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      <center><b><font color="#ff0000"><font size="+3">Florida
Reenactors</font></font></b> <br>
      <b><font color="#ff0000"><font size="+3">Online News Magazine</font></font></b>
      <br>
      <div align="center"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font
 color="#000000" size="3"><strong>written by</strong></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div>
      <div align="center">
      <div><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font
 size="3"><strong>Lieutenant Colonel&nbsp;Robert A. Niepert</strong></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div>
      <div><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font
 size="3"><strong>Commander 3rd Battalion - Hardy's Brigade</strong></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div>
      </div>
      <div align="center"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><a
 href="http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/5thFL.htm"><font
 color="#0000ff" size="3"><strong>http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/5thFL.htm</strong></font></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div>
      <div align="center"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font
 color="#0000ff" size="3"><a href="mailto:mayorbob@embarqmail.com"><strong>mayorbob@embarqmail.com</strong></a></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></font></div>
      <p><b>This News Magazine, its articles, photos and all the</b> <br>
      <b>information contained herein are copyrighted</b> <br>
      <b>and may not be reproduced in any form without</b> <br>
      <b>written permission of the editor and its authors.</b> <br>
&nbsp; <br>
      </p>
      <div>
      <div align="center">
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"
 size="6"><strong>General Information</strong></font></font></div>
      </div>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><strong>Computer
Issues?........<em>Editors Note.... </em></strong>I have installed a
new Norton anti-virus on my computer.&nbsp; I may have it set too
sensitive.&nbsp; I have noticed that I haven't gotten all the emails
people have said they sent to me.&nbsp; If you drop me an email, I
usually answer quickly.&nbsp; If you don't hear from me, please resend
it or call me at 407-448-4871.</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div align="left">
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><strong>11th
FL........</strong>The 11th Florida Co. F. is looking for new
recruits.&nbsp; This is the newest group in our Hardy's Brigade, 1st
Battalion.&nbsp; Families are welcome.&nbsp; Contact Glen Richardson at
      <a href="mailto:cappouch@aol.com">cappouch@aol.com</a> or call
407-877-7472.</font></font></div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif"><strong>Liberty Rifles........</strong>The Liberty
Rifles are a living history organization that portrays the homefront
civilians and common fighting men of the Civil War - both North and
South - to preserve their honored place in American history.&nbsp;
Check out their outstanding website at </font></font><a
 href="http://www.libertyrifles.org/"><font face="MS Serif">http://www.libertyrifles.org/</font></a></font></div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      </div>
      </div>
      <div align="left">
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><strong>Original
Civil War Veterans..........</strong>I wanted to share one of the best
old videos I have seen in a long time.&nbsp; Check out this outstanding
video at <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIJaxu3w4-U">http://www.youtube.com:80/watch?v=MIJaxu3w4-U</a></font></font></div>
      </div>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><strong>Good Food At
Brooksville.................</strong>Gen. Goodrich and his wife Donna
will be selling a BBQ dinner Saturday evening at Brooksville.&nbsp; It
will consist of BBQ pork, beans and coleslaw.&nbsp; The cost is a very
reasonable $5.00.&nbsp; It will be served in take out plates so you can
take it back to your camp to enjoy.&nbsp; If you are interested in a
good dinner at a really good price, email the General at <a
 href="mailto:rcgdmg123@bellsouth.net">rcgdmg123@bellsouth.net</a> so
he can plan on the amount of food he needs to cook.&nbsp; Dinners are
on a first come first served basis.&nbsp; Dinners will be ready at 6:00
PM.</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><strong>Reenactors
Fee..........</strong>I just received word that the Narcoossee event
(March 26th and 27th) will require a $5 per participant reenactors fee.</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><font size="6"><strong>Additional
Events</strong></font></font></div>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><strong></strong>&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><strong>January 8th.</strong>&nbsp;
Brooksville Work Day.&nbsp; Your help is needed at the pre-Brooksville
Raid work day.&nbsp; The tasks will include camp layout, firewood
placement and more.&nbsp; It would be great to have 30 to 35 people
show up.&nbsp; The Brooksville Board will serve lunch for all volunteer
workers.</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><strong>January
8th.</strong>&nbsp; 150th Anniversary of the Exchange of Fort Marion
Event.&nbsp; One day event.&nbsp; First Person interpretive
opportunities are with the understanding that some script or outline of
what the subject matter and verbiage to be used will consist of and are
presented to the NPS Staff at least two weeks prior to the event.&nbsp;
This is a early war event.&nbsp; No CSA items allowed.&nbsp; Florida or
U.S. only.&nbsp; Imagine a mixture of Mexican War, Seminole War,
militia and civil impressions, with all sorts of hats.&nbsp;
Flintlocks, smoothbores, conversion rifles, etc.&nbsp; Spectator events
include morning Colors, infantry drill, artillery firing
demonstrations, reenactment of the exchange of the fort, Contact Jeff
Grzelak at <a href="mailto:jeff1864@cfl.rr.com">jeff1864@cfl.rr.com</a>
or Joe Brehm (Park Ranger) at <a href="mailto:joe_brehm@nps.gov">joe_brehm@nps.gov</a>
      </font></font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><strong>January 8th</strong>.&nbsp;
Sons of Confederate Veterans 8th Brigade will conduct a program
observing Florida's Ordinance of Secession, in the Veteran's Park
(Ocala, FL.) at 1:00 PM.&nbsp; All are invited to attend.&nbsp; If
possible, wear 1860 civilian clothing (not required).&nbsp; Militia are
welcome.&nbsp; Remember there was no Confederacy when Florida left the
Union so there is no need to bring CSA flags or uniforms.&nbsp; Period
musicians, drummers, fiddle players, etc. will be most welcome.&nbsp;
After the program, you are welcome to walk through the park.&nbsp;
Nearby is the Marion County Library and the Marion County Historical
Museum and several restaurants.&nbsp; The park is located at Silver
Springs Blvd. (SR 40) and SE 25th Ave.&nbsp; For more information
contact H.D. Hurst at <a href="mailto:hdhurst@embarqmail.com">hdhurst@embarqmail.com</a>
      </font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><strong>Patriot's
Weekend....February 26 - 27.....</strong>You are invited to participate
in a special Patriot's Weekend - a salute military history.&nbsp; The
living history will take place&nbsp;in St. Augustine, Florida.&nbsp;
The event will&nbsp;be held&nbsp;February 26th and 27th, 2011.&nbsp;
The event hosts want to bring together a military timeline and showcase
at the fountain of Youth Archaeological Park to include demonstrations
and a stirring flag ceremony with all the participants.&nbsp; Their
event will honor all military, past and present.&nbsp; For more
information, contact <a href="mailto:veryhoppy@gmail.com">veryhoppy@gmail.com</a>
      </font></font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><strong><font size="5">Old
Photographs Of Old Reenactors</font></strong></font></div>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif">A while back I came
across an old reenacting photo.&nbsp; I thought how much that person
had changed over the years and how I too have changed.&nbsp; I dug a
little deeper and found a few more photos and then I came up with an
idea.&nbsp; I am asking everyone who reads this magazine to send me a
photo of themselves or a photo of a member of their unit (in reenacting
uniform or civilian dress).&nbsp; The photo you send must be at least
10 years old (hopefully much older).&nbsp; In order to make it easier
to work with when you scan or send the photo, please send it in j-peg
format.&nbsp; Try to keep it around 4 X 5 inches or so.&nbsp; Any
larger and it becomes to distorted when I shrink it down to a usable
size.&nbsp; The photo must be clear and the person or persons must be
identified (include their unit if possible).&nbsp; Also send a recent
photo of that same person so we can compare the two.&nbsp; All photos
must be submitted no later than the end of February.</font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      </div>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><strong><font
 face="MS Serif" size="6">Book Review</font></strong></font></div>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 size="3">
      <div align="center">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Newly
released biography titled <strong>Dr. Edward Maynard "Letters from the
Land of the Tsar 1845 - 1846" America's Pioneering Dental Surgeon
Turned Civil War Gun Inventor</strong>.&nbsp; Researched and written by
a direct <img alt="" src="Maynard.jpg" align="left" border="0"
 height="400" hspace="0" width="324">descendent of Dr. Maynard, this
book includes recently discovered letters written by Dr. Maynard to his
wife Ellen written in 1845 and 1846 as he traveled to St. Petersburg,
Russia, Prussia, France and Belgium describing his daily activities and
observations as he tried to sell his tape primer to the heads of these
foreign kingdoms and perform dental procedures to raise funds.&nbsp; It
also includes new biographical information heretofore unknown except to
family members and Dr. Maynard's life.&nbsp; Dr. Maynard is best known
for the Maynard tape primer, the development of the first metallic
cartridge and the first breech loading rifle.&nbsp; The Maynard Rifle
saw active use by both Union and Confederate Armies during the Civil
War.&nbsp; Maynard had twenty three firearm related patents and several
non firearm patents and he is credited as being the first dentist to
use gold foil to fill cavities in America and Europe, a revolutionary
procedure at the time.&nbsp; Included in this book are photographs of
numerous Maynard prototype firearms never before seen by modern day
collectors and enthusiasts of Dr. Maynard's guns.&nbsp; This newly
released Maynard biography is the first book written exclusively about
this fascinating 19th century dental surgeon and gun inventor; a nice
addition to any Maynard gun enthusiast's library.&nbsp; Hardcover with
dust jacket, 216 pages, 80 illustrations and photographs, $60.00 plus
$5.00 media mail shipping.&nbsp; Payment to Rodney Hatch c/o Iron Horse
Publishing, P.O. Box 433 North Salem, NY 10560.&nbsp; More complete
information at Maynardcarbine.com </div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;</div>
      <font size="3"><font size="3">
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif" size="6"><strong>Recent
Events</strong></font></div>
      <div align="center">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="left">
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"
 class="MsoNormal" align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><b
 style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">RAID ON </span></b><st1:place><st1:placetype><b
 style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">FT.</span></b></st1:placetype><b
 style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><st1:placename><b
 style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">PIERCE</span></b></st1:placename></st1:place><b
 style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 2010<o:p></o:p></span></b></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"
 class="MsoNormal" align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><st1:date
 year="2010" day="3" month="12"><b style=""><span
 style="font-size: 14pt;">December 3-5, 2010</span></b></st1:date><b
 style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"
 class="MsoNormal" align="center"><font face="Times New Roman">by Kathy
Heitman &#8220;The Picture Lady&#8221;<o:p></o:p></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<img
 alt="" src="fpfire.jpg" align="middle" border="0" height="217"
 hspace="0" width="565"></font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font
 face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">This annual
event was held one week earlier than usual.<span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Hosted
by the 8<sup>th</sup> FL Co. C, the 75<sup>th</sup> Ohio Volunteer
Infantry and the St. Lucie County Sheriff&#8217;s Department Explorer Post
#400, it is a family oriented reenactment.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>All
proceeds from the weekend benefit the Explorer Post #400.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>Due to unforeseen circumstances and prior commitments,
along with the scheduling change, there were no cavalrymen or
additional artillery pieces. There were two artillery pieces that were
able to make it which made it nice.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The </span><st1:place><st1:placetype><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Village</span></st1:placetype><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> of </span><st1:placename><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Ft</span></st1:placename></st1:place><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">. Pierce was put up again.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>Unfortunately, some of the Confederate village didn&#8217;t fare
so well over the year.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Only some of the
buildings could be put up again.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>A good
job was done with the buildings that were put up.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Both
the Village of Ft. Pierce and the </span><st1:place><st1:placename><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Confederate</span></st1:placename><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><st1:placetype><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Village</span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> buildings were configured a bit differently
this year with the exception of Reverend Roger&#8217;s church and the
Confederate blacksmith shop that stood once again on the banks of the
canal.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The reenactors made up for those
absences.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>If one didn&#8217;t know what it was
like last year, there was no shortage of ambience this year.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>With the lack of rain in </span><st1:place><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">South Florida</span></st1:place><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> recently, the St. Lucie County Sheriff&#8217;s
Department Bomb Squad could not place as many charges as they had hoped
in the canal and on the battlefield.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>It
turned out to be a great show nonetheless.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font
 face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">At last count,
one thousand school children visited the various instructional stations
set up by the reenactors in the period camps on Friday.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>By </span><st1:time minute="0" hour="13"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">1:00 p.m.</span></st1:time><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> they headed back to school.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>Reenactors continued to filter in during the afternoon and
into the evening hours.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Saturday morning
dawned clear bright and breezy.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Federal
and Confederate Morning Colors were delayed until just before the
battle.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>This was something that was
started last year to enable the crowd to experience what the ceremony
was about.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The timing of the ceremony was
back by popular demand this year.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Colors
will continue this way until further notice. <o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font
 face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><img alt=""
 src="fpdoll.jpg" align="left" border="0" height="220" hspace="0"
 width="186">A well attended Ladies&#8217; Tea was held at the entrance to
the Confederate camps at </span><st1:time minute="0" hour="11"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">11:00 a.m.</span></st1:time><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>This year&#8217;s
theme was Merry Christmas 1863.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>A
Christmas tree decorated with pink cloth ribbons was on display. <span
 style="">&nbsp;</span>Refreshments and delicious snacks were provided.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span><span style="">&nbsp;</span>The talk and
demonstration at the tea was how to make a period rag doll from strips
of various types of cloth like they would have been made during that
period during the war when textiles were at a premium.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>The ladies were presented dinner knives with two pieces of
heavy white card stock glued together with room up the middle to enable
to blade of the knife to slip up inside just enough <span style="">&nbsp;</span>to
enable the handle to stick out.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Beautiful
green and red thin satin ribbons were tied on the knife handles.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>They proved very useful because each one could<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>also double as a fan if it got a bit warm.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span><span style="">&nbsp;</span>The front side of
the card <span style="">&nbsp;</span>had a printed scene from an 1863
Christmas with the words &#8220;Merry Christmas, Raid On Ft. Pierce Ladies&#8217;
Tea, </span><st1:date year="1863" day="4" month="12"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">December 4<sup>th</sup>, 1863</span></st1:date><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The back side
had printed detailed instructions with <span style="">&nbsp;</span>sketches
showing how to assemble the rag dolls.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font
 face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">At </span><st1:time
 minute="30" hour="13"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">1:30 p.m.</span></st1:time><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">, St. Lucie County Sheriff Ken J. Mascara
gave a short speech at the microphone to tell everyone how much the
Department supports this event. <span style="">&nbsp;</span>He said
that support for this event was important because <span style="">&nbsp;</span>it
benefited the St. Lucie County Sheriff&#8217;s Department Explorer Post #400.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>He introduced Sheriff&#8217;s<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Deputy
Sal Anicito who took the reins from Sheriff Barbara after she retired
in 2009. He then handed the microphone to the announcer who would
briefly speak about what the spectators could expect to see during the
coming hour.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>This battle is not
representative of an actual battle.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>It is
a demonstration of how a battle might have been had one been fought in
this area.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font
 face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Federals
came storming out of the Village of Ft. Pierce at </span><st1:time
 minute="0" hour="14"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">2:00 p.m.</span></st1:time><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">, followed by an earsplitting <span style="">&nbsp;</span>Federal
artillery blast.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The Federals vowed to
capture or kill the Confederate forces, take control of the bridge that
spanned the canal thereby enabling them to <span style="">&nbsp;</span>take
control of the Village of Ft. Pierce.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Infantrymen
tore off cartridge tubes, dumped the powder down rifle barrels, threw
the cartridges aside, put caps on the rifles and fired with a frenzy at
the enemy. <span style="">&nbsp;</span>The slight breeze from earlier
in the day became more brisk, so the explosive charges that were laid
in the water in the canal caused the mist from the explosions to waft
toward the viewing stands.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>As usual, the
Bomb Squad made sure the plumes of water flew well over 50-ft. in the
air on the Federal side <img alt="" src="FPusaonbridge.jpg"
 align="right" border="0" height="244" hspace="0" width="272">as a
result of the Confederate artillery fire.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>When
the Federal artillery fired, an explosion went off on the Confederate
side.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>There was a small delay during the
battle because when one of the charges exploded in grass on the
Confederate side it started a fire.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Fortunately,
the Fire Department that was on site with the help of the reenactor
canteens helped to quickly douse it.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>After
a brief respite, one of the Federal commanders yelled, &#8220;O.K. everybody.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>Places!&#8221;<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The
battle resumed with a fury.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span style="">&nbsp;</span>The
Federals cleared the bridge of marauding Confederates who scattered in
all directions, marched over to the other side and fought it out with
the Confederates.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Before long, the
Confederates regrouped.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>They <span
 style="">&nbsp;</span>ran the Federals back over the bridge toward the
Village of Ft. Pierce.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Back and forth it
went over the canal.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>Back
and forth and side to side it went on the battlefield on the
Confederate side.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>There were breastworks
and another small bridge about six feet long erected on the battlefield
that the reenactors ran over, sought shelter behind or used to lure the
enemy. When the Federals determined they had decimated enough of the
Confederate forces to be able to make one last frantic charge across
the bridge, they hurried in order to push the Confederates away from
the Village of Ft. Pierce to claim victory as theirs.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>The crowd yelled and cheered as the stands thundered with
the spectators&#8217; hoots, hollers, whistles. A resounding foot stomping
shook the stands to enthusiastic applause.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The
dead resurrected, formed up with their companies in one long line of
blue and gray in front of the crowd to fire the final volley, and then
dispersed to return to camp to rejuvenate themselves.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font
 face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Dress Ball
began at </span><st1:time minute="0" hour="20"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">8:00 p.m.</span></st1:time><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> that evening under the tent that shaded the
Ladies&#8217; Tea earlier in the day.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>It was a
nice little affair with music provided by period music on cds.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>This year there was an extra treat.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>Santa Claus made an appearance to make sure
everyone had behaved themselves throughout the past year and to double
check that he had everyone&#8217;s list correct before he took off in his
sleigh on Christmas Eve.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The dance ended
at </span><st1:time minute="0" hour="22"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">10:00
p.m.</span></st1:time><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font
 face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Sunday morning
dawned bright, sunny and a bit warmer with a good breeze.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span><span style="">&nbsp;</span>At </span><st1:time
 minute="30" hour="10"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">10:30 a.m.</span></st1:time><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">, Confederate Chaplain Roger Neidrich
conducted church services outside the church building in the
Confederate camp.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Afterwards it was time
for lunch.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>After that it was time to form
up to march out to <span style="">&nbsp;</span>battle.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>It began promptly at </span><st1:time minute="0" hour="13"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">1:00 p.m.</span></st1:time><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> with the Federals once again yelling and
running out of the Village of Ft. Pierce towards the bridge over the
canal from the Confederate camp.<span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>This
battle was even better than Saturday&#8217;s battle with more back and forth
action on both sides of the bridge as well as a lot of fierce action on
the bridge itself.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The Federal and
Confederate artillery were placed in such a way that they were able to
fire the entire time the infantry was fighting it out.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>An increased cloud cover dimmed the sun, the temperatures
began to dip and the breeze picked up as it brought in the damp air
ahead of the rain that could been seen off in the distance.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span><span style="">&nbsp;</span>There were a lot
of casualties on the bridge, both blue and gray as infantrymen and
surgeons dragged the wounded and dying back to their side.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>Some were taken back to their camps while the ones that
were beyond help were dragged off the bridge and left to die.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>Both sides spent a lot of powder.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>Cartridges were so thick in places the ground looked as
though it was littered with miniature cotton balls.<span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </span>It became progressively dark and damp as time ticked away.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>Reenactors and spectators watched the skies
closely, wondering if they would get the battle over with before the
raindrops began to fall.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The battle was
over at </span><st1:time minute="0" hour="14"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">2:00 p.m.</span></st1:time><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> Reenactors scurried to form up so the Final
Volley could be fired before the rain that blotted out the horizon set
in.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Just as they cleared their rifles, the
rain began as a light drizzle, then continued to get steadier.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>Spectators covered their heads with their
event programs, coats or whatever else they had on hand.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>The spectators emptied the stands as fast as rats deserted
a sinking ship.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>It was almost comical. <span
 style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="">&nbsp;</span>Reenactors ran
back to camp to finish packing up their gear so it would not be wet for
the drive home.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>It appeared that the rain
would be around for a while.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>About that
time Mother Nature changed her mind.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Just
as everyone was finished packing, the skies cleared, the breeze died
and it became quite steamy.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>That evening
the temperatures dipped quickly once the sun began to set behind the
horizon.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>By
that time, those who were going home were already gone.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<img
 alt="" src="fpbridge.jpg" align="middle" border="0" height="227"
 hspace="0" width="302"></font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Since the
battlefield isn&#8217;t large by comparison to most, the reenactors make use
of all available space. <span style="">&nbsp;</span><span style="">&nbsp;</span>Four
sets of spectator stands were parked parallel to the road and canal to
afford the crowd to see everything that happened in front and on the
side.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>They enjoyed having the infantrymen
march, fight and be able to hear officers bark orders up close and
personal.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Great care was taken by the
event hosts and the Sheriff&#8217;s Department to ensure everyone&#8217;s safety.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>By everyone I mean everyone.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>At no time was anyone in danger.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The
St. Lucie County Sheriff&#8217;s Department Bomb Squad considers safety first
and carefully placed their pyrotechnic charges in such a way that all
the spectators felt was a bit of spray from the water in the canal when
the breeze carried the water droplets their way.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span
 style="">&nbsp;</span>Some of the reenactors were not so lucky when
they stood close to the canal.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Hey, they
are reenactors.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>They are used to it.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font
 face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Spectator number
were up this year. <span style="">&nbsp;</span>In part, it is due to
the fact that event organizers and the Sheriff&#8217;s Department advertised
more and word is spreading about this event.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span
 style="">&nbsp;</span>Another reason is because the park is located
just a few miles driving distance to the town of </span><st1:city><st1:place><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Ft.</span></st1:place></st1:city><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> Pierce. <span style="">&nbsp;</span>Restaurants,
shopping malls and grocery stores are a short distance. <span style="">&nbsp;</span>This
time of year, it is high season for snowbirds who travel south to
escape winter&#8217;s bite.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Quite a few of them
have attended this event since its inception years ago.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>They enjoy gathering at this event to see the battle,
visit with their other snowbird friends and catch up on the year&#8217;s news.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">Even though this
is a small event, it is a large undertaking.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Sheriff&#8217;s
Deputy Anicito and his wife worked tirelessly before the Raid.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>During the weekend they worked diligently with
little sleep in-between. <span style="">&nbsp;</span>They went around,
introduced themselves to the reenactors to try to <span style="">&nbsp;</span>build
a working relationship that will last to help the Raid grow.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font
 face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The park is a
beautiful little gem in </span><st1:place><st1:placetype><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Ft.</span></st1:placetype><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><st1:placename><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Pierce</span></st1:placename></st1:place><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> on </span><st1:state><st1:place><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Florida</span></st1:place></st1:state><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">&#8217;s Atlantic coast just minutes across the </span><st1:place><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Intercostals Waterway</span></st1:place><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> from </span><st1:place><st1:placename><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Hutchinson</span></st1:placename><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><st1:placetype><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Island</span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The Savanna
Recreation Area is located at </span><st1:address><st1:street><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">1400 East Midway Rd.</span></st1:street><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">, </span><st1:city><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">Ft. Pierce</span></st1:city><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">, </span><st1:state><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;">FL.</span></st1:state></st1:address><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="">&nbsp; </span>Directions:<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>I-95 to exit 126.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Go
east approximately 51/2 miles.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>For more
information on next year&#8217;s Raid On Ft. Pierce, please contact Bob
Burdge at <a href="mailto:commish33@aol.com">commish33@aol.com</a> or
Lou Rausch at <a href="mailto:greyrider1863@aol.com">greyrider1863@aol.com</a>.
      <span style="">&nbsp;</span>If you plan to camp modern, you can
contact the park at<span style="">&nbsp; </span>772-474-7855.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>All modern camping sites except the tent area
are equipped <span style="">&nbsp;</span>with water, electric and
sewer.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>There are also hot showers and a
laundry on site in modern camping.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-size: 11pt;"><font face="Times New Roman">If you&#8217;d like to
see photos from the event, please visit my website </font><a
 href="http://www.piclady.smugmug.com/"><font face="Times New Roman">www.piclady.smugmug.com</font></a><font
 face="Times New Roman"><span style="">&nbsp; </span>You can reach me
at </font><a href="mailto:T.General@att.net"><font
 face="Times New Roman">T.General@att.net</font></a><font
 face="Times New Roman">. <span style="">&nbsp;</span>Until my next
report, be well and stay safe.<o:p></o:p></font></span></p>
      </div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="center"><strong><font size="6">In The News</font></strong></div>
      <div align="center">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="center"><strong><font size="5">For Jacksonville
couple, historical re-enactments are real business</font></strong></div>
      <div align="center"><strong>Dean and Anita Lauramore turn their
passion for history into a business, Ortega Traders</strong></div>
      <div align="center">By Heather Lovejoy - The Florida Times-Union</div>
      <div align="center">photos by Jon M. Fletcher - The Florida
Times-Union</div>
      <div align="center">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="left">They just don't make 'em like they used
to.&nbsp; Unless they're Dean Lauramore, a Jacksonville woodworker
whose handiwork mirrors Civil War-era goods.</div>
      <div align="left"><img alt="" src="DeanLauramor1.jpg" align="left"
 border="0" height="218" hspace="0" width="325">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; He and his wife of 26 years, Anita Lauramore,
participate in Civil War re-enactments throughout the region as
sutlers, the traveling merchants who followed army troops.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sutlers
in living history demonstrations don period outfits and act out their
roles, but also sell goods to spectators and other re-enactors.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; So for
the Lauramores, living history entails more than entertainment and
education.&nbsp; It's business.&nbsp; They call their operation Ortega
Traders.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The
couple primarily sells the wood chests, hatboxes, duty boxes, tabletop
bottle and drinking glass holders, tea set containers, kids' wagons and
other items he makes, plus antique jewelry such as necklaces, bracelets
and broaches specifically from the time period.&nbsp; She's in charge
of hunting down the jewelry, sometimes with help from antique dealers.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "We sell
everything from pencils to pocketwatches," said Dean Lauramore, who
took a break recently to talk in his woodshop about the couple's
passion.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; His wife
was at work where she's a dental hygienist, but was available later by
phone.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dean
Lauramore is retired, in a way.&nbsp; His years as an officer with the
Jacksonville Sheriff's Office are past, but he said he spends at least
40 hours a week crafting merchandise mostly from recycled pine, oak and
cypress wood.&nbsp; They travel to 25 or 30 events per year.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Anita
Lauramore said her involvement in re-enactments began with pow-wows
when she was a teenager, as she sought to explore the American Indian
side of her heritage.&nbsp; When she met Dean Lauramore, he enjoyed the
pow-wows and they decided to check out other events, which led to their
participating in Spanish colonial living history events in St.
Augustine.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; With his
longtime interest in woodworking - as a kid, he was always hanging
around his cousin's woodshop - it seemed a perfect match for them to
become living history merchants.&nbsp; He's making money by doing
something he loves, he said.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The
Lauramores' interest also extended into the Colonial, fur trade and
World War II eras, but their focus now is the Civil War era.&nbsp; From
a business standpoint, that's what makes the most sense, they said.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interest
in the Civil War is on the rise, Dean Lauramore said, because next year
marks the 150th anniversary of the start of the war.&nbsp; Because of
that, there are more re-enactments than usual already scheduled through
2015, and they expect attendance to rise significantly because of
increased promotions relating to the anniversary.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Despite
being involved in living history events for about 30 years, the couple
said they still spend considerable time researching history.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Anita
Lauramore said they always work to ensure the accuracy of their wood
representations, and to be sure the <img alt=""
 src="DeanLauramorjewelry1.jpg" align="right" border="0" height="169"
 hspace="0" width="210">jewelry they sell is period-correct.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "You've
got to know what you're looking at," she said of the jewelry.&nbsp;
"It's easy to be fooled by reproductions."</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; And
sometimes, people have pieces but don't realize their value.&nbsp;
Ortega Traders sells jewelry priced anywhere from $25 to $5,000, she
said.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Eric
Hague, a past-president of the Olustee Citizen Support Organization and
event coordinator with the state's largest annual re-enactment, the
Battle of Olustee, can attest to the Lauramores' attention to
detail.&nbsp; Sutlers for the Olustee event are invited only if they
are period-correct, he said, and the Lauramores have participated many
times.&nbsp; Hague has been involved in re-enactments since the 1960s,
he said.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "They
have very good resources," he said, "so I would give them high credit."</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; He
recalled a time when he saw a gentleman's brandy box made by Dean
Lauramore that another sutler had purchased, and was shocked at the
reproduction's preciseness.&nbsp; Hague has an antique one from Civil
War times, and was impressed that even the glasses that came in the
reproduction box were period-correct.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The
Lauramores said the historical accuracy of their merchandise gives them
satisfaction of knowing they help provide an important and often
neglected public service - teaching history.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Whether a
person's heritage lies with the Confederacy, Union (as in their case),
or both (as in his case) doesn't matter, they said.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "If we
don't forget what happened, if we don't forget how hard people worked,
then it helps us be better people," Anita Lauramore said.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; She
thinks it is important to not only remember the brutality of a bloody
war between countrymen, but also to know how people once lived and
worked.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; She
pointed out, "What happens if all the electricity in this country goes
out tomorrow?"</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; While
technological advancements are great, it doesn't hurt to have knowledge
of the old days, said Dean Lauramore.&nbsp; That's why the couple also
visits schools to give talks about old-fashioned ways to do everyday
things.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; If you
know how people used to split wood, he said, you appreciate an electric
saw a whole lot more.&nbsp; (He does use one)</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Both
youngsters and adults can benefit from knowing that "for every new way
of doing something, there was an old way," he said.</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="left">By Heather Lovejoy</div>
      <div align="left">Jacksonville - The Florida Times-Union</div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;</div>
      </font></font></font></font></font></div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"> </font></font>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><strong><font
 size="5">Lincoln and His Horse</font></strong></font></font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></div>
      <div align="left">
      <div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><img alt=""
 src="Lincolnshorse.jpg" align="left" border="0" height="223" hspace="0"
 width="212"></font></font></font></font></div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">
      <div><font face="MS Serif">A life-size bronze of Abraham Lincoln
and his horse has been commissioned for <img alt=""
 src="Lincolnshorsefullview1.jpg" align="right" border="0" height="230"
 hspace="0" width="180">President Lincoln's Cottage through the
generosity of Robert H. Smith and was designed and produced by
StudioEIS of Brooklyn, NY.&nbsp; The artist responsible for this
incredible bronze&nbsp;called&nbsp;"Lincoln and His Horse" is Ivan
Schwartz.&nbsp; </font><font face="MS Serif">The sculpture highlights
Lincoln's daily commute of three miles&nbsp;on his horse called "Old
Bob" from the Cottage to the White House in the summer and fall of
1862, 63 and 64.&nbsp; </font><font face="MS Serif">The bronze weighs
in at 2,500 pounds and is 84 inches high (including horse).&nbsp; The
length of the horse and figure is 88 inches.&nbsp; </font><font
 face="MS Serif">To insure accuracy, the EIS Studio artists were
allowed access to the Smithsonian to measure Abe's hat and frock
coat.&nbsp; They also formed a relationship with Ford's Theatre to
learn the measurements of the suit he was wearing the night John Wilkes
Booth pulled the trigger.&nbsp; (For the record, Lincoln was 6-foot-4
inches tall with a 34-inch waist.)&nbsp; It took one year from research
through installation.&nbsp; The sculpture was installed on site
November 10, 2009, and dedicated February 2009.&nbsp; </font></div>
      </font></font></font></font></div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></div>
      </div>
      </div>
      </div>
      <div>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><strong><font
 face="MS Serif" size="6">Civil War History</font></strong></font></font></div>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Below
is the last of the three part series by Mr. Epifanio.&nbsp; Ralph put
many hours of work into the series as you can tell.&nbsp; His vast
amount of research is staggering.&nbsp; Ralph, thanks for sharing your
work with us.</font></font></div>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></div>
      </div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"> </font></font>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"
 class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span
 style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 28pt;"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Race Relations North of
Mason-Dixon<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"
 class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span
 style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 14pt;"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">By Ralph Epifanio</font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style=""><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="Calibri">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></font></span><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">Any attempt to accurately describe race relations as
they stood 150 years ago is a daunting task. If for no other reason,
the predictability of our lives can only now afford us the opportunity
for perspective. We live in homes with electricity, our water supply is
clean and plentiful, and our food supply both constant and abundant.
Widespread disease is rare, and fatalities rarer still. We enjoy the
benefits of an educational system that not only teaches all that we
wish to know, but also tolerance and understanding. Members of our
society, as a whole, are comfortable with each other, certainly, to a
large extent because of the aforementioned conditions. This was not the
case in the mid-1800s.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">One
thing is certain: slavery in the North preceded that practice in the
South by nearly 200 years. We know that beyond huge profits in the
commercial traffic, both in West Indian (&#8220;seasoned&#8221;) and African
slaves, their longest standing use&#8212;which also<span style="">&nbsp; </span>included
Indian chattel--in colonies, then in states, was as household servants,
livery agents, and workers in commercial interests. <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;The
effects of the New England slave trade were momentous.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>It was one of the foundations of New England&#8217;s economic
structure; it created a wealthy class of slave-trading merchants, while
the profits derived from this commerce stimulated cultural development
and philanthropy (author&#8217;s note: Brown University, in Rhode Island, was
founded with money that originated in the Brown family &#8220;business,&#8221;
slaves)&#8212;Lorenzo Johnston Green, &#8216;<i style="">The Negro in Colonial New
England</i>, 1620-1776,&#8217; page 319.&#8221; (1)<i style=""><o:p></o:p></i></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Harsh
winters and shorter growing seasons transformed slaves on the smaller
farms in the Middle Atlantic and New England states into dependents for
a great part of the year. They had to be fed, clothed, kept warm, cared
for when sick, and<span style="">&nbsp; </span>planned for when they
grew old. Thus, it was economically &#8220;wrong&#8221; long before it was
ethically wrong to keep slaves. And, at some point, perhaps northerners
got a glimpse at the effect that freed Negroes would have on
competition within the work force, the economic effect of slaves that
were infirm, &#8220;worn out,&#8221; or<span style="">&nbsp; </span>too old to
work (which came much quicker in the 18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup>
century, when 40 was &#8220;old&#8221;), and the criminal element inherent in any
population.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Being of a different color,
Negroes &#8220;stood out&#8221; from whites with similar dispositions, and before
long the people of the North wanted no part of this.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">According
to Douglas Harper, in his excellent series entitled <i style="">Slavery
in the North</i> (http://www.slavenorth</font></font></span><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="Calibri">.</font><span
 style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;">com</span><font
 face="Calibri">; 1</font><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">),
&#8220;The American Revolution was the death knell of Northern slavery.&#8221;
(Harper;<span style="">&nbsp; </span><i style="">Northern Emancipation</i>)
While many slaves were emancipated&#8212;approximately 5,000--for fighting
with the Northern Rebels (in the <i style="">first </i>War for
Independence), still more left with the British at the war&#8217;s
conclusion; 3,000 (these numbers suggested by Harper). Not
surprisingly, the overall number&#8212;and ratio to whites--of Negroes fell
in the North.<o:p></o:p></span></font></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><o:p><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">THE IRISH &#8220;PROBLEM&#8221;<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">You
cannot study the relations between white society and the American Negro
in the mid-19<sup>th</sup> century without first studying the
consequences of the great Irish Famine, which began in 1845, and
tapered off (roughly) in 1852.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The<i
 style=""> Gorta Mo&#8217;r </i>(The Great Hunger) was caused by the most
devastating of approximately <i style="">two dozen </i>potato crop
failures in approximately 125 years.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>(Earlier
crop failures caused similar migrations in the 1830s and 1840s.)<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>Figures on the number who took part in this
great migration are undetermined, but it is estimated to be
approximately 250,000 a year. Over a million desperate, starving
political refugees arrived on our shore with empty pockets, empty
stomachs, and rags for clothing. One result of this Diaspora was to
(figuratively) put the American working class on notice that they
could, and would be, replaced by this flood of newcomers if they did
not accept lower wages and a longer working day.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">The
population of Ireland, at that time, was mostly tenant farmers, forced
by the English practice of <i style="">laissez faire </i>to live out
their lives on small plots of land. They were clearly victims of what
amounted to an English form of slavery. While 8,000,000 Irish watched
their cattle (and food products such as butter) being shipped around
the world (like our own Negroes, who cultivated tobacco and &#8220;king
cotton,&#8221; instead of food), they slowly starved, and died, of hunger and
its resultant effect, disease. <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><span style=""><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">&#8220;Their primary (and sometimes only) food was the
potato, their only beverage water; their only property a pig and its
manure pile.&#8221; (Sic, The Earl of Devon, February of 1845).<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span><o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">It
was said that &#8220;God created the blight (actually it was probably </font></font></span><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><a title="Phytophthora infestans"
 href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Phytophthora
infestans</span></a><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">, and
may have arrived from America</span><font face="Calibri">)</font><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">; the British created the
famine (people died, while Parliament debated what to do).&#8221;*<o:p></o:p></span></font></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Perhaps
a third of Ireland&#8217;s poor sought refuge elsewhere&#8212;America being but one
of several destinations&#8212;and many began the trip already weakened by
hunger and disease. In the case of those crossing the Atlantic to
America, tens of<span style="">&nbsp; </span>thousands died aboard
ship; still more were turned back before they could disembark from
their vessels, and even more died upon landing. <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">The
basic ritual was for a family to scrape together the cost of passage so
a teenager might make the trip.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Once
settled into employment, that family member would save enough for
passage of a brother or sister, who would join the sibling in this
plan. Eventually, if starvation and disease did not wipe out the
remaining members of the family on blighted Irish soil, all might be
reunited on this shore. Some &#8220;lucky&#8221; families began the trip together,
although their luck would often run out aboard these coffin ships,
where it is estimated that 30% died during the (roughly) six week
crossing.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">As
a result of this Diaspora, the Northeastern cities, such as Boston and
New York, were quickly crowded with Irish immigrants. Desperation (for
lodging, food, employment, and, most of all, self-respect) on the part
of these immigrants led to the resentment of previous generations of
immigrants, who now haughtily saw themselves simply as Americans.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>It became a habit to qualify the 19<sup>th</sup>
century &#8220;Help Wanted&#8221; signs with the caveat, &#8220;No Irish Need Apply.&#8221; In
addition, most of the Irish that came here were Catholic&#8212;who had
already been victimized by Protestant land owners in their native
country--which added fuel to the hatred espoused by the
Protestant-majority in America. Being a &#8220;Papist,&#8221; was viewed as being a
blasphemer in Puritan New England, where the majority disembarked.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Another
thing that should be noted when considering Irish immigrants is that
they played a huge role during the Civil War.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Not
only were they soldiers on both sides of the battle lines&#8212;statistics
suggest that there were 150,000 in the Union Army alone&#8212;but they were
participants, and sometimes instigators, in numerous draft riots (not
just the greatest civil insurrection in American history, the New York
City Draft Riots in early July, 1863). <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">We
often hear about the Civil War being &#8220;The Second War for Independence.&#8221;
It could be suggested that the 1.5 million Irish-Americans who, in
1860, laid claim to having been born in Ireland, were also fighting a
war: one for inclusion&#8212;both social and economic&#8212;in their adopted
country. The above history is just a sample of the privations they
suffered on both sides of the Atlantic. They were not going to lose
ground they had fought so hard to gain in the dozen or so years between
their arrival, and the beginning of that Great American Conflict. Too,
if the Negro were given citizenship, they would be in direct
competition with the Irish, who occupied the lowest rung on the
socioeconomic ladder.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">In<i
 style=""> Our Nig</i>, Harriet Wilson (2) makes mention of this<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>in speaking of her (white)<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>mother&#8217;s difficulty in gaining employment (page 6): &#8220;In
two years many hands craved the same avocation; foreigners who
cheapened toil and clamored for a livelihood, competed with her, and
she could not sustain herself. She was now above no drudgery.&#8221; Later,
in reference to six year old Frado (page 17): &#8220;She came just in the
right time, didn&#8217;t she? Just the day after <b style="">Bridget</b>
left.&#8221; (&#8220;Bridget was a common, if disparaging, way to refer generally
to Irish women,&#8221; according to the explanatory notes, on page 88.)<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Even
children&#8217;s books carry a similar, but probably overlooked, refrain. In <i
 style="">So Far From Home</i>, <i style="">The Diary of Mary
Driscoll, an Irish Mill Girl &#8211; Lowell, Massachusetts, 1847**</i>, she
writes on page 112: &#8220;I asked Annie why the Yankee girls don&#8217;t like the
Irish. She said they blame us for what happened at the mills.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>They say that factory work was better before
there were so many Irish. There was time to sit and rest. Now the
corporation doesn&#8217;t care about the girls the way they once did.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>There are enough Irish girls looking for work
that they don&#8217;t have to. Why the Irish are to blame for all of this I
wasn&#8217;t understanding.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Surely we aren&#8217;t the
reason the windows are nailed shut.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Or why
the rooms are always hot and so filled with dirt, you can hardly
breathe.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Is it our fault that the days are
long?<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Wouldn&#8217;t we prefer a ten-hour day,
too?&#8221;<span style="">&nbsp; </span>She later wrote about what she
overheard from one of the Yankee mill girls (page 110): &#8220;&#8230;the mill
agents like the Irish girls because we take all the lower paying jobs
and we have to take what we can get&#8230;.&#8217;The Irish should stay in Ireland,
where they belong.&#8217;&#8221;<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Driscoll
goes on to give another example of the effects of an overabundance of
labor on page 77 (A letter from Sean): &#8220;Sean has difficulty finding
work&#8230;.So many Irish were seeking work that the promised wages were
lowered to sixty five cents a day. Sean said they had to take what was
offered.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>There were plenty of men ready to
take their places.&#8221; <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">With
this as a backdrop to the social fabric in 1850, one could only imagine
what the general opinion was concerning the emancipation of <i style="">four
million</i> American Negroes.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>It is
predictable that many, if not most, would make a run for the big cities
in the North, and that would not be limited to just Boston and New
York. (Lincoln is quoted as responding to this fear with the comment,
&#8220;But why should emancipation South send free people North? &#8230;and in any
event cannot the North decide for itself whether to receive them? [<i
 style="">The South Was Right, </i>page 55]. With this in mind, to be
labeled an Abolitionist, or even to be considered sympathetic to their
cause, was social and political suicide. Even in the extreme North, the
very heart of the movement, the topic was generally discussed in hushed
tones, the risk of discovery being at least social ostracism, and
perhaps even physical harm. <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">*</span>It was
John Mitchel who wrote in 1860: &#8220;The Almighty, indeed, sent the potato
blight, but the English created the famine.&#8221; Many references suggest
that the British Government, at that time, was guilty of &#8220;genocide by
starvation.&#8221; The reader might want to balance that view with one I
previously reported, that the English were tolerant of Negroes, and
thus outlawed slavery. Keep in mind that the vast majority of Negroes
lived on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, while the majority of
8,000,000 Irish were tenant farmers, living on British soil, just the
other side of the Irish Sea.</font></font></font></p>
      <p align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="Times New Roman">**<i style=""> So Far from Home, <span style="">&nbsp;</span>The
Diary of Mary Driscoll, an Irish Mill Girl, </i>by Barry Denenberg,
Scholastic, Inc. Although this work is considered as historical
fiction, its contents were well-researched, and thus may be assumed to
accurately reflect the attitudes and prejudices from that era. In a
general sense, it will give the reader an idea of the trials that were
faced by Irish newcomers to a Northern city in the mid-1800s.</font></font></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><o:p><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">THE INCIDENT AT THE NOYES ACADEMY<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Located
in New England, near the geographical center of New Hampshire, is a
town with the biblical name of Canaan. It may have been that spiritual
connection which inspired George Kimball, Nathanial Currier, Nathaniel
Peabody Rogers, and Samuel Noyes to establish a school in this tiny
hamlet of 1,428 residents. The homes of Currier and Kimball were,
incidentally&#8212;according to Canaan Town historian Donna Dunkerton&#8212;&#8220;slave
stations&#8221; on the Underground Railroad.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;Currier&#8217;s
home was a slave station, where they hid the slaves, under the stairs,&#8221;
explained Dunkerton.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Canaan&#8217;s
proximity to Dartmouth College&#8212;in nearby Lebanon&#8212;with its liberal
views, and to Boston (arguably the center of Abolitionist sentiments),
may also have played a part in their well-intentioned plans to &#8220;admit
students of any color.&#8221; <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;Canaan
residents reacted to the announcement of the integrated academy by
calling a Town Meeting, at which opponents passed<span style="">&nbsp; </span>a
resolution expressing &#8216;abhorrence&#8217; for a mixed-race school and
&#8216;contempt&#8217; for any white person associated with it.&#8221; (4)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">As
the saying goes, &#8220;Build it and they will come.&#8221;<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Timed
to coincide with the celebration of July 4<sup>th</sup>, 1835, a &#8220;band&#8221;
of about 70 &#8220;marched&#8221; up Canaan Street. Waving torches, axes, clubs
(and no doubt an occasional pitch fork), they advanced on the new
school.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>&#8220;Dr. Timothy Tilton, a town
magistrate and trustee of the school, stepped between the school and
the raging mob, and began to take notes on who made up the crowd,
threatening legal action if the men persisted in their violence.&#8221; (4).<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>&#8220;The opponents called another Town Meeting,
where they declared Noyes Academy a public nuisance and voted to seize
the schoolhouse from the abolitionists&#8230;.&#8221; (5) <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><span style=""><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">On August 10<sup>th</sup>, somewhere between 300 and
500 men (the estimates vary) returned with (approximately) 100 yoke of
oxen and a small artillery piece in tow.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>From
what the demographics of the era show, there were simply not enough
farms in mid-1830s Canaan to produce such a single-minded outpouring of
resentment. (&#8220;The 1830 U.S. census lists 429 men, 15 and older,
residing in the town&#8221; according to Charles Townsend, a Canaan town
historian.)<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Thus it stands to reason that
the locals recruited their Battalion of Bigots from far and wide. <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;Steeled
with &#8216;legal&#8217; cover, the opponents returned with hundreds of volunteers
from Enfield, Dorchester, Lyme and Hanover (home of Dartmouth
University).&#8221; (5)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">The
mob jacked up the building, slid sledges under the structure (probably
the kind that was generally used to haul rocks and huge blocks of
granite), hooked the building to oxen with chains, dragged it off its
foundation, and left it in the street. The scene is depicted in Mikel
Wells&#8217; 1999 painting, <i style="">Destruction of Noyes Academy, </i>which
is owned by the Canaan Historical Society. <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">The
next day&#8212;these were the &#8220;dog days&#8221; of summer, and a time of &#8220;rest&#8221; for
farmers&#8212;the mob returned to relocate the school further down the road.
Then they directed their attention&#8212;and their cannon&#8212;towards the
abolitionists&#8217; houses.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Their cannon fire
was returned by a student (reported to be Henry Highland Garnet, a 19
year old escaped slave, who predated Frederick Douglas as a civil
rights activist ), and who had sought refuge in George Kimball&#8217;s house.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>His shotgun blast caused the mob to pause long
enough for the frightened students to escape. What was left of the
school building was eventually burned in March, 1839. Ironically, the
spot where the building originally stood is now occupied by the Canaan
Historical Society.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">A
similar incident occurred at the Parsonsfield Seminary, just over the
border from New Hampshire, in Maine.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Forgoing
the foreplay demonstrated at the Noyes Academy, this building was
destroyed by fire, probably by Mainiacal opponents of integration.
Similar incidents of arson continued to occur, all over New England,
far into the 20<sup>th</sup> century. The Watchman Institute, located
in Providence, Rhode Island, was torched in 1924, 1926, and 1934,
probably by the local chapter of the Klu Klux Klan. So it would seem
that the idea of integrated schools, even deep in the heart of Yankee,
was not a popular idea. Harper comments that whites also destroyed
Negro schools in Zanesville (1837) and Troy (1840), Ohio (Harper; <i
 style="">Race in Ohio</i>)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">It
should be noted that many&#8212;perhaps as high as 25%&#8212;of those who moved
into the (then) Northwest territory during the early 1800s originated
in the New England states. Perhaps three of the most noted of Vermont
expatriates included Stephen Douglas, Thaddeus Stevens, and Horace
Greeley.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Perhaps the &#8220;Yankee way of
thinking&#8221; followed them?<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Incidentally,
the idea of rallying against Negroes may have gotten its start in the
&#8220;City of Brotherly Love,&#8221; Philadelphia: &#8220;White Philadelphians were
rioting against blacks from 1805, driving them from the Fourth of July
celebrations on Independence Square.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Within
a decade, the burning of black churches in the city had begun.&#8221;
(Harper; <i style="">Northern Emancipation)<o:p></o:p></i></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">OUR NIG<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Reachable
by buggy from Canaan, in the south central part of the state, is the
Town of Milford, New Hampshire.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>In 1831 a
six year old mulatto child named Frado (short for Alfredo) was
abandoned at the Bellmont (a nom de plume for Hayward) family farm. Her
white mother, who made the mistake&#8212;one of many&#8212;of marrying an &#8220;African
American hooper of barrels,&#8221; was (due to the death of her husband)
forced to go in search of employment with another Negro man. Frado, she
decided, represented one too many mouths to feed. Thus began a
12-year-long story of suffering, abuse, and debasement that was
documented by the first black female writer to be published, Harriet
(Hattie) E. Wilson.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 12pt 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">The
complete title of this novelette is <i style="">Our Nig &#8211; Or, Sketches
from the Life of a Free Black&#8230;In a Two Story White House, North&#8230;Showing
that Slavery&#8217;s Shadows Fall Even There&#8212;</i>was &#8220;rediscovered&#8221; by Henry
Louis Gates Jr. (Gates also edited <i style="">The Slave Narratives). </i>At
the time, he felt compelled to list it as fiction. In subsequent years,
and after relentless research, it is now considered autobiographical. <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;Recent
research has confirmed the autobiographical claims made in <i style="">Our
Nig&#8217;s</i> preface and appendices, and has documented much of the story
told within its pages. Indeed, the text so closely corresponds to the
historical record that <i style="">Our Nig</i> lays claim to being the
only extant narrative written by a black indentured servant in the
antebellum North.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Besides being one of the
rare sketches that tells what it was like to be a poor northern-born
freewoman, <i style="">Our Nig</i> is one of the very few narratives
written by a free northern-born black at all.&#8221; (Introduction, page xxiv)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">The
Introduction goes on to suggest that &#8220;Despite Wilson&#8217;s signal
contributions, however, her written work was <b style="">ignored</b>
(emphasis mine) by her contemporaries and lost to American letters for
more than 120 years. The antislavery establishment best situated to
publicize <i style="">Our Nig</i> ignored Wilson&#8217;s work. Its leaders
were more interested in southern slavery than the <b style="">harsh
treatment blacks faced in the North</b>; and they were no doubt
offended by Wilson&#8217;s critical treatment of abolitionists and spooked by
her sympathetic treatment of interracial marriage. Despite the plea of
her preface to &#8216;colored brethren&#8217; for their support, they, too,
overlooked Wilson&#8217;s writing, perhaps because her depiction of a fake
fugitive, her first husband, could do blacks of whatever status no
good. Because of the assumption that this obscure writer was probably
white, even the twentieth-century cultural movements that resurrected a
host of forgotten black novels, narratives, and treatises failed to
take notice of <i style="">Our Nig.</i>&#8221; (Introduction, pages xxiv-xxv)<o:p></o:p></font></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Indeed,
even Wilson demurred in her candid narrative: &#8220;My mistress was wholly
imbued with <b style="">southern </b>(emphasis Wilson&#8217;s)
principles.&#8221;(Preface)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">It
must be noted that the residents of Milford, New Hampshire were not all
bigots.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Milford in particular, and New
Hampshire in general, was home to several noted abolitionists and
numerous stops on the Underground Railroad. &#8220;In Wilson&#8217;s experience,
however, white abolitionists not only in her area, but throughout New
England, &#8216;didn&#8217;t want slaves at the South, nor niggers in their own
houses, North. Faugh! To lodge one; to eat with one; to admit one
through the front door; to sit next to one; awful!&#8217;&#8221;(page 71)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;&#8217;Race
prejudice seems stronger in those states that have abolished slavery
than in those where it still exists, and nowhere is it more intolerant
than in those states where slavery was never known&#8217;&#8212;Alexis De
Tocqueville, <i style="">Democracy in America&#8217;&#8221;(</i>Harper; <i
 style="">Exclusion of Free Blacks)<o:p></o:p></i></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Frado&#8217;s
introduction to the Belmonts&#8217; view of Negros was evident from the very
first exchange between daughter (Mary) and mother.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;&#8216;I
don&#8217;t want a nigger &#8216;round me, do you mother?&#8217; asked Mary.&#8221;<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;&#8216;I
don&#8217;t mind the nigger in the child. I should like a dozen better than
one,&#8221; replied the mother. &#8216;If I could make her do my work in a few
years, I would keep her.&#8217;&#8221;<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">On
her first day of school, she was met with the taunts of the children:
&#8220;See that nigger,&#8221; shouted one.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>&#8220;Look,
look!&#8221; cried another. &#8220;I won&#8217;t play with her,&#8221; said one little girl.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>&#8220;Nor I neither,&#8221; replied another. (page19)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Usually
indenture was begun at ten or twelve, not at Frado&#8217;s tender age of six,
but language of the text points to something else.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;Her
first work was to feed the hens. She was shown how it was to <b
 style="">always </b>(emphasis Wilson&#8217;s) to be done, and in no other
way; any departure from this rule to be punished by whipping.&#8221; (page17)<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>In the explanatory notes, &#8216;<b style="">how it
was</b> always <b style="">to be done: </b>The text&#8217;s explicit
emphasis<b style=""> </b>on the permanence of Frado&#8217;s work again
underscores the analogy of enslavement rather than indenture as a model
for her experience.&#8221; (page 88)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">In
the period, light skin was a cherished physical trait, but in Frado&#8217;s
case, since she might be mistaken for a family member, &#8220;&#8230;no matter how
powerful the heat when sent to rake hay or guard the grazing herd, she
was never permitted to shield her skin from the sun. She was not many
shades darker than Mary now; what a calamity it would be ever to hear
the contrast spoken of.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Mrs. Bellmont was
determined the sun should have full power to darken the shade which
nature had first bestowed upon her as best fitting.&#8221; (page 22) <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;This
reference again links New Hampshire to the slaveholding South and the
Bellmont household to southern plantations and homes. Wilson
underscores the politics of skin color under which enslaved and
legitimate children in the same family resembled<span style="">&nbsp; </span>each
other, while white women would rather not have the family
resemblance&#8212;or in <i style="">Our Nig&#8217;s</i> parlance, the (lack of)
&#8216;contrast&#8217;&#8212;spoken of. &#8216;The mulattoes one sees in every family partly
resemble the white children,&#8217; lamented South Carolina plantation
mistress Mary Boykin Chestnut in her diary. &#8216;Any lady is ready to tell
you who is the father of all the mulatto children in everybody&#8217;s
household but their own. Those, she seems to think, drop from the
clouds.&#8217;&#8221; (Explanatory notes, pages 89-90)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">To
further isolate the child, &#8220;Mrs. B had shaved her glossy ringlets; and
in her coarse cloth gown and ancient bonnet, she was anything but an
enticing object.&#8221; (page 38).<span style="">&nbsp; </span>&#8220;In <i
 style="">Clotel (or the President&#8217;s Daughter </i>, 1853, by William
Wells Brown&#8212;probably the first Negro author&#8212;and purportedly about the
slave Currer and Thomas Jefferson&#8217;s two daughters, Clotel and Althesa
), the narrator describes how &#8216;every married woman in the far South
looks upon her husband as unfaithful, and regards every quadroon
servant as a rival. Clotel has been with her now but a few days, when
she is ordered to cut off her long hair.&#8221; (Explanatory Notes, page 92).<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">As
mentioned in the Slave Narratives (see Mary Prince, in Part 2 of this
series), Frado is similarly &#8220;taught&#8230;with the raw hide,&#8221; (page 25) and
&#8220;words that burn&#8221; (page 18).<span style="">&nbsp; </span>At one point,
&#8220;Mrs. B and Mary commenced beating her inhumanely; then propping her
mouth open with a block of wood, shut her up in dark room, without any
supper.&#8221; (page 20). <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;Beatings
on large plantations were often public affairs, and so served both as
individual punishment and collective violence done to the enslaved
community that was forced to bear witness.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>In
towns, however, slave owners were concerned about both their
reputations and accountability; though rarely enforced because blacks
were not allowed to serve as witnesses, laws did provide some
constraints on violence against slaves. Mrs. B.&#8217;s efforts to silence,
or privatize, her abuse, by propping Frado&#8217;s mouth so far open that she
could not scream, echoes owners&#8217; efforts to keep the abuse quiet.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>Though Frado is an indentured servant, Mrs. B.
does not want to make public the open secret of her abuse by having
Frado call attention to Mrs. B.&#8217;s violence. Many critics have noted the
irony of Frado&#8217;s mouth being propped open so she won&#8217;t open her mouth,
as it were, concerning Mrs. B.&#8217;s behavior.&#8221; (Explanatory Notes, page 89)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><span style=""><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">She must take her meals standing up in the kitchen&#8212;the
family takes meals in the dining room--and is only allowed ten minutes
in which to do so. Although she is given a pet, Fido, by Jack Bellmont
(an older son), who becomes her only real friend,<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Mrs.
Bellmont sells it at her first opportunity. Eventually, &#8220;From early
dawn until all were retired, was she toiling, overworked, disheartened,
longing for relief.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Exposure from heat to
cold, or the reverse, often destroyed her health for short intervals.
She wore no shoes until after frost, and snow even, appeared; and bared
her feet again before the last vestige of winter disappeared&#8230;.Any word
of complaint was severely repulsed or cruelly punished.&#8221; (page 37).
Remember, this is <b style="">New Hampshire</b>, not the Land of Dixie!<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Mrs.
Bellmont&#8217;s answer to any criticism of the effect this treatment has on
her health was &#8220;&#8230;you know these niggers are just like black snakes; you
      <b style="">can&#8217;t</b> kill them.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>If
she wasn&#8217;t tough she would have been killed long ago.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>There was never one of my girls could do half the work.&#8221;
(page 49)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Many
of these statements&#8212;working from sunup to sundown, exposure to the
elements (even in her pitiful quarters), lack of shoes or proper
clothing&#8212;echo the treatment of southern slaves. Mrs. Bellmont ends her
schooling after three years, and discourages her pursuit of religious
training in any way available to her, further mirroring a &#8220;southern&#8221;<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>perspective: &#8220;&#8230;who ever thought of having a
nigger go (to church) except to drive others there?&#8221; quips Mrs. B.
(page 49)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Finally,
on her 18<sup>th</sup> birthday&#8212;after <b style="">twelve years </b>of
servitude&#8212;&#8220;The morning for departure dawned. &#8230;Mrs. Bellmont dismissed
her with the assurance that she would soon wish herself back again, and
a present of a <b style="">silver half dollar</b>.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>Her wardrobe consisted of one decent dress, without any
superfluous accompaniments.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>A Bible from
Susan she felt was her greatest treasure.&#8221; (page 65) <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">From
then on, she is &#8220;Watched by kidnappers, maltreated by professed
abolitionists (see above)&#8230;.Traps slyly laid by the vicious to ensnare
her, she resolutely avoided.&#8221; (Wilson, pages 71-72) In the explanatory
notes (pages 98-99), it explains, &#8220;Free-born and self-emancipated
blacks in the North faced a precarious situation after the compromise
of 1850 and its Fugitive Slave provision was passed. Financial
incentives at every stage encouraged remanding back to slavery people
who were identified as runaways, whatever their actual legal status.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>Instead of jury trials, special commissioners
heard cases; they were paid five dollars if an alleged fugitive were
released and <b style="">ten</b> dollars if he or she were returned
south.&#8221;<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Traps &#8220;by the vicious could refer
to plots to enslave free blacks, plots to sexually ensnare impoverished
women, or a combination of the two.&#8221;**<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Is
Wilson&#8217;s story that of other Negroes in the North during the period?
One can only speculate if that is the case, since hers is a rare
example of a primary source of information going back that far.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">I
remain doubtful that this ingeniously written, literary masterpiece was
actually penned by the person it describes. The style, flowery
language, symbolism, and metaphors seem all too complex to have been
written by anyone but a professional and well-practiced author.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>It was originally published in 1859, and
perhaps this ghost writer was financed by the abolitionists in Boston
in an effort to support their movement. As the sales of Harriet Beecher
Stowe&#8217;s best seller <i style="">Uncle Tom&#8217;s Cabin*** </i>proved&#8212;it
was second in sales only to the Bible in its day&#8212;the genre was red-hot
in the years immediately prior to the Great Schism.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>However, as previously noted could such a narrative&#8212; the
setting of which was in New England&#8212;have helped, or hurt the case for
emancipation?<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">I
will contend that it was biographical, especially in light of the <u>extensive
      </u>background check done in the edition that I read (Edited with
an Introduction and Notes by P. Gabrielle Foreman and Reginald H.
Pitts). Wilson/the publisher used pseudonyms for the main characters,
probably in fear of legal consequences, but in the setting of a town
the size of Milford (about 3,000 inhabitants), how can you hide the
truth?<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">It
certainly shatters any belief that Yankees were steadfastly behind the
abolition of slavery.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><o:p><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">**This practice persists to this day, and is a
worldwide problem. In fact, it has become so prevalent, even in the
State of Florida, that a &#8220;Modern Slavery Museum&#8221; made a tour of the
Sunshine State this past spring.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">***&#8220;When Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose <i style="">Uncle
Tom&#8217;s Cabin </i>made the horrors of slavery real to northerners, was
called upon to furnish her sources, she noted that she had based &#8220;Tom&#8221;
on (Solomon) Northrup&#8217;s life.&#8221; [6]<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><o:p><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">A SAMPLING OF NORTHERN SENTIMENT<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">How
widespread was racial tension in the mid-19<sup>th</sup> century?<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>To gain perspective, we can turn to <i
 style="">The South Was Right </i>(by James Roland Kennedy and Walter
Donald Kennedy, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). If the cover doesn&#8217;t
discourage you from reading this well-researched and adroitly penned
work, it can be a real eye-opener.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">In
the chapter entitled <i style="">The Yankee Myth of History</i>&#8212;which
might better be broadened to the &#8220;Official American Spin on Its
History,&#8221; as so<span style="">&nbsp; </span>many Northerners have
moved South since 9/11&#8212;they investigate what might best be described as
&#8220;Black Codes.&#8221; Although Black Codes are generally viewed as southern
laws dating back to Reconstruction, and being the target of the Civil
Rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, that is not the case.<span
 style="">&nbsp; </span>They began long before the War Between the
States, although they certainly gained momentum after that war.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">For
example, many northern states held the belief that Negroes would bring
down their way of life, and passed laws that prevented them&#8212;free or
otherwise&#8212;from settling within their boundaries. The 1848 Constitution
of Illinois led to one of the harshest Black Code systems in the
nation, prior to the Civil War. (Its Black Code of 1853 extended a
complete prohibition against black immigration into the state.) Article
13 of Indiana&#8217;s 1851 Constitution stated that &#8220;No Negro or mulatto
shall come into, or settle in, the State, after the adoption of this
Constitution.&#8221; <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&#8220;Michigan
Territory passed such a law in 1827; Iowa Territory passed one in 1839
and Iowa enacted another in 1851 after it became a state. Oregon
Territory passed such a law in 1849. Blacks who violated the law faced
punishments that included advertisement and sale at public auction
(Illinois, 1853).&#8221; (Harper; <i style="">Indiana and Illinois</i>)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">According
to Kennedy and Kennedy (page 55): &#8220;The North also passed exclusion laws
to forbid free blacks from coming into its states. New Jersey passed
one of the first of these laws. It prohibited free blacks from settling
in that fair state.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Massachusetts passed a
law that allowed the flogging of blacks who came into the state and
remained for longer than two months&#8230;.Oregon&#8217;s 1857 constitution
provided &#8216;&#8230;No free negro or mulatto, not residing in this state at the
time of adoption (of the constitution of the state of Oregon)&#8230;shall
come, reside, or be within the state&#8230;.&#8221;<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Connecticut
was probably the state least tolerant of Negroes. It was the colony
that led New England in slaves&#8212;they had more slaves than the rest of
New England combined (Harper; <i style="">Slavery in Connecticut)--</i>before
outlawing the practice in 1840. Their leadership as slave owners, I
speculate, might be due to tobacco, which was first grown in Windsor,
in 1633.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Harper:
&#8220;As early as 1717&#8230;the colonial assembly passed a law&#8230;prohibiting free
blacks or mulattoes from residing in any town in the colony
(Connecticut). It also forbids them to buy land or go into business
without the consent of the town.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The
provisions were retroactive&#8230;deed(s) were rendered void.&#8221; Further,
&#8220;&#8230;masters&#8230;simply turned out their slaves when the blacks got too old or
worn-out to work.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Their descendants later
would treat factory hands that way.&#8221; He goes on to suggest that,
although objecting to the Fugitive Slave Act, the &#8220;Nutmeg State&#8221; &#8220;had
been diligent in prosecuting runaways when slavery was part of their
economy.&#8221; (Harper; <i style="">Slavery in Connecticut</i>)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><span style=""><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">In 1850, &#8220;Delaware had, proportionally, the largest
free black population of any state&#8230;.An 1849 law threatened to sell free
blacks into servitude for a year if they were &#8216;idle and poor&#8217; and
remained unemployed.&#8221; (Harper; <i style="">Slavery in Delaware</i>)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">In
&#8220;1786&#8230;a ban on slave importation into New Jersey took effect&#8230;also
forbid free blacks from entering the state with intent to settle
there.&#8221; (Harper; <i style="">Slavery in New Hampshire</i>)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><span style=""><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">Ohio, in 1804, required proof and registration (with a
fee of 12 &frac12; cents per person) of Negroes (and their families)
attempting to reside in the state. A &#8220;bond of good behavior&#8221; of $500
was also demanded.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Six decades later&#8212;in <b
 style="">1867</b>, and in the face of the 15<sup>th</sup>
Amendment&#8212;they voted down Negro suffrage. (<i style="">The South Was
Right</i>, page 55).<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">The
reader should be cautioned not to take these acts at face value. They
may indicate conditions that escape us, a century and a half later. A
person&#8212;white or black, native or immigrant&#8212;who enters a state not
grounded in any way&#8212;homeless, probably penniless, with little in the
way of skills&#8212;would certainly be at the mercy of his basic needs. How
he served those needs would be dictated by his desperation. Too, these
articles were considered&#8212;as was suggested by a number of sources&#8212;when
necessitated by circumstances.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Harper,
in <i style="">Race Relations in Pennsylvania,</i> points out, &#8220;On
they come with all the accumulated depravity which they have been long
accustomed to; such as lying, pilfering, stealing, swearing, deceit,
and a thousand meaner vices, the fruits of slavery,&#8217; a writer of 1805
complained, in reference to runaways from the South.&#8221;<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>He goes on to elaborate (this from Joel Swayne, a farmer),
&#8220;&#8216;It is obvious that an increasing prejudice is abroad against those of
a dark skin.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Their numbers are rapidly
increasing by the ingress of perhaps the worst class the Slave states
produce&#8212;the idle or infirm who are sent away, the vicious and
insubordinate who run away.&#8217;&#8221;<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Harper adds
the statistic that &#8220;One report statewide showed the black population
ratio at 1:33 and the black crime rate 1:3&#8230;66.3 percent had come from
slave states.&#8221; (Harper; <i style="">Race Relations in Pennsylvania</i>)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">The
Kennedys point out that New Jersey (1807), Connecticut (1814), Rhode
Island (1822), and Pennsylvania (1838) barred blacks from voting. New
York, by its constitution of 1820, required &#8220;colored persons&#8221; to have
qualifications not similarly required of white voters ($250 in
property). According to Harper, &#8220;At the end of the Civil War, 19 of 24
Northern states did not allow Negroes to vote.&#8221; <o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><span style="color: black;"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">Nowhere did they serve on juries
before 1860. They could not give testimony in 10 states, and were
prevented from assembling in two. Several western states had prohibited
free blacks from entering the state. Blacks who entered Illinois and
stayed more than 10 days were guilty of "high misdemeanor." Even those
that didn't exclude blacks debated doing so and had discriminatory
ordinances on the local level.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black;"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">These
laws were, as flogging was, a product of the times.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>Certainly, we look back at the practices with disdain. But
who, even today, would have the courage to challenge the tide of public
opinion? Not even the most famous politicians of the era were
courageous enough to speak openly against bigotry.</font></font></span><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif"> Famous people who make controversial statements are
rare and not long in office. The Kennedys (page 56) quote two, and I
add the third:</font></font></span><span
 style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt;"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"> </font></font></span><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">John Albion Andrew, Governor of Massachusetts, in
1862: &#8220;The Northern States are of all places the worst possible to
select for an asylum for Negroes.&#8221;<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">Senator John Sherman (&#8220;The Ohio Icycle&#8221;), the brother
of William Tecumseh Sherman: &#8220;We do not like the Negroes.<span style="">&nbsp;
      </span>We do not disguise our dislike.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>As
my friend from Indiana (a Mr. Wright) said yesterday: &#8216;The whole people
of the Northwestern States are opposed to having many Negroes among
them and that principle or prejudice has been engraved in the
legislation for nearly all the Northwestern States.&#8217;&#8221;<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">Abraham Lincoln (Charleston, Illinois, during his
opening interrogatory of the fourth of the Lincoln-Douglas debates): &#8220;I
will say then that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing
about in any way the social and political equality of the white and
black races, that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of making
voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor
to intermarry with white people; and I will say in addition to this
that there is a physical difference between the white and black races
which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on
terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so
live, while they do remain together there must be the position of
superior and inferior and I as much as any other man am in favor of
having the superior position assigned to the white race. I say upon
this occasion I do not perceive that because the white man is to have
the superior position the negro should be denied everything. I do not
understand that because I do not want a negro woman for a slave I must
necessarily want her for a wife. My understanding is that I can just
let her alone. I am now in my fiftieth year, and I certainly never had
a black woman for either a slave or a wife. So it seems to me quite
possible for us to get along without making either slaves or wives of
negroes. I will add to this that I have never seen, to my knowledge, a
man, woman, or child who was in favor of producing a perfect equality,
social and political, between Negroes and white men.&#8221; (7)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span style=""><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
      </font></font></span><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">American
History textbooks use glowing and inspirational words to describe how
this great land of liberty and equality welcomed its teeming masses
with open arms. The historical record, however, leaves ample evidence
to the contrary. Racial prejudice towards Negroes, Indians, Irish,
Chinese, and many more groups that tried to become a part of the
&#8220;American Experiment in Democracy&#8221; was (and still is) so commonplace,
as to make a mockery of our two most precious documents, <i style="">The
Declaration of Independence</i> and <i style="">The United States
Constitution. </i><o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><span
 style="font-family: 'MS Serif';">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
I
have barely broken ground on the subject. Had I gone on to describe
almost universal bans on interracial marriages, inequalities of
educational opportunities, and the outright theft of civil liberties
supposedly guaranteed by the greatest of democracy&#8217;s documents, our <i
 style="">Bill of Rights, </i><span style="">&nbsp;</span>this writing
would have been longer still. Suffice it to say that, when one American
is deprived of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, we all are.
Certainly, history bears witness to this.<o:p></o:p></span></font></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><o:p><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></font></o:p></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><u><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">BIBLIOGRAPHY</span></u><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><o:p></o:p></span></font></font></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">(1) <i style="">A Long-Ago Fourth saw the End of an
Integrated School in Canaan</i>, by Dan Billin; The Upper Valley News,
July 4, 2009.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">(2)<i style="">Noyes Academy,</i> by Andi Diehn;
September/October 2008 Upper Valley Life.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">(3) <i style="">Our Nig</i>, by Harriet E. Wilson,
1859; Edited with an Introduction and Notes by P. Gabrielle Foreman and
Reginald H. Pitts (Penguin Books, 2005).<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">(4) <i style="">Slavery in the North </i>(a series
of 26 articles, posted on the internet)<i style="">, </i>by Douglas
Harper; (http//www.slavenorth.com/exclusion.htm)<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">(5) <i style="">Friends of Freedom; The Vermont
Underground Railroad Survey Support</i>, by Raymond Paul Zirblis,
December 12, 1996.<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">(6)<i style="">The South Was Right, </i>by James
Ronald Kennedy and Walter Donald Kennedy, 1998; Pelican Publishing
Company<o:p></o:p></font></font></span></p>
      <p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span
 style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif">(7)Disc 6 of <i style="">The Great Courses in Modern
History: Abraham Lincoln: In His Own Words. </i><span style="">&nbsp;</span>Taught
by:Professor David Zarefsky, Northwestern University; The Teaching
Company, Chantilly, Virginia.</font></font></span></p>
      </div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"> </font></font>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 size="6"><strong>Items For Sale</strong></font></font></font></div>
      <font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"> </font></font>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 size="6"><strong>And Wanted</strong></font></font></font></div>
      <font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"> </font></font>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font size="3"> </font></font></font></font>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></font></font></font></div>
      <font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 size="3"> </font></font></font></font>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font size="3"> </font></font></font></font>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font size="3"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font size="3"><font
 face="MS Serif"><img alt="" src="enfieldside1.jpg" align="left"
 border="0" height="85" hspace="0" width="494"></font></font></font></font></font><font
 face="MS Serif"><strong>For
Sale.</strong>&nbsp;
Antique, original 1860 Enfield (3 band) 39" long barrel black powder
musket.&nbsp; Stamped with Barnett London and a crown on the
lock.&nbsp; No
ramrod.&nbsp; Rich patina color throughout along with dirt and
grime.&nbsp; An "A" has been carved into the stock.&nbsp; $1,500.&nbsp;
Contact claton at <a href="mailto:cb78plumber@aol.com">cb78plumber@aol.com</a>
      </font></font></font></font></font></div>
      <font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 size="3"> </font></font></font></font></div>
      <font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 size="3"> </font></font></font></font>
      <div align="center"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 face="MS Serif"><font size="3">&nbsp;</font></font></font></font></div>
      <font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"><font
 size="3"> <font face="MS Serif"><font size="3">
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><strong>For Sale.&nbsp; </strong>2010
- 2011 97th PVI Re-enactors' Calendar.&nbsp; The 97th Pennsylvania
Volunteer Infantry, Co. A. is proud to offer the Re-enactors' Calendar
for the 2010 - 2011 re-enacting season.&nbsp; Pictured are historical
etchings from Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, depicting actual
events that occurred during the Civil War, along with recent
photographs of Union and Confederate re-enactors.&nbsp; This Calendar
starts with September 2010, and ends with December 2011.&nbsp; It lists
many of the upcoming re-enactments from Florida to Pennsylvania, an
essential tool for planning your re-enacting season.&nbsp; Price is
$8.00 each, plus shipping.&nbsp; Order your copy online using PayPal or
a major credit card <a
 href="http://www.97thpvicoa.us/index.php/sellcalendar">http://www.97thpvicoa.us/index.php/sellcalendar</a>
Contact Susan Stroud at <a href="mailto:reenactorscalendar@verizon.net">reenactorscalendar@verizon.net</a>
      </font></div>
      </font></font></font></font></font></font></div>
      <font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif"> </font></font></div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif">&nbsp;</font></div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">
      <div align="left"><strong>For Sale.</strong>&nbsp; Springfield
Model 1861 musket/rifle, original with new skirmishers barrel.&nbsp;
Appears that the barrel has not been fired.&nbsp; Suitable for
reenacting or display.&nbsp; $695 (shipping not included)&nbsp; Contact
Steven at <a href="mailto:sashe@cfl.rr.com">sashe@cfl.rr.com</a></div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="left"><strong>For Sale.</strong>&nbsp; British
Enfield Pattern 1853 - original.&nbsp; $695.&nbsp; Suitable for
reenacting or display.&nbsp; Contact Steven at <a
 href="mailto:sashe@cfl.rr.com">sashe@cfl.rr.com</a></div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="left">
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><strong>For Sale.</strong>&nbsp;
Custom, hand&nbsp;made iron items by Mike Luck.&nbsp; Everything you
can think of from nails to complete cook sets, camping gear, reenactors
items&nbsp;and more.&nbsp; If you can draw it, Mike can create
it.&nbsp; Many years experience in blacksmithing.&nbsp; Contact Mike
Luck at <a href="mailto:colsmith@bellsouth.net">colsmith@bellsouth.net</a>
      </font></div>
      <div>&nbsp;</div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif">
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><strong>For Sale.</strong>&nbsp; 1861
U.S. Springfield Special Model manufactured in 1863 by Amoskeag Mfg.
Co. of Manchester, N.H.&nbsp; The hammer spring is broken, two of the
barrel rings are loose, and the metal has rust.&nbsp; The stock has no
cracks, and it has a ramrod and bayonet.&nbsp; $1000 or best
offer.&nbsp; Contact <a href="mailto:bobrinck@aol.com">bobrinck@aol.com</a>
or call Bob at
802-578-0904.</font></div>
      <div>&nbsp;</div>
      <div><strong>For Sale.</strong>&nbsp; Field desk, uniforms,
cooking items, trunk, drum (in need of repair), musket, other
accessories.&nbsp; See photos below.&nbsp; <font face="MS Serif">For
more information, photos&nbsp;and prices contact <a
 href="mailto:vielka.tejada@hotmail.com">vielka.tejada@hotmail.com</a></font></div>
      </font></div>
      <div>&nbsp;</div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif">
      <div>
      <div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><strong>For Sale.&nbsp; </strong>Original
eight volume set.&nbsp; Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of
the war to the 37th Congress.&nbsp; 1861 - 1866.&nbsp; $950.00&nbsp;
Contact Maria at <a href="mailto:poelzlm@hotmail.com"><u><font
 color="#0000ff">poelzlm@hotmail.com</font></u></a></font></div>
      <div>&nbsp;</div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><strong>For Sale.</strong>&nbsp;
Original six books "The Congressional Globe" containing the debates and
proceedings of the first session of the thirty seventh Congress.&nbsp;
1861, 1862, 1863.&nbsp; $750.00&nbsp; Contact Maria at <u><font
 color="#0000ff"><a href="mailto:poelzlm@hotmail.com">poelzlm@hotmail.com</a></font></u></font></div>
      <div>&nbsp;</div>
      <div><font color="#0000ff">
      <div align="left"><font color="#000000"><strong>For Sale.</strong>&nbsp;
Springfield Trapdoor.&nbsp; .45 - 70.&nbsp; Lock and musket.&nbsp;
Asking $800.00.&nbsp; <font face="MS Serif">Located near Anderson,
Florida.&nbsp; </font>For more information and photos, contact John at
&nbsp;</font><a href="mailto:jntl89@hotmail.com">jntl89@hotmail.com</a><font
 color="#000000">&nbsp; </font></div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="left"><font color="#000000">
      <div align="left"><strong>For Sale.</strong>&nbsp; Quigley
Sharps.&nbsp; .45 - 90 with Malcolm 6x scope.&nbsp; Sharps lock and
rifle.&nbsp; <font face="MS Serif">Located near Anderson,
Florida.&nbsp; </font>Asking $1,500.00 For more information and
photos, contact John at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:jntl89@hotmail.com">jntl89@hotmail.com</a>
      </div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="left">
      <div align="left"><strong>For Sale.</strong>&nbsp; Gun
carriage.&nbsp; 40 inch wheels.&nbsp; Made of "white oak".&nbsp;
Located near Anderson, Florida.&nbsp;For more information and photos,
contact John at <a href="mailto:jntl89@hotmail.com">jntl89@hotmail.com</a>
      </div>
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><strong></strong></font>&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="left">
      <div>
      <div align="left"><strong>For Sale.</strong>&nbsp; Window
stickers, signs, vehicle lettering, graphics, magnetic signs, banners
of all sizes and more.&nbsp; Will ship anywhere.&nbsp; Contact Robyn
Banks (artillery) at <u><font color="#0000ff"><a
 href="mailto:southerncanoneer@aol.com">southerncanoneer@aol.com</a></font></u>
      </div>
      <div align="left">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="left">
      <div align="left"><font face="MS Serif"><strong>Wanted.</strong>&nbsp;
Used pair of cavalry knee high boots.&nbsp; Size 11 - 12.&nbsp; Must be
able to be worn.&nbsp; Contact Victor at <a
 href="mailto:floridarebel1862@yahoo.com">floridarebel1862@yahoo.com</a>
      </font></div>
      </div>
      </div>
      </div>
      </div>
      </font></div>
      </font></div>
      </div>
      </div>
      </font></div>
      </div>
      <div align="center">&nbsp;</div>
      </font></font></div>
      <div><font face="MS Serif"><font face="MS Serif">
      <div align="center"><font size="6"><strong>Upcoming Events</strong></font></div>
      <div align="center">&nbsp;</div>
      <div align="left">For a complete listing of all Civil War
reenactments, living history events, and monthly meetings&nbsp;in
Florida, please see the 2010 - 2011 Event Schedule at <a
 href="http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/EventRoster.htm"><font
 color="#0000ff">http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/EventRoster.htm</font></a>&nbsp;or
go to this magazine's home page and click on the Event Schedule
button.&nbsp;</div>
      </font></font></div>
      <p align="left"> </p>
Your Obedient Servant, <br>
Lieutenant Colonel Robert A. Niepert<br>
Hardy's Brigade 3rd Battalion Commander <br>
&nbsp;
Brigade Cavalry Commander <br>
5th Florida Company&nbsp; G Cavalry<br>
      <a href="mailto:mayorbob@embarqmail.com">mayorbob@embarqmail.com</a><br>
      <br>
(407) 448-4871
      <p><b>This News Magazine, its articles, photos and all the</b> <br>
      <b>information contained herein are copyrighted</b> <br>
      <b>and may not be reproduced in any form without</b> <br>
      <b>written permission of the editor and its authors.</b> </p>
      <p><b><font size="+1"><a
 href="http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com">Home</a>
/ <a
 href="http://www.floridareenactorsonline.com/BackIssuesContents.htm">Back
Issue Contents</a> / <a href="mailto:mayorbob@embarqmail.com">Contact
the
Editor</a></font></b> </p>
      <p><font color="#000099"><font size="-2">Designed by Dixie Myst
Designs copyright
&copy;2011</font></font></p>
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