Court had refused to hear death penalty
appeals.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">In an article published after his retirement,
Kathleen M. Sullivan, a Harvard Law School professor, called Justice Marshall
"the great dissenter."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"We may read his eloquent admonitions in dissent
as prophecies for another (perhaps distant) era when the political pendulum
swings again," Professor Sullivan wrote. "With his departure goes part
of the conscience of the Court -- a reminder of the human consequences
of legal decisions."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">While the phrase "first black Supreme Court
Justice" was attached so often to his name that it appeared to be part
of his official title, it was a partial definition at best, scarcely encompassing
the unusual range of legal experience that Justice Marshall brought to
the Court.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">By the time President Lyndon B. Johnson named
him to succeed Justice Tom C. Clark, who had retired, Mr. Marshall had
argued 32 cases before the Supreme Court and won 29 of them. He argued
14 of those cases as a private lawyer and 18 as Solicitor General of the
United States, the Federal Government's chief advocate in the Supreme Court.
President Johnson had named him to that position in 1965, two years before
nominating him to the Supreme Court.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">From 1961 to 1965, Thurgood Marshall was a
Federal appeals court judge, named by President John F. Kennedy to the
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in Manhattan. He
wrote 112 opinions on that court, none of which was overturned on appeal.
Several of his dissenting opinions were eventually adopted as majority
opinions by the Supreme Court.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">He had at first been hesitant to accept President
Kennedy's offer of a seat on the appeals court, fearing that his allies
in the civil rights movement would think that he was deserting the struggle.
"I had to fight it out with myself," he said in an interview some years
ago. "But by then I had built up a staff -- a damned good staff -- an excellent
board, and the backing that would let them go ahead. And when one has an
opportunity to serve the Government, he should think twice before passing
it up."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">The Thurgood Marshall whom the public saw in
his old age was a gruff, lumbering figure, his pace slowed by extra pounds
and shortness of breath, his eyesight impaired by glaucoma. Outspoken and
impolitic, he stirred up minor storms by making cutting remarks in public,
highly unusual for a Supreme Court Justice, about major public figures.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"I wouldn't do the job of dogcatcher for Ronald
Reagan," he said in an interview in 1989. The next year, referring to President
Bush, he said in a televised interview: "It's said that if you can't say
something good about a dead person, don't say it. Well, I consider him
dead."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Behind the Mask, A Fine Storyteller</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">In the courtroom Justice Marshall's face was
an inscrutable mask. He said little during the argument sessions, growling
occasionally at lawyers who were struggling lamely through their arguments
and sometimes training his sarcasm on his own colleagues. During a death
penalty argument in 1981, William H. Rehnquist, then an Associate Justice,
suggested that the inmate's repeated appeals had cost the taxpayers too
much money. Justice Marshall interrupted, saying, "It would have been cheaper
to shoot him right after he was arrested, wouldn't it?"</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">But those who knew him well said that behind
the mask was a man with an earthy sense of humor, a spellbinding storyteller
with an anecdote from his own long life for every occasion.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Justice Brennan, in a tribute to his friend
published in the Harvard Law Review, wrote about Justice Marshall's storytelling
abilities. "The locales are varied -- from dusty courtrooms in the Deep
South, to a confrontation with General MacArthur in the Far East, to the
drafting sessions for the Kenyan Constitution," Justice Brennan wrote.
"They are brought to life by all the tricks of the storyteller's art: the
fluid voice, the mobile eyebrows, the sidelong glance, the pregnant pause
and the wry smile."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">The stories were meant not only to entertain
but also to serve "a deeper purpose," Justice Brennan said.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"They are his way of preserving the past while
purging it of its bleakest moments," he said. "They are also a form of
education for the rest of us. Surely, Justice Marshall recognized that
the stories made us -- his colleagues&nbsp; -- confront walks of life we
had never known."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Many of his stories recalled the hostility,
the harassment and, not infrequently, the danger he had faced as a civil
rights lawyer, traveling some 50,000 miles a year throughout the South
representing
black clients and unpopular causes. One story he told was of being arrested
on a trumped-up charge of drunken driving while leaving a Tennessee town
in which he and a colleague had just won an acquittal for a black defendant.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">As Justice Marshall recounted the incident
in an interview, he was brought before a magistrate, who told him: "If
you're not drunk, will you take my test? Will you blow in my face? I'm
a teetotaler and I can smell the least bit of whisky."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"He was a short man," recalled Justice Marshall,
who was himself 6 feet 2 inches tall and weighed well over 200 pounds.
"I put my hands on his shoulders and breathed just as hard as I could into
the man's face." The case was dismissed.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"We drove to Nashville," the Justice added.
"And then, boy, I really wanted a drink!"</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Thurgood Marshall was born in Baltimore on
July 2, 1908. His mother, the former Norma Williams, was a teacher. His
father, William Marshall, had once worked as a Pullman car waiter and later
became a steward at the exclusive, all-white Gibson Island Club on Chesapeake
Bay. A great-grandfather had been taken as a slave from the Congo to the
Eastern Shore of Maryland, where the slaveholder eventually freed him.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Mr. Marshall was named for his paternal grandfather,
who had chosen the name "Thoroughgood" when he enlisted as a private in
the Union Army during the Civil War. His grandson later explained that
he adopted the spelling</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#3333FF">"Thurgood" in grade school because he "got
tired of spelling all that out."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">He described himself as a "hell-raiser" in
school, a circumstance that gave him exposure to the Constitution and lifelong
respect for it. "Instead of making us copy out stuff on the blackboard
after school when we misbehaved, our</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#3333FF">teacher sent us down into the basement to
learn parts of the Constitution," he once recalled. "I made my way through
every paragraph."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">In high school years in Baltimore, he worked
as a delivery boy for a women's clothing store after classes. He waited
on tables to help pay the tuition at Lincoln University in Chester, Pa.,
where he said he "majored in hell-raising."</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#3333FF">He was expelled once for hazing freshmen,
but after being readmitted he became a star debater and graduated with
honors in 1930.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">His mother wanted him to become a dentist,
a safe and lucrative career for a black professional in those days, but
he was determined to become a lawyer. Enrolling at Howard University Law
School meant a long daily commute from Baltimore because he could not afford
housing at the school. His mother pawned her wedding and engagement rings
to pay the law school's entrance fees.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">At Howard he met a man who would influence
the course of his life, Charles Hamilton Houston, then the law school's
vice dean. Mr. Houston, a Harvard Law School graduate who later served
as chief counsel to the National</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#3333FF">Association for the Advancement of Colored
People and who became the first black lawyer to win a case before the Supreme
Court, imbued his students with the goal of using the law to attack institutional
racism.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"Charlie Houston insisted that we be social
engineers rather than lawyers," Justice Marshall said in an interview published
in the American Bar Association Journal in 1992.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">The Justice often credited Mr. Houston, who
died in 1950 at the age of 54, as his mentor. Referring to the 1954 Brown
v. Board of Education decision, he said in the bar association interview:
"The school case was really Charlie's victory. He just never got a chance
to see it."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">A Basic Strategy To End Segregation</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">After earning his law degree Mr. Marshall opened
a law office in Baltimore. The nation was in the fourth year of the Depression.
He found himself handling civil rights cases for impoverished clients and
was soon $1,000 in debt. But his courtroom victories, including his successful
challenge to segregation at the University of Maryland Law School, began
to be noticed. In 1936 Mr. Houston, by then the chief counsel of the N.A.A.C.P.,
recruited him for a $2,600-a-year job on the organization's legal staff
in New York. Two years later, when Mr. Houston returned to Washington,
Mr. Marshall succeeded to the chief counsel's title but continued to work
closely with his mentor.&nbsp;</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Pursuing a long-range strategy to eradicate
segregation, the two men concentrated first on graduate and professional
schools, believing that white judges were most likely to be offended by
segregation in that setting and to sympathize with the ambitious young
black college graduates who were the plaintiffs in the cases. As successes
mounted, the two turned their attention to segregation in public high schools
and elementary schools.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"Under Marshall, the N.A.A.C.P.'s legal staff
became the model for public interest law firms," Mark Tushnet, one of the
Justice's biographers who was also one of his law clerks, wrote in the
American Bar Association Journal.&nbsp; "Marshall was thus one of the first
public interest lawyers. His commitment to racial justice led him and his
staff to develop ways of thinking about constitutional litigation that
have been enormously influential far beyond the areas of segregation and
discrimination."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">In its public school cases, the initial focus
of the N.A.A.C.P., and later of the NAACP Legal Defense and&nbsp; Educational
Fund, which became a separate entity in 1957, was to seek to equalize the
resources available to the all-black schools in segregated systems. Mr.
Marshall persuaded the organization's board to abandon that approach and
to refuse to take on any cases that did not challenge the fact of segregation
itself.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">The new policy was controversial within the
N.A.A.C.P. and prompted resignations by several black lawyers on whom the
organization had relied to handle cases in the South. Mr. Marshall was
not deterred, and took on many of the cases himself. He traveled constantly
and was in charge of as many as 450 cases at a time. "I was on the verge
of a nervous breakdown for a long time, but I never quite made the grade,"
he once said.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Robert L. Carter, an associate of Mr. Marshall's
from those days who later became a Federal district judge in New York,
recalled their travels through the South in an article published in The
Harvard Law Review.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"Having grown up in Maryland, Marshall had
a slight Southern accent," Mr. Carter wrote. "But when our opponents were
Southern lawyers, which was virtually all the time, his accent would become
much more pronounced. Before and after the case was called, Marshall would
joke with the opposing counsel or exchange some pleasantry, all in a Southern
accent so broad that he sounded as if he had lived all his life in the
deep rural South. The practice irritated me at first. The very lawyers
Marshall's Southern drawl would put at ease were defending a system we
detested."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Mr. Carter wrote that he gradually understood
that his friend "was attempting to communicate to these men that, although
we were on opposite sides of an emotionally charged lawsuit, we were lawyers
representing our clients and</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#3333FF">had no personal quarrel with each other."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">'The Right Man And the Right Place'</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">By 1961, when President Kennedy named him to
the Federal appeals court, Thurgood Marshall was the best known black lawyer
in the United States. A group of Southern senators held up his confirmation
for months, and he served initially under a special appointment made during
a Congressional recess. Six years later, President Johnson said that placing
Judge Marshall on the Supreme Court was "the right thing to do, the right
time to do it, the right man and the right place."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Liberals still dominated the Court in the closing
years of Chief Justice Earl Warren's tenure, and Justice Marshall fit in
comfortably with such colleagues as Justices Brennan and William O. Douglas.
In his early years on the Court, Justice Marshall cast only a handful of
dissenting votes.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Inexorably, the ideological landscape changed.
By the time Justice Marshall announced his retirement, on June 27, 1991,
he had served longer than all but one of the sitting Justices -- Byron
R. White, who was named by President Kennedy in 1962 -- and was more liberal
than any of them. In his final term he dissented in 25 of 112 cases.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Among Justice Marshall's important majority
opinions for the Court was Amalgamated Food Employees Union v. Logan Valley
Plaza, in 1968, which held that a shopping center was a "public forum"
much like an old downtown</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#3333FF">city street, from which the private owners
could not exclude picketers.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">His majority opinion in Stanley v. Georgia,
in 1969, held that the private possession of pornography could not be subject
to prosecution. "If the First Amendment means anything," he wrote in that
case, "it means that a state has</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#3333FF">no business telling a man, sitting alone in
his own house, what books he may read or what films he may watch."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">He wrote the majority opinion in Bounds v.
Smith, a 1977 case holding that state prison systems are constitutionally
obliged to provide inmates with "adequate law libraries or adequate assistance
from persons trained in the law."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">A Vigorous Dissent In a Schools Case&nbsp;</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">One of his best known dissents was a 63-page
opinion in a 1973 case, San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez. The majority
in that case held, by a 5-to-4 vote, that the Constitution's guarantee
of equal protection was not violated by the property tax system used by
Texas and most other states to finance public education. Under the system
districts with generous tax bases can afford to provide better schools
than less wealthy districts.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">In his dissenting opinion, Justice Marshall
accused the majority of an "unsupportable acquiescence in a system which
deprives children in their earliest years of the chance to reach their
full potential as citizens."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">He argued that the right to an education should
be regarded as a "fundamental" constitutional right, and that state policies
that have the effect of discriminating on the basis of wealth should be
subject to especially searching judicial scrutiny.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"In my judgment," he wrote, "the right of every
American to an equal start in life, so far as the provision of a state
service as important as education is concerned, is far too vital to permit
state discrimination on grounds as tenuous as those presented by this record."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Justice Marshall had often said that he did
not plan to retire, so his decision at the end of the 1990-91 term took
both the Court and the country by surprise.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">One person familiar with the Court recalled
that when Justice Marshall informed his colleagues of his plan, at the
Justices' final private conference of the term, even the members of the
Court who had clashed with him long and often on matters of law and policy
were deeply moved. Exclaiming "Oh, Thurgood!" Chief Justice Rehnquist embraced
Justice Marshall in a bear hug. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wept.</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Justice Marshall, a few days shy of his 83d
birthday, gave health as the reason for his retirement. At a news conference
the next day he was asked, "What's wrong with you, sir?"</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">"What's wrong with me?" Justice Marshall replied.
"I'm old. I'm getting old and coming apart."</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#3333FF">Justice Marshall's first wife, the former Vivien
Burey, whom he married in 1929, died of cancer in February 1955. In December
of that year he married Cecilia Suyat, known as Cissy. They had two sons,
Thurgood Jr., legislative-affairs coordinator for the Office of the Vice
President and previously a lawyer on the staff of the Senate Judiciary
Committee, and John, a member of the Virginia state police.</font></b><b><font color="#3333FF"></font></b>
<p><img SRC="thurgood-marshall-gravesite-photo-august-2006.jpg" ALT="Thurgood Marshall Gravesite PHOTO" BORDER=4 height=480 width=640>
<br><a href="mailto:rcj914@ameritech.net">Photo Couresy of Russell C. Jacobs,
August 2006
<hr WIDTH="100%"></a><b><font face="Arial Narrow"><font color="#000099"><font size=-1>Updated:
24 January 2001 Updated: 13 January 2002 Updated: 23 May 2003 Updated:
3 November 2005 Updated: 23 August 2006</font></font></font></b></td>

<td ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR="#CCCCCC"><img SRC="amer-mem.gif" height=31 width=128></td>
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