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<title>Nietzsches Werke</title>
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<H3>Electronic editor's introduction</H3>
<P>I confess to an on-going fascination with the writings of Nietzsche,
dating back to my first encounters with his works as an undergraduate. 
While I certainly disagree with Nietzsche on many points, his writings
are challenging, thought provoking, and a pleasure to read.</P>
<P>In 1987, having recently completed my doctoral degree with a
dissertation on Nietzsche, I was employed as a humanities computing
consultant at Stanford University.  While working on my dissertation, I
did what thousands of students had done before me: kept dozens of notes
on index cards, which I dutifully kept arranged in boxes.  My
supervisor, Dr. Michael Carter, having listened to my complaints about
the awkwardness and inadequacies of the index card system, asked "What
if you had the Nietzsche corpus on-line?"  The advantages were
instantly obvious.  Within a few months, I was wrestling with a
Kurzweil 4000 scanner and work on the on-line Nietzsche corpus was
underway.
<P>When I began work on the electronic Nietzsche corpus, one easy
decision concerned which print edition to use as the source: the
Colli/Montinari edition.  This electronic version of the corpus is
based entirely on that edition.  In undertaking the project, my hope
was to produce a faithful and accurate electronic rendition of the
print edition so that scholars could utilize the new resources and
techniques that computers make possible.</P>
<P>The history of the editions of Nietzsche's works is a remarkable
one, with more than its share of controversies.  There are numerous accounts
of this history, so there is no need to replicate them here.  The one
"truth" about Nietzsche's works is that the Colli/Montinari volumes
represent the best edition of Nietzsche's writings.</P>
<P>In print, there are two versions of the Colli/Montinari edition: the
complete hardbound version (Kritische Gesamtausgabe Werke, abbreviated
as KGW) and the paperback version (Kritische Studienausgabe or KSA). 
Anyone who is closely familiar with these editions will notice that
this electronic version, while organized according to the KGW, actually
follows the KSA in content.  There are two reasons for this.  First,
the content of the KSA represents the core of Nietzsche's work. 
Second, until recently I have been working on my own without
assistance, so the core Nietzsche writings provided more than enough to
do.
<P>In partnership with Mark Rooks of Intelex Corp., we were able to
negotiate terms with Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, that has enable
the electronic publication of Nietzsche's core work.  We will, in
future editions, enlarge this electronic edition, adding the critical
apparatus, the Jugendschriften and the correspondence, so that in time
the electronic edition will correspond in all respects to the print
edition.
<P>The abbreviations used here follow those employed by the editors of
the KGW and KSA.  Hence: KGW = Kritsche Gesamtausgabe Werke KSA =
Kritsche Studienausgabe

The following table summarizes the abbreviations used for individual
titles of the published work:
<pre>
GT    Geburt der Trag&ouml;die
UBDS  David Strauss
UBHL  Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie
UBSE  Schopenhauer als Erzieher 
UBRW  Richard Wagner in Bayreuth 
MAMI  Menschliches, Allzumenschliches I 
MAMII Menschliches, Allzumenschliches II 
M     Morgenr&ouml;te 
FW    Fr&ouml;hliche Wissenschaft 
IM    Idyllen aus Messina 
Z     Also sprach Zarathustra 
JGB   Jenseits von Gut und B&ouml;se 
GM    Zur Genealogie der Moral 
EH    Ecce Homo 
GD    G&ouml;tzend&auml;mmerung 
FWag  Der Fall Wagner 
AC    Der Antichrist 
DD    Dionysis-Dithyramben 
NcW   Nietzsche contra Wagner
</pre>
<p>The following table summarizes the abbreviations used for individual
titles of the unpublished work of Nietzsche's years in Basel: 
<pre>
GMD   Zwei &ouml;ffentliche Vortr&auml;ge &uuml;ber die griechische
Trag&ouml;die.  Erster Vortrag: Das griechische Musikdrama 
ST    Zwei &ouml;ffentliche Vortr&auml;ge &uuml;ber die griechische
Trag&ouml;die.  Zweiter Vortrag: Socrates und die Tragoedie 
DW    Die dionysische Weltanschauung 
GG    Die Geburt des tragischen Gedankens 
SGT   Sokrates und die griechische Tragoedie 
BA    Ueber die Zukunft unserer Bildungsanstalten 
CV    F&uuml;nf Vorreden zu f&uuml;nf ungeschriebenen B&uuml;chern
NJ    Ein Neujahrswort an den Herausgebern der Wochenschrift &ldquor;Im
neuen Reich&rdquor;
PHG   Die Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen
WL    Ueber Wahrheit und L&uuml;ge im aussermoralischen Sinne
MD    Mahnruf an die Deutschen
K     Kritische Studienausgabe, Bd. 14
C     Kritische Studienausgabe, Bd. 15
</Pre>
<P>DIVISIONAL STRUCTURE AND MARKUP The use of markup or tags in
electronic corpora is essential in order to make the textbase truly useful.  The question is which markup convention to use.  Fortunately, the choice
here was as obvious as which print edition to use: this on-line version
of the Nietzsche corpus has been encoded in conformance with version 3
of the Guidelines of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI).
<P>A second question is how detailed should the encoding be? The way
texts are encoded reflect the research interests of the encoder.  One
can conceive of as many ways of encoding a body of literature as there
are ways of reading it.  It would be impossible for any one encoding
approach to anticipate all possible research interests.
<P>Accordingly, the tagging of the Nietzsche corpus has confined
itself to the most obvious aspects of the organization of the material.
The goal, therefore, has been to encode the organizational structure of
the KGW and its "empirical" aspects, such as Greek text and Nietzsche's
use of emphasis.  This basic encoding will support but not hinder
additional, more sophisticated tagging of the corpus to suit
specialized needs and interests.
<P>Since Nietzsche was an aphoristic writer, it makes sense to treat
the aphorism as the basic unit of his works.  In most text retrieval
systems it will be the aphorism that is supplied as the context for
matching words and phrases.  I have included some basic location
information with each aphorism, so the reader can discern at a quick
glance where the aphorism is from and roughly what time period in
Nietzsche's career it was written.
<P>Here is an example.  This is the beginning of aphorism 277 from
"Jenseits von Gut und B&ouml;se."
<p>
&lt;div1 type="Aphorism"  id='JGB-Text-277'&gt;<br>
&lt;milestone unit="Aphorism" ed="kgw" n='VI-2.238'&gt;<br>
&lt;milestone unit="Aphorism" ed="ksa" n='5.228'&gt;
<p>
      277.  -- Schlimm genug!  Wieder die alte Geschichte!  Wenn
man sich sein Haus fertig gebaut hat, merkt man, ....
<p>
<p>Associated with each aphorism reference line are three "attributes," to
use SGML terminology.  Each attribute conveys location information or
pointers to the standard print edition.  The first attribute (id) is a
unique name (or "identifier" in computer parlance). In the case of
Nietzsche's published works, the value of the id attribute enables you
to locate the aphorism in any edition (including translations) of
Nietzsche's works.  The id attribute consists of three parts separated
by hyphens:
<ul>
<li>work -- abbreviated name of the work (here "JGB", indicating "Jenseits
von Gut und B&ouml;se")
<li>part -- "text" means the aphorism is found in the main body of the
work.  Other possibilities are "Vorrede," "Vorwort," and "Epilog."
<li>number -- number of the aphorism as it appears in the KGW
</ul>
<P>In both the works and the Nachla&szlig;, the "kgw" and "ksa"
attributes provide the same kind of location information.  The "ksa"
attribute points to a location in the Kritische Studienausgabe: volume
and page number references are given.  In this case, this aphorism may
be found in volume 5, starting on page 228.  The location reference for
the KGW is also given, using the same format.  This same aphorism
appears in Abteilung VI, Band 2 of the KGW, starting on page 238.
<P>For the Nachla&szlig; aphorism reference line, no such canonical
reference scheme is possible.  The id attribute can point only to the
KGW, the first complete publication of Nietzsche's Nachla&szlig;.  One
alternative would be to have the Nachla&szlig; id attributes point to
some an earlier edition of Nietzsche's Nachla&szlig;, such as the
"Wille zur Macht" editions that appeared during the tenure of Elizabeth
F&ouml;rster-Nietzsche.  The objections to tying the ID value to an
obsolete and incomplete arrangement of the Nachla&szlig; are
obvious.
<p>The aphorism reference line in the Nachla&szlig; carries an additional
attribute.  Here is an example:
<p>
&lt;div1 type="Aphorism"  n=6560 id='VII.1.1'&gt;<br>
&lt;milestone unit="Aphorism" ed="kgw" n='VII-1.3'&gt;<br>
&lt;milestone unit="Aphorism" ed="ksa" n='10.9'&gt;<br>
<p>
<p>In this case, the 'n' attribute simply assigns the aphorism a unique
number, starting with 1.  The id attribute consists of two parts,
divided by a period.  The first indicates the Abteilung, or the broad
division of the KGW.  The second carries a number assigned to each
Nachla&szlig; aphorism by the KGW editors in the format "n[m]".  <LB>
<P>In the Nachla&szlig;, the ksa and kgw attributes function the same
as for the published and unpublished works.
<P>Page boundaries are also marked with tags.  These tags carry KGW
and KSA attributes that function the same way as the kgw and ksa
attributes do in aphorisms.  The attributes of the page boundary tags
and the aphorism tags are distinguished by the use of upper- and
lower-case.
<P>Within each aphorism, the following elements, if present, are
tagged:
<ul>
<li>Nietzsche's emphasis, represented in the KGW and KSA using the
German typographical convention of widespacing
<li>A second, stronger emphasis, represented in the KGW and KSA by
boldface type
<li>Greek
</ul>
<P>Line-breaking hyphenation has been removed and the words rejoined. 
In cases in which the hyphenation linked words in a compound fashion, the
hyphenation was retained (a clear signal being Nietzsche's
capitalization of the second word. Examples: "Wirklich-/keit" (KGW
VI-3, S. 179) was rejoined to read "Wirklichkeit", whereas
"Fiktions-/Welt" (same page) was rendered "Fiktions-Welt".
<P>Line numbers have not been preserved.  Since the KGW line breaks
have been preserved, it would be a relatively straightforward matter to
reintroduce them, should one want to do this.
<P>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to David Wellberry and Russell Berman,
for their guidance during my graduate student bouts with Nietzsche. 
Special thanks to Dr. Peter Frank, then curator of the Germanic
collection of the Stanford Library, who supported and encouraged my
dissertation.  Thanks to Michael Carter, who initially suggested the
project and provided initial assistance in getting it going; and to Pat
Box, another of my supervisors at Stanford who encouraged this work. 
My gratitude is due Alison Reid, who spell-checked a large portion of
the corpus.  Above all, my thanks to my wife Carol, who has been
marvelously supportive of this project since its inception.
<p>Dr. Malcolm Brown
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