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The Atlantic Slave Trade

During the course of the slave trade, millio" />
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				<td><h3>Slave Revolts & Mutinies 1750 to 1861</h3><br /><img src="/images/articles/SlaveRevolt.jpg" alt="Slave Revolts & Mutinies 1750 to 1861" border="0" style="padding: 10px; float: left;">This article highlights just some of the people and major events between 1750 and the1861, the beginning of the Civil War.  
<br />
<br />The Atlantic Slave Trade
<br />
<br />During the course of the slave trade, millions of Africans became involuntary immigrants to the New World. Some African captives resisted enslavement by fleeing from slave forts on the West African coast. Others mutinied on board slave trading vessels, or cast themselves into the ocean. In the New World there were those who ran away from their owners, ran away among the Indians, formed maroon societies, revolted, feigned sickness, or participated in work slow downs. Some sought and succeeded in gaining liberty through various legal means such as "good service" to their masters, self-purchase, or military service. Still others seemingly acquiesced and learned to survive in servitude. 
<br />
<br />The European, American, and African slave traders engaged in the lucrative trade in humans, and the politicians and businessmen who supported them, did not intend to put into motion a chain of events that would motivate the captives and their descendants to fight for full citizenship in the United States of America. But they did. When Thomas Jefferson penned the words, "All men are created equal," he could not possibly have envisioned how literally his own slaves and others would take his words. African Americans repeatedly questioned how their owners could consider themselves noble in their own fight for independence from England while simultaneously believing that it was wrong for slaves to do the same. 
<br />
<br />Abolitionists, Africans and their American-born descendants used various methods to resist enslavement, as well as to demand emancipation and full participation in American society. Strategies varied, but the goal remained unchanged: freedom and equality.
<br />
<br />Below is a brief description of just a few of the better known slave uprisings.  There are many more that are both known and unknown to history. 
<br />
<br />A slave revolt aboard the Brigantine Hope
<br /> March 17, 1765.
<br />
<br />Captured Africans often mutinied on board slave trading vessels. Rarely, however, did these attempts at liberation lead to the Africans' return to their homelands. 
<br />
<br />In an excerpt from 1765 court testimony, William Priest discusses an unsuccessful mutiny of Africans on board a Connecticut vessel en route to the United States from West Africa.
<br />
<br />&rsquo;The captain, while trading for goods and slaves in Senegal and Gambia, experienced difficulties with some of his crew members. He replaced several, beat others, and eventually, was himself murdered and thrown overboard by his crew. After the captain's demise, the slaves rebelled, killed one crew member, and wounded several others before they were suppressed after seven of them had been killed." 
<br />
<br />Denmark Vesey Slave Rebellion Plot Unveiled
<br />
<br />Colonial and early national newspapers contain some actual accounts of slave insurrections, of small-scale slave uprisings, and many rumors about them. One report details plans for an unsuccessful 1822 slave rebellion led by Denmark Vesey, a free black man, around Charleston, South Carolina. 
<br />
<br />Foiled in their efforts by slave informers, about thirty-five African Americans were captured and hung. However, the report states that "enough has been disclosed to satisfy every reasonable mind, that considerable numbers were involved." One informer noted that Vesey told a meeting of the rebel group they would seize the guard house and magazine to get arms. Then they would "rise up and fight against the whites for our liberties." Vesey then read from the Bible about the deliverance of the children of Israel from Egyptian bondage.
<br /> 
<br />This except came from An Official Report of The Trials of Sundry Negroes, Charged with an Attempt to Raise an Insurrection in the State of South Carolina, Charleston, 1822. 
<br />
<br />Walker's Appeal a Call To Arms
<br />
<br />Originally published in 1829 by David Walker, who was a second-hand clothing dealer in Boston, Massachusetts, and this book was outlawed in many states because of its call for the violent overthrow of slavery. Walker, a native of Wilmington, N.C., was born September 28, 1785, of a free black mother and slave father. He advocated uncompromising resistance to slavery, contending that African Americans should fight "in the glorious and heavenly cause of freedom and of God to be delivered from the most wretched, abject and servile slavery. . ." 
<br />
<br />From David Walker's Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World . . . (September 1829).
<br />
<br />African Americans throughout the South got hold of Walker's Appeal, enraging Southern governments. Less than one year after the publication of the Appeal, Walker was found dead of unknown causes. A $1,000 reward had been offered for his death.
<br />
<br />Nat Turner Slave Insurrection
<br />
<br />During the 1831 uprising in Southampton, Virginia, led by Nat Turner, who was himself a slave, slave rebels systematically went from house to house killing about sixty whites before they were disbanded. In the suppression of the revolt about one hundred African Americans died and authorities hanged sixteen more. 
<br />
<br />In these confessions, Turner's lengthy autobiographical statement, he says that God led him to bring judgment against whites because of the institution of slavery. He had a vision in which "white spirits and black spirits engaged in battle, and the sun was darkened--the thunder rolled in the heavens, and blood flowed in streams. . . ." 
<br /> 
<br />From the Confessions of Nat Turner, the Leader of the Late Insurrection in Southampton, Virginia  1832. 
<br />
<br />Governor Of Virginia Discusses The Revolt
<br />
<br />John Floyd, governor of Virginia, to James Hamilton, governor of South Carolina. November 19, 1831. 
<br />
<br />James Hamilton, the governor of South Carolina, requested that Virginia governor John Floyd discuss the factors that led to the Nat Turner revolt in Southampton, Virginia in 1831, the most well known slave revolt in U.S. history. About sixty white people were killed. Governor Floyd's lengthy reply is in this letter. 
<br />
<br />Floyd blamed the "spirit of insubordination" on the "Yankee population" in general and Yankee peddlers and traders in particular who shared Christianity with the slaves and taught them that all are born free and equal, and "that white people rebelled against England to obtain freedom, so have blacks a right to do." Floyd placed the blame for masterminding the plan on the church leaders, but he believed that all the discussions about freedom and equality led to the uprising. 
<br />
<br />Fear Of Slave Revolts
<br />
<br />In addition to numerous published accounts documenting white fear of slave uprisings, many private letters discuss problems brewing on individual plantations. In this letter, John Rutherford, an agent for Virginia plantation owner William B. Randolph, wrote to Randolph indicating that a concerned neighbor near Randolph's Chatworth plantation feared "fatal consequences" if the overseer did not cease his "brutality" toward the Chatworth slaves. 
<br />
<br />After the Chatworth overseer received a demanding letter of inquiry from Randolph, he answered on September 14, 1833, stating that he had whipped some of the slaves because they were idle or had escaped. Although three escapees had not returned, the situation was under control and work was proceeding as usual.
<br />
<br />Sabotaging 
<br />The Peculiar Institution
<br />
<br />An Account of Some of the Principal Slave Insurrections . . . 
<br />
<br />Compiled by Joshua Coffin.
<br />New York: The American Anti-slavery Society, 1860.
<br /> 
<br />Many abolitionists like Joshua Coffin argued that the existence of slavery in the United States constituted a real threat to public peace and security. He used this volume to show how often slaves rose up against their owners to demand their freedom. In it he describes slave resistance through large and small-scale rebellions in the North and South, work slow downs, poisonings, arsons, and murders. He discusses many mutinies, including one on a Rhode Island ship when captives near Cape Coast Castle (in present-day Ghana) rose and "murdered the captain and all the crew except the two mates, who swam ashore." 
<br />
<br />Flights to Freedom
<br />
<br />The Merchandise Of . . . Slaves, And Souls Of Men
<br />
<br />The first captives came to the Western Hemisphere in the early 1500s. Twenty African slaves were brought to Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619. A series of complex colonial laws began to relegate the status of Africans and their descendants to slavery. The United States outlawed the transatlantic slave trade in 1808, but the domestic slave trade and illegal importation continued for several decades. 
<br />
<br />This image depicts the miserable, cramped conditions of 510 Africans on board the bark Wildfire, who, while being smuggled into the United States in 1860, were captured by an anti-slaving vessel. The slaves were taken to Key West, Florida, and from there were sent to Liberia where the United States
<br />regularly repatriated "recaptured" Africans after 1808. 
<br />
<br />"Africans on Board the Slave Bark Wildfire, April 30, 1860."
<br />From Harper's Weekly, June 1860.
<br />
<br />Humans For Sale
<br />To be sold. . . a cargo of 170 prime young likely healthy Guinea slaves.
<br />Savannah, July 25, 1774.
<br /> 
<br />Captured Africans were sold at auction as "chattel," like inanimate property or animals. Many literate ex-slaves discussed the degradation and humiliation they felt when they were treated like "cattle." 
<br />
<br />This 1774 broadside, typical of the advertisements used in the North as well as the South before the Civil War, advertises the sale of slaves and land, the availability of employment for an overseer, a recall of debts, and a reward for anyone who captured two runaway slaves. The captors claim that the Angolan Africans, scheduled to be sold at auction in Savannah, Georgia, were "prime, young, likely healthy." The runaway advertisement on this same broadside gives specific information about two African-born male runaways which includes height, complexion, build, and clothing. 
<br />
<br />Slaves Commandeer 
<br />The Creole
<br />
<br />William E. Channing. The Duty of the Free States or Remarks Suggested by the Case of the Creole.
<br />In November 1841 the 135 enslaved African Americans on board the ship Creole overpowered the crew, murdering one man, while sailing from Hampton Roads, Virginia, to New Orleans, Louisiana. Led by Madison Washington, they sailed the vessel to Nassau, Bahamas, where the British declared most of them free. This pamphlet's author, William Channing, refutes the American claims that the property of U.S. slave owners should be protected in foreign ports. 
<br />
<br />In the diplomatic controversy that followed, Ohio Congressman Joshua Giddings argued that once the ship was outside of U.S. territorial waters, the African Americans were entitled to their liberty and that any attempt to re-enslave them would be unconstitutional. Censured by the House of Representatives, he resigned, but his constituents quickly reelected him and sent him back to Congress. 
<br />
<br />Cinquez - A Brave Inquez Congolese Chief 
<br /> 
<br />In the New York Sun, where his portrait appeared in 1839, Cinqué is described as a "brave Congolese chief . . . who now lies in jail in arms at New Haven, Conn., awaiting his trial for daring for freedom." Cinqué is quoted as saying, "Brothers, we have done that which we proposed . . . I am resolved it is better to die than be a white man's slave." 
<br />
<br />The Amistad Mutiny
<br />
<br />A Portuguese slaver purchased Africans in West Africa. Transported to the Caribbean, the captives found themselves in the hands of Cuban slave dealers on board the Spanish schooner Amistad. In transport from Cuba the Africans, led by Cinqué , rebelled, killed the captain and three crewmen, and ordered the rest to sail to Africa. By day the crew complied, but at night they sailed west and finally landed near Long Island, New York, where U.S. authorities seized the vessel. 
<br />
<br />A Contemporary (1840) Account of the Amistad
<br />
<br />Compiled from &rsquo;authentic sources" by John W. Barber, this book was published in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1840, and reports the trials in the lower courts, but not the Supreme Court decision that freed the captives. The book contains biographical statements for each of the surviving Africans, with illustrations, including profile portraits of each captive. This history also provides information on the location of the Africans' homes, their occupations, family, local government, involvement with slavery and the slave trade, and details of their capture and sale. 
<br />
<br />A History of the Amistad Captives: A Circumstantial Account of the Capture of the Spanish Schooner Amistad
<br />
<br />The Amistad Mutiny
<br />Supreme Court Decision
<br />
<br />President Martin Van Buren and the Spanish administrators of Cuba wanted the Africans returned to stand trial for mutiny, but the Connecticut judge who heard the case disagreed. 
<br /> 
<br />John Quincy Adams. - A draft of a brief delivered before the U.S. Supreme Court, 1839-1841.
<br />Lewis Tappan Papers,
<br />
<br />The U. S. appealed the case to the Supreme Court where former President John Quincy Adams argued that it was the Africans, not the Cubans, who should be treated sympathetically because they were free people illegally enslaved.
<br /> 
<br />The Supreme Court opinion by Justice Joseph Story on the Amistad Case. January 1841. Lewis Tappan Papers,
<br />
<br />John Quincy Adams argued the appeal on behalf of the Africans before the Court. He stated that they "were entitled to all kindness and good offices due from a humane and Christian nation." In January 1841, the Supreme Court rendered its decision relating to the Amistad affair. Adams won and the Africans were returned to Africa.
<br />
<br />
<br />Affidavits From Sinqueh & Kimbo on the Amistad Mutiny
<br />
<br />Affidavit of Singweh, an Amistad African, 1839.
<br /> 
<br />While the Amistad mutineers were imprisoned in Connecticut, abolitionists attempted to teach them English and Christianize them. An affidavit, dictated to an interpreter by "Singweh" [Cinqué], leader of the rebels, and Kimbo, indicate that they were Mende, an ethnic group from present day Sierra Leone. Cinqué details his capture and sale in Havana. He discusses the small food rations, the beating "on the head" he received from the vessel's cook, and his fear that the white men would eat him, apparently a common fear among Africans who had never encountered whites. Kimbo relates how he was captured, carried by force out of his country, and whipped after requesting water from his captors. 
<br />
<br />Abolition, Anti-Slavery Movements, and the Rise of the Sectional Controversy
<br />
<br />Black and white abolitionists in the first half of the nineteenth century waged a biracial assault against slavery. Their efforts proved to be extremely effective. Abolitionists focused attention on slavery and made it difficult to ignore. They heightened the rift that had threatened to destroy the unity of the nation even as early as the Constitutional Convention. 
<br />
<br />Although some Quakers were slaveholders, members of that religious group were among the earliest to protest the African slave trade, the perpetual bondage of its captives, and the practice of separating enslaved family members by sale to different masters. 
<br />
<br />As the nineteenth century progressed, many abolitionists united to form numerous antislavery societies. These groups sent petitions with thousands of signatures to Congress, held abolition meetings and conferences, boycotted products made with slave labor, printed mountains of literature, and gave innumerable speeches for their cause. Individual abolitionists sometimes advocated violent means for bringing slavery to an end. 
<br />
<br />Although black and white abolitionists often worked together, by the 1840s they differed in philosophy and method. While many white abolitionists focused only on slavery, black Americans tended to couple anti-slavery activities with demands for racial equality and justice. 
<br />
<br />Anti-Slavery Activists
<br />
<br />Christian Arguments Against Slavery Benjamin Lay, a Quaker who saw slavery as a "notorious sin," addressed this 1737 volume to those who "pretend to lay claim to the pure and holy Christian religion." Although some Quakers held slaves, no religious group was more outspoken against slavery from the seventeenth century until slavery's demise. Quaker petitions on behalf of the emancipation of African Americans flowed into colonial legislatures and later to the United States Congress. 
<br /> 
<br />Benjamin Lay.
<br />All Slave Keepers that Keep the Innocent in Bondage . . . .Philadelphia: Printed for the Author, 1737. Franklin Collection, Rare Book and Special Collections Division.
<br />
<br />Plea for the Suppression of the Slave Trade 
<br />
<br />Anthony Benezet.
<br />Observations on the Enslaving, Importing and Purchasing of Negroes. Germantown, Pennsylvania: Christopher Sower, 1760.
<br />
<br />In this plea for the abolition of the slave trade, Anthony Benezet, a Quaker of French Huguenot descent, pointed out that if buyers did not demand slaves, the supply would end.  He argued, "Without purchasers there would be no trade; and consequently every purchaser as he encourages the trade, becomes partaker in the guilt of it." He contended that guilt existed on both sides of the Atlantic. There are Africans, he alleged, "who will sell their own children, kindred, or neighbors." Benezet also used the biblical maxim, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you," to justify ending slavery. Insisting that emancipation alone would not solve the problems of people of color, Benezet opened schools to prepare them for more productive lives. 
<br />
<br />The Conflict Between Christianity and Slavery 
<br />
<br />Connecticut theologian Jonathan Edwards, born 1745, echoes Benezet's use of the Golden Rule as well as the natural rights arguments of the Revolutionary era to justify the abolition of slavery. In this printed version of his 1791 sermon to a local anti-slavery group, he notes the progress toward abolition in the North and predicts that through vigilant efforts slavery would be extinguished in the next fifty years. 
<br />Jonathan Edwards, The Injustice and Impolicy of the Slave Trade and of the Slavery of Africans . . . A Sermon. from1791.
<br />
<br />Sojourner Truth 
<br />
<br />Abolitionist and women's rights advocate Sojourner Truth was enslaved in New York until she was an adult. Born Isabella Baumfree around the turn of the nineteenth century, her first language was Dutch. Owned by a series of masters, she was freed in 1827 by the New York Gradual Abolition Act and worked as a domestic. In 1843 she believed that she was called by God to travel around the nation--sojourn--and preach the truth of his word. Thus, she believed God gave her the name, Sojourner Truth. One of the ways that she supported her work was selling these calling cards.
<br />
<br />Woman to Woman 
<br /> 
<br />The Negro Woman's Appeal to Her White Sisters. [London]: Richard Barrett, [1850].
<br />
<br />Ye wives and ye mothers, your influence extend--
<br />Ye sisters, ye daughters, the helpless defend--
<br />The strong ties are severed for one crime alone,
<br />Possessing a colour less fair than your own.
<br />
<br />Abolitionists understood the power of pictorial representations in drawing support for the cause of emancipation. As white and black women became more active in the 1830s as lecturers, petitioners, and meeting organizers, variations of this female supplicant motif, appealing for interracial sisterhood, appeared in newspapers, broadsides, and handicraft goods sold at fund-raising fairs. 
<br />
<br />Harriet Tubman 
<br />the Moses of Her People
<br />
<br />The quote below, echoing Patrick Henry, is from this biography of underground railroad conductor Harriet Tubman: 
<br />
<br />Harriet was now left alone, . . . She turned her face toward the north, and fixing her eyes on the guiding star, and committing her way unto the Lord, she started again upon her long, lonely journey. She believed that there were one or two things she had a right to, liberty or death. 
<br />After making her own escape, Tubman returned to the South nineteen times to bring over three hundred fugitives to safety, including her own aged parents. 
<br />
<br />In a handwritten note on the title page of this book, Susan B. Anthony, who was an abolitionist as well as a suffragist, referred to Tubman as a "most wonderful woman." 
<br />
<br />Declaration of the 
<br />Anti-Slavery Convention.
<br />Philadelphia, PA
<br />December 4, 1833. 
<br />
<br />In 1833, sixty abolitionist leaders from ten states met in Philadelphia to create a national organization to bring about immediate emancipation of all slaves.  The American Anti-slavery Society elected officers and adopted a constitution and declaration. Drafted by William Lloyd Garrison, the declaration pledged its members to work for emancipation through non-violent actions of "moral persuasion," or "the overthrow of prejudice by the power of  love." The society encouraged public lectures, publications, civil disobedience, and the boycott of cotton and other slave-manufactured products. 
<br />
<br />William Lloyd Garrison--Abolitionist Strategies 
<br /> 
<br />White abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, born in 1805, had a particular fondness for poetry, which he believed to be "naturally and instinctively on the side of liberty." He used verse as a vehicle for enhancing anti-slavery sentiment. Garrison collected his work in Sonnets and Other Poems (1843). 
<br />During the 1840s, abolitionist societies used song to stir up enthusiasm at their meetings. To make songs easier to learn, new words were set to familiar tunes
<br />Popularizing
<br /> Anti-Slavery Sentiment
<br />
<br />Slave Stealer Branded 
<br />Massachusetts sea captain Jonathan Walker, born in 1790, was apprehended off the coast of Florida for attempting to carry slaves who were members of his church denomination to freedom in the Bahamas in 1844. He was jailed for more than a year and branded with the letters &rsquo;S.S" for slave stealer. The abolitionist poet John Greenleaf Whittier immortalized Walker's deed in this often reprinted verse: &rsquo;Then lift that manly right hand, bold ploughman of the wave! Its branded palm shall prophesy, 'Salvation to the Slave!"
<br />
<br />Abolitionist Songsters 
<br />Music was one of the most powerful weapons of the abolitionists. In 1848, William Wells Brown, abolitionist and former slave, published The Anti-Slavery Harp, "a collection of songs for anti-slavery meetings," which contains songs and occasional poems. The Anti-Slavery Harp is in the format of a "songster"--giving the lyrics and indicating the tunes to which they are to be sung, but with no music. The book is open to the pages containing lyrics to the tune of the "Marseillaise," the French national anthem, which to 19th-century Americans symbolized the determination to bring about freedom, by force if necessary. 
<br /> 
<br />Fugitive Slave Law 
<br />North to Canada 
<br /> 
<br />Mission to Fugitive Slaves in Canada: A Branch of the Colonial Church & School Society  1858-9.
<br /> 
<br />In the wake of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, which forced Northern law enforcement officers to aid in the recapture of runaways, more than ten thousand fugitive slaves swelled the flood of those fleeing to Canada. The Colonial Church and School Society established mission schools in western Canada,  particularly for children of fugitive slaves but open to all. 
<br />
<br />The school's Mistress Williams notes that their success proves the "feasibility of educating together white and colored children." While primarily focusing on spiritual and secular educational operations, the report reproduces letters of thanks for food, clothing, shoes, and books sent from England. This early photograph accompanied one such letter to the children of St. Matthew's School, Bristol.
<br />
<br />The Fugitive 
<br />Slave Law of 1850 
<br /> 
<br />This controversial law allowed slave-hunters to seize alleged fugitive slaves without due process of law and prohibited anyone from aiding escaped fugitives or obstructing their recovery. Because it was often presumed that a black person was a slave, the law threatened the safety of all blacks, slave and free, and forced many Northerners to become more defiant in their support of fugitives.
<br />
<br />Anthony Burns - Capture 
<br />of A Fugitive Slave 
<br />
<br />The above picture (top of page) is a portrait of fugitive slave Anthony Burns, whose arrest and trial in Boston under the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 incited riots and protests by white and black abolitionists and citizens of Boston in the spring of 1854. The portrait is surrounded by scenes from his life, including his sale on the auction block, escape from Richmond, Virginia, capture and imprisonment in Boston, and his return to a vessel to transport him to the South. Within a year after his capture, abolitionists were able to raise enough money to purchase Burns's freedom. 
<br />
<br />Growing Sectionalism
<br />
<br />Antebellum Map Showing the Free and Slave States  1856 (See below)
<br />
<br />The growing sectionalism that was dividing the nation during the late antebellum years is documented graphically with this political map of the United States, published in 1856. Designed to portray and compare the areas of free and slave states, it also includes tables of statistics for each of the states from the 1850 census, the results of the 1852 presidential election, congressional representation by state, and the number of slaves held by owners. The map is also embellished with portraits of John C. Fremont and William L. Dayton, the 1856 presidential and vice presidential candidates of the newly organized Republican Party, which advocated an anti-slavery platform. 
<br />
<br /> Distribution of Slaves 
<br />
<br />Although the Southern states were known collectively as the "slave states" by the end of the
<br />Antebellum Period, this map provides statistical evidence to demonstrate that slaves were not evenly distributed throughout each state or the region as a whole. Using data from the 1860 census, the map shows, by county, the percentage of slave population to the whole population. Tables also list population
<br />and area for both Southern and Northern states, while an inset map shows the extent of cotton, rice and sugar cultivation. Another version of this map was published with Daniel Lord's The Effect of Secession upon the Commercial Relations between the North and South, and upon Each Section (New York, 1861), a series of articles reprinted from The New York Times. 
<br /> 
<br />Militant Abolition
<br />
<br />John Brown's Raid: More than twenty years after the militant abolitionist John Brown had consecrated his life to the destruction of slavery, his crusade ended in October 1859 with his ill-fated attempt to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in western Virginia. He hoped to take the weapons from the arsenal and arm the slaves, who would then overthrow their masters and establish a free state for themselves. 
<br />
<br />Convicted of treason and sentenced to death, Brown maintained to the end that he intended only to free the slaves, not to incite insurrection. His zeal, courage, and willingness to die for the slaves made him a martyr and a bell whether of the violence soon to consume the country during the Civil War.  (For more information about John Brown see our last issue.)
<br />
<br />"The Book That Made This Great War"
<br />
<br />Harriet Beecher Stowe's Mighty Pen 
<br /> 
<br />Harriet Beecher Stowe is best remembered as the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, her first novel, published as a serial in 1851 and then in book form in 1852. This book infuriated Southerners. It focused on the cruelties of slavery--particularly the separation of family members--and brought instant acclaim to Stowe. 
<br />
<br />After its publication, Stowe traveled throughout the United States and Europe speaking against slavery. She reported that upon meeting President Lincoln, he remarked, "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war."
<br />
<br />Abraham Lincoln's election led to secession and secession led to war. When the Union soldiers entered the South, thousands of African Americans fled from their owners to Union camps. The Union officers did not immediately receive an official order on how to manage this addition to their numbers. Some sought to return the slaves to their owners, but others kept the blacks within their lines and dubbed them "contraband of war." Many "contrabands" greatly aided the war effort with their labor.
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