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                    <td class="hdr_colright">The Downing Urn in the Enid A. Haupt 
                      Garden</td>
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            <td colspan="3"> <p><b><font size=+1><img src="full_sl.jpg" width="112" height="161" hspace="5" vspace="2" align="left"></font></b></p>
              <blockquote>
                <p class="note style6">&quot;The taste of an individual, as well as that of a nation, will be in direct proportion to 
                  the profound sensibility with which he perceives the beautiful in natural scenery. Open wide, therefore, the doors of your libraries and picture galleries all ye true republicans! Build halls where knowledge shall be freely diffused among 
                  men, and not shut up within the narrow walls of narrower institutions. Plant spacious parks in your cities, and unclose their gates as wide as the gates of morning to 
              the whole people.&quot;<br> 
              - Inscription on the  Urn, from Downing's <em>Rural Essays</em></p>
                <p>The Downing Urn in the Smithsonian&rsquo;s   Enid   A. Haupt Garden was originally erected on the   National Mall in 1856 in memory of landscape designer Andrew Jackson   Downing.
                </p>
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                    <td class="hdr_colright">About Andrew Jackson Downing</td>
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            <td colspan="3"> <p><b><font size=+2><img src="ald_prt.jpg" alt="Andrew Jackson Downing" width="171" height="258" align="right"></font></b><br> 
                
                Andrew Jackson Downing was born in Newburgh, New York on October 31, 1815.&nbsp; He wasconsidered a bright, even precocious, child.&nbsp; His father had 
                been a wheelwright and later started a nursery around 1810.&nbsp; 
                Samuel Downing�s death in 1823 left A. J.�s elder brother Charles 
                in charge of the family business. He was joined by A. J. in 
                1831, who had abandoned formal education at the age of sixteen.&nbsp; 
                As early as 1832, A. J. and Charles began to publish articles and 
              notes in various horticultural journals of the day. </p>
              <p>In 1841 at the age of 26, A. J. published 
                a solo work: <i>A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape 
                Gardening Adapted to North America; with a View to the Improvement 
                of Country Residences</i>.&nbsp; This text was the first true 
                attempt to develop an American aesthetic of landscape gardening.&nbsp; 
                As with many  first approximations, much remains unclear about Downing�s 
                intentions and underlying theory; it cannot be denied, however, that the work was well received during his lifetime both here 
                and in Europe and remained an influential work for many years. 
              <p>While many  would be content to rest on their laurels, 
                Downing continued to produce a prodigious amount of work.&nbsp; 
                His <i>Treatise</i> went through multiple editions.&nbsp;<a href="hort.jpg"><img src="hort_small.jpg" width="150" height="65" border="0" align="right"></a>He 
                edited the <i>Horticulturist</i>, a journal of �Rural Art and 
                Rural Taste,�&nbsp; and wrote  a book featuring plans of cottages 
                and villas.&nbsp;Downing attended the first American Congress of Fruit Growers (the precursor to the American Pomological Society) in October 1848 at which time he was designated chair of its Fruit Committee. 
              <p>Throughout his writings, Downing was finding 
                a new way for himself.&nbsp; While undeniably influenced by European, 
                especially English, writers, he recognized that America should 
                not and could not slavishly emulate European gardening styles.&nbsp; 
                First, Americans should make  use of American material, hence 
                his on-going interest in any and all native American species.&nbsp; 
                Second, America, at least nominally, was not aristocratic and 
                should celebrate it republicanism, hence his designs for middle 
                class and a few lower class cottages and gardens.&nbsp; He also 
                understood that his country was young and still 
                rapidly expanding and that horticulture could serve as a way to 
                attach the white settlers to their new home.&nbsp; Finally, he 
                recognized two important developments in horticulture: the rise 
                of scientific inquiries and the development of a class of professional 
                landscape designers/gardeners who were artisans, not artists. These developments 
                often left Downing struggling to 
                maintain a consistent perspective, both in his writings and 
                his commissions.&nbsp; For example, these two quotes both refer 
                to Downing, but present two different sets of expectations:
              <blockquote>
                <p><em>Like his books better than himself.&nbsp; He is a Yankee not 
                  thoroughbred.&nbsp; Landscape gardening with him is a profession 
                  &amp; not a liberal taste, and he talks with a professional 
                  air.&nbsp; I dislike �bread-studies� &amp; artizanship, &amp; 
                  the smell of the shop destroys my pleasure in any subject however 
                  interesting in itself.</em><br>
                  <br>
                  � From the diary of Sidney George Fisher, 
                  a Philadelphia gentleman.&nbsp; </p>
                <p><em>To readers like us, educated between the plow-handles, it 
                  would be pleasant to have the various extracts in French, Spanish, 
                  Latin and Italian, rendered into English, the only language 
                  which, having once learned, we have not become somewhat rusty 
                  in. </em><br>
                  <br>� Part of a review of Downing�s <i>A Treatise</i>, 
                  second edition, in the <i>Cultivator</i>.<br>
              <p>              </blockquote></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="1"></td>
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                  border=0>
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                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
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                        width=580></td>
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                        width=10></td>
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                    <td><img height=13 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td class="hdr_colright">Downing's Plans 
                      for the Mall </td>
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                        width=8></td>
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                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
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                        width=580></td>
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                        width=10></td>
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            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="40" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="530" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
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            <td height="124"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="10"></td>
            <td colspan="3"> <p><img src="wdc_b_small.jpg" alt="Washington DC in 1852" width="150" height="78" align="left">The 
              culmination of all that Downing had been working towards was encapsulated 
              in his plans for the Mall in Washington, D.C.&nbsp; In L�Enfant�s 
              original plan, the L-shaped area extending from the residence of 
              the President to the Capitol was to be a grand avenue.&nbsp; </p>
              <p><br>
              <p><img src="wdc1852_small.jpg" alt="(Artist's rendition of some of Downing's Ideas)" width="150" height="86" hspace="5" vspace="2" align="left">However, 
                since L'Enfant's plan, little landscaping had been done and a large 
                Norman castle (the Smithsonian Institution) had been constructed 
                between the two classically inspired end points.&nbsp; The first 
                Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Joseph Henry, among others, 
                had noticed the odd vista this juxtaposition presented and thought 
                a new approach to the plantings might help lessen the incongruity.&nbsp;<br>            
                </p></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="1"></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="1" height="12" alt=""></td>
          </tr>
          <tr valign="top"> 
            <td height="89"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="1"></td>
            <td colspan="3"><p><img src="plan2_small.jpg" width="155" height="80" hspace="5" vspace="2" align="left">Downing, 
                recognized as a leader in the field, was invited by President 
                Millard Fillmore to �give a general plan of the improvement to 
                be made.�&nbsp; Downing accepted and after touring the site in 
                1850, spent three months drafting his solution, which he presented 
                to the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution on February 27, 
                1851.&nbsp;</p>              </td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="1"></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td colspan="5"><hr></td>
          </tr>
          <tr valign="top"> 
            <td height="372"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="1"></td>
            <td colspan="3"><img src="arc.jpg" alt="Marble Arch" width="133" height="115" hspace="5" vspace="2" align="right"> 
              
              <p>&nbsp;</p>
              <p><b>The Marble Arch</b> - a large marble arch at the end of Pennsylvania 
                  Avenue would have served as the principal entrance to the Mall, 
                  while a large set of gates at the Capitol end would serve as 
              a counter point.</p>
              <p>&nbsp;</p>
              <br>
              <p><b>The President�s Park or Parade</b> - located behind the 
                  Executive Mansion; an open area for military reviews or festivals<br>
                <br>
              </p>
              <p><b>Monument Park</b> - centered around the still incomplete 
                  Washington Monument, this area would be filled with native  
                  trees.</p>
              <p><b>Evergreen Garden</b> - a museum of every species of evergreen 
                  that would grow in Washington, D.C. to provide some color to 
                  the capital during the bleak winter  months.</p>
              <p><b>Smithsonian Park or Pleasure Grounds </b>- trees and evergreens 
                  carefully placed to highlight the Smithsonian Castle.</p>
              <p><b>Fountain Park </b>- an artificial lake and fountains would 
                  tie into the landscaping around the greenhouses of the U.S. 
                  Botanic Garden.</p>
              <p><img src="bridge_small.jpg" alt="suspension bridge" width="150" height="89" hspace="5" vspace="2" align="right"></p>
              <p><b>The Suspension Bridge </b>- connecting the Parade to the rest 
                  of the mall would have been a suspension bridge across the Tiber 
              Canal.</p>
              <ul>
              </ul></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="1"></td>
          </tr>
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            <td height="10" colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""></td>
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                        width=10></td>
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                        width=580></td>
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                        width=10></td>
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                        width=10></td>
                    <td class="hdr_colright"><a name="death" id="death"></a> Downing's Death</td>
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                        width=8></td>
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                        width=10></td>
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                        width=580></td>
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                        width=10></td>
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          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="40" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="530" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td colspan="5">&nbsp;</td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td></td>
            <td colspan="3" valign="top"><img src="hc_small.jpg" alt="The sinking of Henry Clay" width="150" height="82" align="left">On 
              July 28, 1852, Downing, his wife, her mother, brother and sister 
              were passengers on a large river boat plying between Albany 
              and New York.&nbsp; Unbeknownst to the passengers, their ship, the 
              <i>Henry Clay</i>, was in a race with a competing line�s boat, the 
              <i>Armenia</i>.&nbsp; As the ships raced down the Hudson, the <i>Henry 
              Clay's </i>boiler apparently overheated  and caught fire.&nbsp; 
              A perhaps apocryphal story has Downing staying on board to 
              throw deck chairs to people who had jumped in the river. He and his mother-in-law were among the over fifty 
              people killed, though his wife and her siblings did survive.&nbsp;            </td>
            <td></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td height="10" colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td colspan="5"> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=299 bgcolor=CEE9B2 
                  border=0>
                <tbody>
                  <tr> 
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=580></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr> 
                    <td><img height=13 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td class="hdr_colright">The Memorial                    </td>
                    <td><img height=13 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=8></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr> 
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=580></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="40" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="530" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td height="352"></td>
            <td colspan="3" valign="top"><p><img src="full_cs.jpg" alt="Downing Urn " width="267" height="345" hspace="5" vspace="2" align="left"></p>
              <p>&nbsp;</p>
              <p>The 
                shock and grief at Downing�s death were immediate and he was mourned 
                as a irreplaceable national asset. Shortly after his death, a 
                subscription was taken by the American Pomological Society to 
                erect a memorial to Downing. </p>
              <p>Calvert Vaux designed an urn which was  sculpted from 
                marble by Robert E. Launitz. The placement of the urn was a matter 
                of some debate. One group preferred a location along the Hudson 
                River which was so obviously Downing�s love, while another  
                proposed a location amidst the new national park which Downing 
                had designed. </p>
              <p>Since Downing's plans for the National 
                Mall were never carried out he has faded from popular consciousness 
                and few people are aware of the presence of his memorial in the Enid 
              A. Haupt Garden, let alone its significance. </p>
              <p><br>
                <img src="blue_prt_small.jpg" width="150" height="126" hspace="5" vspace="2" align="right"></p>
              <p>&nbsp;</p>
              <p>In 
                1972, the Smithsonian Institution undertook an extensive restoration of the Downing Urn, 
                which was badly deteriorated after over a century in the open 
            air. It was moved to its present location in the Haupt Garden in 1989.&nbsp;</p></td>
            <td></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td height="10" colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td colspan="5"> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=299 bgcolor=CEE9B2 
                  border=0>
                <tbody>
                  <tr> 
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=580></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr> 
                    <td><img height=13 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td class="hdr_colright">The Inscriptions</td>
                    <td><img height=13 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=8></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr> 
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=580></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="40" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="530" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td></td>
            <td colspan="3" valign="top"><p>The following words are inscribed 
                on the faces of the pedestal supporting the Downing Urn:
              <blockquote>
                <p align="left"><span class="style3 style5">&quot;The taste of an individual, as well as that of a nation, will be in direct proportion to 
                  the profound sensibility with which he perceives the beautiful in natural scenery. Open wide, therefore, the doors of your libraries and picture galleries all ye true republicans! Build halls where knowledge shall be freely diffused among 
                  men, and not shut up within the narrow walls of narrower institutions. Plant spacious parks in your cities, and unclose their gates as wide as the gates of morning to 
                  the whole people.&quot;</span></p>
                <p>- From Downing�s <em>Rural Essays </em><br>
                </p>
                <hr>
                <br>
                <span class="style5">�Weep no more� <br>
                For Lycidus your sorrow is not dead, <br>
                Sunk through he be beneath the wat�ry floor, <br>
                So sinks the day-star in the ocean bed, <br>
                and yet, anon, repairs his drooping head, <br>
                And tricks his beams and with new spangled ore <br>
                Flames in the forehead of the morning sky <br>
                So Lycidus sunk low, but mounted high <br>
                Through the dear might of Him that walked the waves</span> <br>
                </p>
                <hr>
                <p>
                  <span class="style5">I wake, I rise, <br>
                  I climb the hill from end to end <br>
                  Of all the landscape underneath <br>
                  I find no place that does not breathe <br>
                  Some gracious memory of my friend. <br>
  &nbsp;                </span></p>
                <p class="style5">�Tis held that sorrow makes us wise, <br>
                  Yet how much wisdom sleeps with thee, <br>
                  Which not alone had guided me, <br>
                  But served the seasons that may rise. <br>
&nbsp;                </p>
                <p class="style5">And doubtless unto thee is given, <br>
                  A life that bears immortal fruit, <br>
                  In such great offices as suit <br>
                  The full grown energies of Heaven. <br>
&nbsp;                </p>
                <p><span class="style5">And love will last as pure and whole <br>
                  As when he loved me here in time, <br>
                  And at the spiritual prime <br>
                Re-awaken with the dawning soul. </span><br>
                <br>
                </p>
            </blockquote>            </td>
            <td></td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td colspan="5"><table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=299 bgcolor=CEE9B2 
                  border=0>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=580></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><img height=13 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td class="hdr_colright">Survival of 
                      Downing's Work</td>
                    <td><img height=13 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=8></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=580></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
            </table></td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="40" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="530" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td></td>
            <td colspan="3" valign="top"><p>Gardens are ephemeral. Therefore 
              it is not surprising, though  unfortunate, that little 
              of Downing&rsquo;s work remains  today. In addition 
              to a few houses, the landscape at Springside is the only historically 
              substantiated Downing design which has survived in some form. 
            <p><b>Springside</b> <br>
              Springside, located in Poughkeepsie, New York, was the  residence 
              of Matthew Vassar.&nbsp; He commissioned Downing to design 
              the grounds in 1850.&nbsp; Planted with more than a thousand forest 
              trees, Downing&rsquo;s design was praised as a &ldquo;realization of a painter&rsquo;s 
              dream.&rdquo;&nbsp;  Vassar commissioned a series of paintings of 
              Springside shortly after Downing&rsquo;s death.&nbsp; They provide 
              a beautiful visual testimony of Downing&rsquo;s ideas. 
            <p><b>Central Park</b> <br>
              &nbsp;A more fitting memorial to Downing, perhaps, is Central 
              Park in New York City. While Downing  never directly worked on 
              it, the final product was heavily influenced by his ideas.&nbsp; 
              When the legislators of New York had appropriated money to acquire 
              63 acres bordering the East River, Downing objected.&nbsp; &ldquo;He 
              insisted that a larger, central park was in order, and called 
              for the acquisition of a tract of about 500 acres in the middle 
              of the city.&nbsp; 'Five hundred acres,&rsquo; he asserted, is the smallest 
              area that should be reserved for the future wants of such a city, 
              now, while it may be obtained.&rsquo;&rdquo; (Cantor 1968:335).&nbsp; After 
              Downing&rsquo;s death, the design of Central Park was undertaken by 
              Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted, friends and colleagues 
              of Downing. 
            <p><b>Downing Park</b> <br>
              Another project designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert 
              Vaux, this park in Downing's birthplace of Newburgh, New York, was dedicated in 1897 in honor of Downing&rsquo;s commitment 
              to public parks.&nbsp; A walk through its winding landscape is perhaps 
              the most fitting memorial to Downing. <br></td>
            <td></td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td height="10" colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td height="10" colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td colspan="5"> <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=299 bgcolor=CEE9B2 
                  border=0>
                <tbody>
                  <tr> 
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=580></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr> 
                    <td><img height=13 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td class="hdr_colright">Bibliography                    </td>
                    <td><img height=13 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=8></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr> 
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=580></td>
                    <td><img height=6 alt="" src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" 
                        width=10></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="40" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="530" height="8"></td>
            <td><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" alt="" width="10" height="8"></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td></td>
            <td colspan="3" valign="top"><p><span class="style5"><strong>Unidentified</strong></span>. 1991. Here�s to You, A.J. <i>Historic Preservation</i> 43:11 (November/December). 
              <p><b>Cantor, Jay E.</b> The Museum in the Park. <i>Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i> 
                26(8):333-340. 
              <p><b>Conron, John</b>. 1987. The American Dream Houses of Andrew Jackson Downing.&nbsp; 
                <i>Canadian Review of American Studies </i>18(1):9-40. 
              <p><b>Darby, Wendy Joy. </b>1992. A Reading of Edward Lange�s Landscapes: Text and Context. 
                <i>Long Island Historical Journal </i>4(2):185-199. 
              <p><b>Howett, Catherine M</b>. 1980. Barnsley Gardens: The Facts behind the Fables. <i>Georgia 
                Historical Quarterly </i>64(2):172-189. <br>
                1982. Frank Lloyd Wright &amp; American Residential Landscaping. 
                <i>Landscape </i>26(1):33-40. 
              <p><b>Longsreth, Richard</b>, (ed.). 1991. The Mall in Washington: 1791-1991. <i>Studies in the History 
                of Art</i>, no. 30.&nbsp; National Gallery of art, University 
                Press of New England, Hanover. 
              <p><b>Major, Judith. </b>1986. The Downing Letters. <i>Landscape Architect </i>76:50-57 
                (January/February) <br>
                1997. <i>To live in the New World: A. J. Downing and American Landscape 
                Gardening</i>.&nbsp; MIT Press, Cambridge. 
              <p><b>Miller, Ross L</b>. 1976. The Landscaper�s Utopia versus the city: a Mismatch. <i>New 
                England Quarterly </i>49(2):179-193. 
              <p><b>O� Malley, Theresa</b> 1991. A Public Museum of Trees: Mid-Nineteenth Century Plans 
               for the Mall.&nbsp; <i>Studies in the History of Art </i>30:60-76 
              <p><b>Reps, John W</b>. 1967. Downing and the Washington Mall.&nbsp; <i>Landscape 
                </i>16: 6-11 (Spring 1967). 
              <p><b>Schuyler, David. </b>1991. Belated Honor to a Prophet: Newburgh�s Downing Park. <i>Landscape</i> 
              31(1):10-17.<br><br>
                <b>Schuyler, David.</b> 1996. <i>Apostle of Taste: Andrew Jackson Downing, 1815-1852</i>. 
              
              <p><b>Tatum, George B</b>. 1973. The Emergence of an American School of Landscape Design. 
                <i>Historic Preservation</i> 25(2):34-41. 
              <p><b>Tatum, George B. and Elisabeth Macdougal</b> (eds.) 1989. <i>Prophet with Honor: The Career of Andrew Jackson Downing:1815-1852</i>. 
                The Athenaeum of Philadelphia.&nbsp; Dumbarton Oaks Research Library 
                and Collection, Washington, D.C. 
              <p><b>Toole, Robert M</b>. 1989. Springside: A.J. Downing�s Only Extant Garden. <i>Journal 
                of Garden History </i>9 (1):20-39. 
              <p><b>Washburn, Wilcomb E.</b> 1967. Vision of Life for the Mall. <i>AIA Journal</i> 47:52-59. 
                <br>
              &nbsp;</td>
            <td></td>
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            <td height="10" colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""></td>
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            <td height="10" colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""></td>
          </tr>
          <tr> 
            <td height="10" colspan="5"><img src="../../../../start_files/t.gif" width="10" height="12" alt=""></td>
          </tr>
        </table>
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