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<meta name="description" content="Current Eyewitness Identification Procedure Reinforce False Memories and Lead to Wrongful Convictions  By: Houston Criminal Lawyer John Floyd and Paralegal Billy Sinclair  There have been 258 DNA exonerations in this country over the last two decades, according to the New York-based Innocence Project. In approximately 75 percent of those cases, eye misidentification played a significant role. It is an issue we have thus far blogged about four times this year (here, here, here, and here) and four times last year (here, here, here, and here)—the latter two 2009 posts dealing with the wrongful conviction of Timothy Cole." />
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<h1 id="header"><a href="http://www.johntfloyd.com/blog/">CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
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<div id="content"><p>Criminal Law Blog by Defense Lawyer John Floyd and Mr. Billy Sinclair</p>
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<h2>September 13, 2010</h2>
<div class="post-481 post hentry category-houston-criminal-lawyer tag-dna-exonerations tag-false-memories tag-pardon tag-rape tag-wrongful-conviction" id="post-481">
	 <h3 class="storytitle"><a href="http://www.johntfloyd.com/blog/2010/09/13/recommendations-from-the-timothy-cole-advisory-panel-on-wrongful-convictions/" rel="bookmark">RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE TIMOTHY COLE ADVISORY PANEL ON WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS</a></h3>
	<div class="meta">Filed under: <a href="http://www.johntfloyd.com/blog/category/houston-criminal-lawyer/" title="View all posts in Houston Criminal Lawyer" rel="category tag">Houston Criminal Lawyer</a> &#8212; Tags: <a href="http://www.johntfloyd.com/blog/tag/dna-exonerations/" rel="tag">DNA exonerations</a>, <a href="http://www.johntfloyd.com/blog/tag/false-memories/" rel="tag">false memories</a>, <a href="http://www.johntfloyd.com/blog/tag/pardon/" rel="tag">pardon</a>, <a href="http://www.johntfloyd.com/blog/tag/rape/" rel="tag">rape</a>, <a href="http://www.johntfloyd.com/blog/tag/wrongful-conviction/" rel="tag">Wrongful Conviction</a> &#8212;  johntfloyd @ 5:09 pm </div>

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		<p align="left"><strong>Current Eyewitness Identification  Procedure  Reinforce False Memories and Lead to Wrongful Convictions</strong></p>
<p align="left"><strong>By: Houston Criminal Lawyer John Floyd  and  Paralegal Billy Sinclair</strong></p>
<p>There  have been 258 DNA exonerations in this country over  the last two decades,  according to the New York-based <a href="http://www.innocenceproject.org/"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.innocenceproject.org/?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">Innocence  Project</a>. In  approximately 75 percent  of those cases, <a href="http://www.innocenceproject.org/understand/Eyewitness-Misidentification.php"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.innocenceproject.org/understand/Eyewitness-Misidentification.php?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">eye  misidentification</a> played a significant role. It is an issue we have   thus far blogged about four times this year (<a href="../../comments/august10/wrongful-convictions-criminal-attorney.htm">here</a>,  <a href="../../comments/may10/DNA-Exonerations-Attorney.htm">here</a>,  <a href="../../comments/april10/Texas-Forensic-Commission-stalled.htm">here</a>,  and <a href="../../comments/february10/false-eyewitness-identifications.htm">here</a>)  and  four times last year (<a href="../../comments/june09/17a.htm">here</a>, <a href="../../comments/march09/22a.htm">here</a>, <a href="../../comments/march09/16a.htm">here</a>, and <a href="../../comments/april09/16a.htm">here</a>)—the   latter two 2009 posts dealing with the wrongful conviction of Timothy  Cole.</p>
<p>The  wrongful conviction of Cole is a tragic affair no matter  how it is viewed. It  has had much the same impact on the Texas   criminal justice system as the 1999 wrongful conviction of <a href="../../comments/august10/wrongful-convictions-criminal-attorney.htm">Clarence  Elkins, Sr</a>., had on the Ohio  criminal justice system. The same  year Elkins was wrongfully convicted Cole  died in a Texas  prison from  asthma complications. Fourteen years earlier he had been a  26-year-old  student at Texas   Tech University.  The university and the entire  Lubbock  community were under siege from a serial rapist who had  sexually assaulted five  women between December 1984 and April 1985. The  fifth woman attacked was  20-year-old Tech student Michele Mallin.</p>
<p>In  an effort to apprehend the serial rapist, the local  police assigned an  undercover female officer to hang around the  university campus. One evening the  officer walked into a popular  pizzeria frequented by students. Timothy Cole  happened to be in the  pizzeria. After having a coke, the officer got up and  walked out of the  restaurant. Cole followed. He walked directly to his car, but  before  driving off, he pulled up alongside the undercover officer who was   strolling down the street. Cole struck up a conversation with officer  and they  traded names, although the officer refused to give him her  telephone number.  Cole drove off.</p>
<p>Since  Cole was the only man who approached the officer that  night, she turned his  name into investigators working the serial rapist  case. They ran Cole’s name  and discovered he had reported being robbed  at a local pool hall several weeks  earlier. When the police went to  investigate the robbery report, they noticed  he had a weapon that  appeared to have been fired. This led to a search of Cole—a  search that  revealed he had a small amount of marijuana in his possession. He  was  arrested on misdemeanor drug and weapon charges. One of the arresting   officers in this case was the same “undercover” officer who turned his  name  into the serial rapist investigators.</p>
<p><span id="more-481"></span></p>
<p>These  two totally unrelated and dissimilar events, somehow  in the minds of the  Lubbock Police Department, made him a “suspect” in  the serial rape case.  Investigators took a Polaroid photo from Cole’s  misdemeanor file, put five much  smaller mug-shots with it, and  presented this highly suggestive photo lineup to  Michele Mallin who  immediately identified Cole as her assailant. The lid on his  wrongful  conviction was sealed from that point. It would take the Texas justice   system more than two decades to fully and completely own up to Timothy  Cole’s  wrongful conviction, even after the real rapist had been  identified and found  in the state’s prison system serving time for a  series of other rapes.</p>
<p>But,  finally, the system did respond to this horrific  injustice—a man wrongfully  convicted who spent 14 years and eventually  died in prison without having his  name cleared. In 2009 the Texas  Legislature created the <a href="http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/81R/billtext/pdf/HB00498F.pdf"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/81R/billtext/pdf/HB00498F.pdf?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">Timothy  Cole Advisory Panel on Wrongful Convictions</a> (“Panel”) and charged  it with the responsibility of  providing assistance and advice to the <a href="http://www.courts.state.tx.us/tfid/tcap.asp"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.courts.state.tx.us/tfid/tcap.asp?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">Task  Force on  Indigent Defense</a> (“Task  Force”) which has been charged with the  responsibility of conducting a study  designed to cover a broad array of  issues relating to wrongful convictions. The <a href="http://www.courts.state.tx.us/tfid/060910TFIDmeeting/TCAP.pdf"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.courts.state.tx.us/tfid/060910TFIDmeeting/TCAP.pdf?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">study</a> will  include the following areas:</p>
<ul>
<li>The causes of wrongful  convictions;</li>
<li>The procedures  and programs that may be implemented to  prevent future wrongful convictions;</li>
<li>The effects of  state law on wrongful convictions, as  determined based on state statues  regarding eyewitness identification  procedures, the recording of custodial  interrogations, post-conviction  DNA testing, and writs of habeas corpus based  on relevant scientific  evidence; and</li>
<li>Whether the  creation of an innocence commission to  investigate wrongful convictions would  be appropriate.</li>
</ul>
<p>On  August 26, 2010 the Panel issued its “<a href="http://www.courts.state.tx.us/tfid/pdf/FINALTCAPreport.pdf"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.courts.state.tx.us/tfid/pdf/FINALTCAPreport.pdf?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">report</a>”   putting forth a comprehensive package of recommendations which, if  implemented,  would be the first steps toward improving the quality and  integrity of the Texas criminal justice  system. Perhaps the most  significant of these recommendations focuses on  methods for improving  the way more than 1,000 Texas law enforcement agencies prepare and   administer eyewitness identification procedures. These methods include  the  following five proposals:</p>
<ul>
<li>The State of Texas should require  Bill Blackwood Law  Enforcement Management Institute of Texas (LEMIT) to work  with  scientific experts in eyewitness memory research and law enforcement   agencies to develop, adopt, disseminate to all law enforcement agencies,  and  annually review a model policy and training materials regarding  administration  of photo and live lineups. That model policy should  comport with science in the  areas of cautionary instructions, filler  selection, double-blind  administration, documentation of identification  procedures, and other  procedures or best practices supported by  credible research.</li>
<li>The State of Texas should require all  law enforcement  agencies to adopt eyewitness identification procedures that  comply with  a model policy promulgated by the Bill Blackwood’s LEMIT.</li>
<li>The State of Texas should integrate  training on  eyewitness identification procedures into required curricula of the   Bill Blackwood’s LEMIT and the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement  Standards  and Education (TCLESE).</li>
<li>The State of Texas should permit  evidence of compliance  or noncompliance with the model policy to be admissible  in court.</li>
<li>The State of Texas should allow law  enforcement agencies  discretion on the adoption of sequential procedures.</li>
</ul>
<p>The  first proposal contains the “red meat” of the changes  that need to be made in  law enforcement’s witness identification  procedures. We will discuss each of  these proposed changes.</p>
<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Memory Research</span></strong></p>
<p>In  1999, Stanford Law School Professor Laura Engelhardt,  writing in the <a href="http://agora.stanford.edu/sjls/Issue%20One/fisher&amp;tversky.htm"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/agora.stanford.edu/sjls/Issue_20One/fisher_amp_tversky.htm?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">Stanford  Journal of Legal Studies</a>, discussed a presentation given to the law  school by  memory researchers Barbara Tversky, Professor of Psychology,  and George Fisher,  Professor of Law, about the problems associated  with eyewitness testimony.  Professor Engelhardt succinctly opened the  discussion with this preliminary  observation: “The bedrock of the  American judicial process is the honesty of  witnesses in trial.  Eyewitness testimony can make a deep impression on a jury,  which is  often exclusively assigned the role of sorting out credibility issues   and making judgments about the truth of witness statements. Perjury is a  crime,  because lying under oath can subvert the integrity of a trial  and the  legitimacy of the judicial system. However, perjury is defined  as <em>knowingly</em> making a false  statement—merely misremembering is  not a crime. Moreover, the jury makes its  determinations of witness  credibility and veracity in secret, without revealing  the reason for  its final judgment. Recognizing the fallibility of witness  memories,  then, is especially important to participants in the judicial  process,  since many trials revolve around factual determinations of whom to   believe. Rarely will a factual question result in a successful   appeal—effectively giving many parties only one chance at justice.  Arriving at  a just result and a correct determination of truth is  difficult enough without  the added possibility that witnesses  themselves may not be aware of  inaccuracies in their testimony.”</p>
<p>Studies  on eyewitness testimony are replete with examples of  groups of subjects  simultaneously witnessing a staged crime only to  present widely divergent  accounts short after the episode. For example,  Professor Engelhardt wrote about  studies conducted in the 1970s by  University of California psychologist  Elizabeth Lofus who conducted  experiments dealing with the effects of third  parties injecting false  facts into memory. In one experiment the subjects were  shown a “yield  sign” but asked about a “stop sign” while other subjects were  shown  “stop signs” but asked about “yield signs.” The results revealed the   subjects remembered the false image. “In the initial part of the  experiment,”  Englehardt wrote, “subjects also viewed a slide showing a  car accident. Some  subjects were later asked how fast the cars were  traveling when they ‘hit’ each  other, others were asked how fast the  cars were traveling when they ‘smashed’  into each other. Those subjects  questioned using the word ‘smashed’ were more  likely to report having  seen broken glass in the original slide. The  introduction of false cues  altered participants’memories.”</p>
<p>Earlier  this year we <a href="../../comments/february10/false-eyewitness-identifications.htm">posted  a blog</a> about a <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=do-the-eyes-have-it"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=do-the-eyes-have-it&amp;referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');"><em>Scientific   American</em></a> (Jan. 6, 2010) article  titled “<em>Why Science  Tells Us Not to Rely  on Eyewitness Accounts</em>” written by Hal  Arkowitz and Scott Lilienfeld. The  researchers informed us that: “ …  many people believe that human memory works  like a video recorder: the  mind records the event and then, on cue, plays back  an exact replica of  them. On the contrary, psychologists have found that  memories are  reconstructed rather than played back each time we recall them.”  The  two authors also called upon Elizabeth Loftus who explained the act of   remembering is “more skin to putting puzzle pieces together than  retrieving a  video recording.”</p>
<p>This  “reconstruction” process produces a slew of false  memories. “Many researchers  have [even] created false memories in  normal individuals,” Arkowitz and  Lilienfeld wrote. “What is more, many  of these subjects are certain that the  memories are real. In one  well-known study, Loftus and her colleague Jacqueline  Pickrell gave  subjects written accounts of four events, three of which they had   actually experienced. The fourth story was fiction; it centered on the  subject  being lost in a mall or another public place when he or she was  between four  and six years old. A relative provided realistic details  for the false story,  such as a description of the mall at which the  subject’s parents shopped. After  reading each story, subjects were  asked to write down what they remembered  about the incident or indicate  that they did not remember it all. Remarkably  about one third of the  subjects reported partially or fully remembering the  false event. In  two follow-up interviews, 25 percent still claimed that they  remembered  the untrue story, a figure consistent with the findings of similar   studies.”</p>
<p>We’ve  all heard the great “fish story” where the fish grows  larger with each  retelling of the story. Like most repeated  exaggerations, the fisherman soon  believes the embellished stories. And  that’s exactly what happens with most  eyewitness identifications, as  the one Ms. Mallin made of Timothy Cole. “Once  witnesses state facts in  a particular way or identify a particular person as  the perpetrator,  they are unwilling or even unable—due to the reconstruction of  their  memory—to reconsider their initial understanding. When a witness   identifies a person in a lineup, he is likely to identify that same  person in  later line-ups, even when the person identified is not the  perpetrator.  Although juries and decision-makers place great reliance  on eyewitness  identification, they are often unaware of false  memories.”</p>
<p>Professor  Engelhardt further explained that it is the actual  “retelling” of story that  affects memory because stories are rarely  told in a “neutral fashion.” Stories  are tailored for the listener,  particularly by our own biases or a bias  recognized in the person  listening to the story. And even when the police and  prosecutors do not  assist or manipulate a witness into an identification, “the  mere act  of telling prosecutors what happened [by the witness] may bias and   distort the witness’s memory,” said Engelhardt. “Eyewitness testimony,  then, is  innately suspect.”</p>
<p>That  is precisely why law enforcement authorities must  understand the dynamics of  memory, particularly its “reconstruction”  process and its innate tendency to  distort or misremember. Because a  witness’ bias inevitably influences the  accuracy of any identification,  good or bad, it is crucial that law enforcement  not give, no matter  how inadvertent, misleading or suggestive information to a  witness. As  Engelhardt pointed out: “ … the very act of forming a memory  creates  distortion.” Crime eyewitnesses, therefore, do not need any corrupting   influences from either the police or prosecutors—like the highly  suggestive  photo lineup employed in the Timothy Cole case.</p>
<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">SEQUENTIAL PRESENTATION </span></strong></p>
<p>A  sequential lineup is one where an eyewitness is shown each  photo individually  and asked specifically if that photo is the  perpetrator. Many researchers have  concluded based on preliminary data  that (<a href="http://www.thejusticeproject.org/wp-content/uploads/texas-eyewitness-report-final2.pdf"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.thejusticeproject.org/wp-content/uploads/texas-eyewitness-report-final2.pdf?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">here</a>,  <a href="http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/%7Eglwells/SequentialNotesonlossofhits.htm"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.psychology.iastate.edu/_7Eglwells/SequentialNotesonlossofhits.htm?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">here</a>,  and <a href="http://www.innocenceproject.org/docs/SteblayIDStudy.pdf"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.innocenceproject.org/docs/SteblayIDStudy.pdf?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">here</a>)  this  is a superior method over the simultaneous method (displaying all  the photos in  one array). But there is a drawback as pointed out by  the Panel: while the  sequential method may reduce the number of false  identifications, it may also  reduce the number of correct  identifications. At least one study has shown that  witnesses who view a  <a href="http://eyewitness.utep.edu/Documents/Malpass06NotesOnTheIllinoisPilotProgram.pdf"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/eyewitness.utep.edu/Documents/Malpass06NotesOnTheIllinoisPilotProgram.pdf?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">simultaneous  lineup</a> identify the suspect more often than those who view a  sequential  lineup, 59.9 to 45 percent; choose a filler less often than  those who view a  sequential lineup, 2.8 to 9.2 percent; and are less  likely to choose no one  than those who view a sequential lineup, 37.6  to 47.2 percent.</p>
<p>The  latter drawback must be acceptable. The simultaneous  method simply does not  lend itself to independent recollection. The  eyewitness knows that one of the  photos is the perpetrator. He/she will  then look for a photo that matches the  witness’ biased recollection,  thus, any photo which remotely resembles the  initial biased  recollection will become the perpetrator. In the sequential  method, the  witness must make a decision on the single photo before  him/her—there  is no opportunity to “shop” among the array to find the photo  that  matches the initial biased recollection. In a sequential photo lineup,  the  identification process is narrowed: it either is or isn’t. There is  no “wait  and let me see all of them first.” The sequential method,  therefore, forces the  very process of memory to focus, to sharpen its  recollection of details that  may assist in a reliable identification.</p>
<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">DOUBLE BLIND METHOD</span></strong></p>
<p>The  administrator of the lineup does not know who the suspect  is. Prior to the  actual lineup, the administrator collects a  “confidence statement” from the  witness. The Panel reported the double  blind method is important because the  witness’ identification will not  be contaminated by any feedback from the  administrator. If the  administrator knows who the suspect is, he/she can  influence the  witness’ identification, perhaps unintentional, with both verbal  and  nonverbal cues. To make sure the administrator does not attempt to   influence the lineup deliberately or inadvertently, he/she should know  that one  of the “fillers” in the lineup is a police officer but the  administrator  doesn’t know which one is the actual officer. The Panel  reported that  “researchers have found that these measures all but  eliminate administrator  influence from the procedures.”</p>
<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">CONCLUSION</span></strong></p>
<p>We  warmly embrace the recommendations made by the Panel.  Having said that, let us  say that we strongly urge the Task Force to  follow the lead of the excellent  “concurring report” prepared by  University of Houston law professor Sandra  Guerra Thompson who  recommends that “single suspect” show-ups be completely  eliminated in  the State of Texas through legislation.  A single suspect show-up is the  procedure  used when a law enforcement officer brings a potential  suspect to the witness  and asks “is this the person.”   Thompson’s  recommendation makes the most sense because, as the Panel  itself  pointed out, 20 percent of the nation’s DNA exonerations involved the   highly suggestive “single suspect” show-ups. The panel’s recommendation  that  the legislature enact a “training bill” is not enough to cure this  tragic  problem.</p>
<p>But  if the Task Force elects not embrace Thompson’s  recommendation that there be a  statutory elimination of “single  suspect” show-ups, then it should at the very  least strongly recommend  that law enforcement agencies follow the lead of a  1999 U.S. Justice  Department <a href="http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/178240.pdf"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/178240.pdf?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">Report</a> titled “<em>Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law  Enforcement</em>”  governing such show-ups, and cited by Professor Thompson,  which require  lineup administrators to “(1) document a witness’ description of  the  suspect prior to a show-up and (2) separate witnesses during a show-up.  It  recommends that if a witness makes a positive identification [sic],   investigators should consider using other types of identification  procedures  for all subsequent confirmatory identifications, rather than  this highly  suggestive method. As with lineups and photo arrays, the  DOJ report also  requires investigators to give cautionary instructions  to the witness that the  person in the show-up may or may not be the  perpetrator, and it urges  investigators to obtain a statement of the  witness’s certainty following a  positive identification and maintain  written documentation of that statement.  Specifically, the DOJ report  requires written documentation of the time, place,  and result of the  show-up. The Innocence Project further recommends that the  show-ups  occur in a neutral, non-law enforcement location, without handcuffs   (when practicable), and with the suspect removed from the squad car. It  also  recommends that show-ups be videotaped when practicable.”</p>
<p>We  understand that the Panel’s report was not warmly  embraced by everyone.  Attorney <a href="http://www.capitalpunishmentbook.com/?paged=7"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/www.capitalpunishmentbook.com/?paged=7&amp;referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">Jeff Blackburn</a>,   who has worked closely with the Innocence Project of Texas, had  pointed  criticism of report in a guest column for the <a href="http://gritsforbreakfast.blogspot.com/2010/08/tim-cole-advisory-panel-report-too-much.html?utm_source=feedblitz&amp;utm_medium=FeedBlitzEmail&amp;utm_content=79553&amp;utm_campaign=0"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/gritsforbreakfast.blogspot.com/2010/08/tim-cole-advisory-panel-report-too-much.html?utm_source=feedblitz_amp_utm_medium=FeedBlitzEmail_amp_utm_content=79553_amp_utm_campaign=0&amp;referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">Grits  for Breakfast</a> website. “Intention and effort aside,” Blackburn  wrote, “what the  panel finally came up with was a largely watered-down  version of what has  already been in play in prior legislative sessions.  The panel could have gone  much further. Instead, it chose to take a  predictable path of limited  resistance and avoid controversy.”</p>
<p>While  we share in the sentiment, we must also consider the  report in the political  arena in which it evolved. If what the Panel  has recommended did not make it  through “prior legislative sessions,”  it is unlikely that going “much further,”  with more comprehensive  recommendations, would anything other than diminish the  chances of  success. At least these recommendations, which concededly have  failed  in prior legislative sessions, are now coming from an “advisory panel”   set up by the Legislature itself. Even a Republican-dominated  legislature will  have some serious explaining to do if it rejects, in  effect, its own recommendations.  Even conservative, law-and-order  minded Texans have grown weary and disgusted  with repeated, highly  publicized cases of innocent people being wrongfully  convicted and who  have spent decades in prison.</p>
<p>We  are grateful that the Panel took its recommendations as  far as it politically  could and we truly admire the courageous  “concurring report” by Professor  Thompson. The issue of wrongful  convictions is not easy bronc to saddle and  ride in the State of  Texas.  The state  leads the nation in such convictions. It is both a  dubious and highly sensitive  political distinction. We were buoyed when  the Legislature created the Panel  and we are encouraged that lawmakers  may now be willing to put forth a legal,  moral and financial effort to  reduce the state’s number of wrongful convictions  through the Panel’s  efforts. And if, at the end of the day, the only thing we  get on the  identification issue is a “training bill” as suggested by attorney   Blackburn, then we will consider that a first step, albeit a minor one,  in the  right direction.</p>
<p>And,  fittingly, it may be the lasting legacy of Timothy  Cole, who this past March  was <a href="http://governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/14312/"  rel="nofollow" onclick="pageTracker._trackPageview('/outgoing/governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/14312/?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johntfloyd.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F09%2F');">posthumously  pardoned</a> by Texas Gov. Rick Perry, to have these “baby steps”   taken in his name<a id="_GoBack" name="_GoBack"></a>. Our prayer and  hope is that no future  governor has to issue such a pardon—saying “we  forgive” over the grave of a  person who did no wrong has a hollow ring.  A pardon is an official act of  forgiveness. We can only hope that the  soul of Timothy Cole has forgiven us.</p>
<p align="left"><strong>By: Houston Criminal Attorney John Floyd   and Paralegal Billy Sinclair</strong></p>
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