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<H1>

<FONT FACE="Arial">THE PHILALETHES</FONT></H1>

<FONT FACE="Arial">FEBRUARY 1978&nbsp;&nbsp; VOLUME XXXI</FONT><FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>



<P><B><I><FONT FACE="Arial">Contents</FONT></I></B>

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<P>&nbsp;<A HREF="#It Seems To Me">It Seems To Me</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

<A HREF="#Marsengill Named Editor of Royal Arch Magazine">Marsengill Named

Editor of Royal Arch Magazine</A>

<BR><FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>&nbsp;<FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>



<P>&nbsp;<A HREF="#Patriot's Award">Patriot's Award</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

<A HREF="#1776 - 1783 American Navies">1776 - 1783 American Navies</A>

<BR><FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>&nbsp;<FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>



<P>&nbsp;<A HREF="#ROCHEFONTAINE at WEST POINT">ROCHEFONTAINE at WEST POINT</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

<A HREF="#A RETURN TO ROOTS">A RETURN TO ROOTS</A>

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<P>&nbsp;<A HREF="#LINCOLN AND MASONRY">LINCOLN AND MASONRY</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

<A HREF="#How a Cathedral Was Built">How a Cathedral Was Built</A>

<BR><FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>&nbsp;<FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>



<P>&nbsp;<A HREF="#FOREIGN OFFICERS IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY">FOREIGN OFFICERS

IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

<A HREF="#Books Of Masonic Interest">Books Of Masonic Interest</A>

<BR><FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>&nbsp;<FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>



<P>&nbsp;<A HREF="#WHAT IS THE Magnetic Attraction">WHAT IS THE Magnetic

Attraction</A>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

<A HREF="#FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL">FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL</A>

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<P>&nbsp;<A HREF="#For What It�s Worth">For What It�s Worth</A>

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<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Jerry Marsengill, F.P.S., Editor</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">2714 Park Place</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Des Moines, Iowa 50312</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Alphonse Cerza, F.P.S. Life., Assoc. Editor</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">237 Mlilbridge Road</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Riverside, Illinois 60546</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">John Black Vrooman, F.P.S., Life., Editor Emeritus</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">P.O. Box 402</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">St. Louis, Missouri 63166</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">OFFICERS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Dr. Eugene Hopp, F.P.S., President</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">2000 Van Ness Ave.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">San Francisco, California 94109</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Dwight L. Smith, F.P.S., First Vice-President</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Masonic Temple, 525 North Illinois St</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Indianapolis, Indiana 46204</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Franklin (Andy) Anderson, F.P.S., Executive Secretary</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">9580 Standon Place</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Columbia, Maryland 21045</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Ronald E. Heaton, F.P.S., Treasurer</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">728 Haws Avenue</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Norristown, Pennsylvania 19401</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">LIVING PAST PRESIDENTS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Philalethes Society</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Lee E. Wells</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Alphonse Cerza, F.P.S. (Life)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Dr. Charles Gottshall Reigner, F.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Judge Robert H. Gollmar, F.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">William R. Denslow, F.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Robert V. Osborne, F.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">EXECUTIVE SECRETARY EMERlTUS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Carl R. Grelsen, F.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">CONTENTS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">It Seems to Me</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Philalethes Workshop</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">American Navies in Our War for Independence</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Washington to Spark 50th Anniversary for Philalethes</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">A Return to Roots</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Lincoln and Masonry</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">How A Cathedral Was Built</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Washington Program</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Foreign Officers in the Continental Army</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Al Cerza Reviews Masonic Reviews</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">How To Make Your Wishes Come True</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">What is the Magnetic Attraction?</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">From Time Immemorial</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">New Members</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">For What It�s Worth</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Washington Meetings</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Our Masonic workshop will feature events leading

up to the 50th anniversary of the Philalethes. Allen E. Roberts F.P.S.

has been named by Pres. Hopp to coordinate the panel. The history, development,

and activities of the society will be summarized. Plans for future activities

will be discussed. Hopefully, there will be a large amount of audience

participation. Most of those in attendance for the Friday night workshop

will stay for Saturday and the meetings of the A.M.D., the Grand College

of Rites, Knights Masons, Masonic Order of the Bath, Order of Corks, KYCH,

HRAKTP and the Order of Blue Friars.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><A NAME="It Seems To Me"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">It Seems To Me</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">by John Black Vrooman</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">THAT we are now on the threshold of a new day. 1978

marks the beginning of the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the

Philalethes Society, and in like manner, the start of new activity, new

energy and new vitality.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The past has been good to us, and we are basking

in the sunshine of Masonic good will and activity. It now behooves us to

forget the past, concentrate on the present and make definite and practical

plans for a future that will be commensurate with the dignity and influence

of our dedicated officers and members.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Forget the past? Yes, insofar as its trouble and

problems are concerned, but, withal, let us not fail to remember those

things which have been so potent in building a working, active, Masonic

group of students and researchers. That is the essence of our work - to

continue to grow, produce and make ourselves useful and worthy.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">A growing membership - a membership that is becoming

more and more active in the field of Freemasonry, and a membership that

is interested, not only in learning more of the Craft's beauties, but more

interested too, in becoming a part of the team that is so diligent in putting

first things first and Masonry in the Limelight.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Membership is important. Granted that there are many

who, for one reason or another, cannot actively participate in all our

activities, there is an increasing number of members who are ready and

anxious to take part, participate and become leaders in the field of Masonic

inspiration.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Masonic Inspiration! More than ritual, more than

history, more than any other phase of Craft activities, Inspiration is

the key to action. Without it we have but a hollow gourd, and with it,

we have a flaming cauldron of creative good. Let's inspire!</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><A NAME="Marsengill Named Editor of Royal Arch Magazine"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">Marsengill

Named Editor of Royal Arch Magazine</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">By John Black Vrooman, F.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Because our Editor, Jerry Marsengill, is a modest

man, and will not, in all probability, recount the new honor which has

just come to him, I am telling this story of the exceptional dignity which

has been given him.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Carl R. Greisen, F.P.S., President of the York Rite

Publishing Co., in July, announced that, following agreement with William

R. Denslow, F.P.S., present Editor, that Jerry Marsengill will become the

Editor of the "Royal Arch Magazine", with the Spring, 1978 issue. The General

Grand Chapter library, whose research facilities are considered necessary

to the Editor, has been moved from Trenton, Missouri, to Des Moines, Iowa.

Denslow, retiring because of poor eyesight, will continue as advisor during

the transition period.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Marsengill, Editor of The Philalethes Magazine, which

he will continue to carry on, has been a vital factor in Freemasonry for

many years. As the first Secretary of Iowa Masonic Lodge of Research, the

wearer of the bronze distinguished service medal of the General Grand Chapter

in 1973, active in all phases of York Rite Masonry for many years.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">A past Grand Master of the Grand Council of Iowa,

and presently Grand Captain of the Host of the Grand Chapter of Iowa, he

has had great experience in leadership and Masonic activities.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Masonic affiliations include York Cross of Honour,

(one quadrant) Des Moines Consistory, A.A.S.R., Royal Arch Knight Templar

Priests, Royal Order of Scotland, York Rite College (Purple Cross), Allied

Masonic Degrees, and many other research and study groups of Freemasonry.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">He holds ritualistic proficiency credits in all four

bodies of the York Rite, and is chairman of Board of Custodians of the

Grand Council, R &amp; SM of Iowa.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Graduated summa cum laude this year from Drake University,

in magazine journalism, college and departmental honors grade average 4.0;

writing, cartoon business with Drake University's magazine, and frequent

free lance writing. It is with pride that he is attested to this new and

important position. The Royal Arch Magazine is one of the outstanding Masonic

publications of the country, and Jerry will do much to keep up its fine

record. I join in wishing Jerry the most success possible in his work.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><A NAME="Patriot's Award"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">Patriot's Award</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">THE NEW PATRIOT'S AWARD is announced by the Sovereign

Grand Commander Stanley F. Maxwell. Honoring donors of $1,000 or more to

the Scottish Rite Masonic Museum of Our National Heritage's Endowment Fund

Campaign, the Patriot's Award features a replica of the Master's Jewel

handcrafted by Brother Paul Revere, the Patriot, in 1796. Each award will

be individually engraved with the name of the donor. It is also appropriate

for a memorial. Recipients will include individuals, Scottish Rite Bodies,

foundations and corporations.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Patriot's Award has been designed with great

care by highly skilled craftsmen and is certain to become a treasured memento.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The actual Master's Jewel by Paul Revere is currently

on display at the Museum of Our National Heritage in Lexington (Mass. ),

where it is on loan from Washington Lodge, A.F. &amp; A.M., in Lexington.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Philalethes Workshop</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Philalethes Society Annual Workshop will be held

in the Hotel Washington, Friday, February 17, 1978, at 7:30 p.m. It will

feature John Black Vrooman, Stewart M.L. Pollard, and Dwight L. Smith,

with Allen E. Roberts, Chairman of the Workshop, as the moderator.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Past history of The Philalethes Society will

be covered by John Black Vrooman who knows more about its inner-workings

than anyone now active. Some of the things he will reveal will be surprising,

to say the least. It will be a digest of the history of the Society that

he is now working on.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Present, or where the Society stands today, will

be covered by Stewart M.L. Pollard. His Masonic travels throughout the

years will enable him to look objectively at what The Philalethes is doing,

or not doing.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Future and what the Society can and should do

will come from the crystal ball of Dwight L. Smith, First vice President.

No one has been more concerned with what Freemasonry has done, is doing,

and should be doing than Brother Smith. For 30 years he has served his

Grand Lodge as its Grand Secretary. For much of this time he has been Editor

of its magazine. He has been a working and concerned Master Mason. His

suggestions will go a long way toward improving all facets of Freemasonry.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Allen E. Roberts has been interested in Masonic education

for over a quarter century. It will be in this light that he will sum up

the presentations of the three principals, and offer some suggestions for

implementing what they point out.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Participation from those in attendance will be strongly

requested. Often much wisdom comes from the audience to the benefit of

everyone. And plenty of time will be set aside for comments from the floor.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Come and enjoy an evening of Masonic fellowship laced

with Masonic information.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o-----</FONT>



<P><A NAME="1776 - 1783  American Navies"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">1776 -

1783&nbsp; American Navies</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In Our War For Independence</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">By Richard Tutt, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Article XXXII</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Silas Talbot of Rhode Island whose pre-war civilian

experience, like that of Gen. John Glover was actively nautical, started

out in the Revolution as an Army Captain. He raised and drilled a company

of soldiers and took them to the Hudson River area around Manhattan. While

there he temporarily took on a Naval project, that of running on a cloudy

night a fire ship against the British fleet moored in the river. He inflicted

considerable damage to one of their ships. Their fleet then withdrew to

a point below New York. For his success he was promoted to major.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In August 1778 (the battle of Newport) he along with

Gen. Glover ferried in a fleet of small boats the armies of Gen. John Sullivan,

Marquis de Lafayette and Gen. Greene from Tiverton to Aquidneck Island

and covered their retreat.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In another naval action he outfitted a sloop which

captured the British Ship "PIGOT GALLEY" at mouth of Sakonnet River. This

won him promotion to Colonel and a formal transfer to the Navy guarding

our coast from Long Island to Nantucket. He had a commission but no ship.

Again he outfitted another vessel, the</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</FONT>



<P><A NAME="ROCHEFONTAINE at WEST POINT"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">ROCHEFONTAINE

at WEST POINT</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The dozen or more Frenchmen known to have served

in the Continental Army under Duportail as Chief of Engineers had been

trained technically in artillery, engineering and fortification. The siege

works at Yorktown, facilitating investment and capture of the towns were

laid out by them. The defenses thrown up at Valley Forge were so well planned

that British General Howe was reluctant to move against the can torment.

The fortification of West Point was to provide a foundation for the present

United States Military Academy.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Duportail, in a plan for a standing army submitted

in 1783, had urged establishment of a military academy to supply competent

subalterns. Jacobs in an account of the "Beginnings of the United States

Army" commented that the work of Duportail would have been of more lasting

value if his subordinates had been Americans instead of Frenchmen who were

only temporarily in the service. Although his recommendation of a training

school for officers was seconded by Steuben. Knox, Hamilton and Washington

himself when President, Congress procrastinated and not until 1802, almost

twenty years later, was a law passed to establish a military school at

West Point, legalizing an executive order the year before.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">One of Duportail's subordinates was Etienne Nicolas

Marie Bechet de Rochfontaine, who had passed examinations for the Royal

Engineer Corps at Paris, but, there being no vacancy at the time, came

to America in 1778. Commissioned a Captain of Engineers, he served at west

Point while the defenses of that natural strong point were being developed.

His name is on the records of Washington Military Lodge constituted at

West Point 11 November 1779, making him one of the few French officers

in the Continental Army to leave incontrovertible proof of Masonic membership.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Brevetted Major after Yorktown, Stephen returned

to France, serving the King so creditably that he was made a Chevalier

in the Order of St. Louis, and sent to San Domingo in 1792 as Chief of

Statt of the forces stationed in the colony. He was removed from office

by the Revolutionaries and permitted to go to the United States, since

return to France was barred. He was now commissioned as Captain of Engineers

in the American army and began supervision and improvement of New England

coastal defenses.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In 1795 he was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel of

the newly created First Regiment Of Artillery and Engineers, and Commandant

at West Point, many of the officers in his command being Frenchmen. Henry

Knox, as Secretary of war, initiated this move to establish a "small corps

of well disciplined and well informed artillerists and engineers." Resentment

at British impressment of our sailors. search and seizure of American vessels

on the high seas, and threatening action near sea-port towns brought about

appropriate legislation.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Corps was to receive and train officer cadets,

thirty-six spaces being authorized. Instruction was decidedly French in

approach, while the handful of cadets who did appear had little regard

for French language, and were more prone to make trouble than to master

mathematics. When the instruction room and contents were damaged by fire,

Iectures and Iessons ceased.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Rochfontaine and his associates did not make an impressive

record in officer training, cadets never coming in any number, but recruits

were received, partially trained and equipped, and sent in detachments

to reinforce the garrisons in coastal defense or army posts in the Northwest.

West Point continued to be the arsenal and supply point for ordnance items.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">On May 7, 1798 Rochfontaine was honorably retired,

leaving two officers, one cadet and 73 soldiers at West Point. At that

time there had grown up an antipathy toward France and Frenchmen, not only

in the army, but among the general public, engendered by the Citizen Genet

Affair. President Adams insisted that officer training must be continued

at West Point, but a plan drown up by Alexander Hamilton was scrappy by

Congressional inaction, a characteristic since become greater than ever.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Not until a separate Corps of Engineers was established

March 16, 1802 did the embryo "military Academy" really take form which

grew into the West Point of today, the United States Military Academy.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Rochfontaine removed to New York city, continuing

his professional activities in a civilian capacity in his later years.

He died in 1814, at the age of sixty two and was buried in the cemetery

of St. Paul�s Chapel on Broadway. He was an original member of the hereditary

Order of Cincinnati, in which some of his descendants succeeded him. J.R.C.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"ARGO" and trained his own crew. In addition to capturing

a Tory privateer, the "KING GEORGE", he drove British ships out of harbors.

His tally was five enemy vessels and three hundred prisoners.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Like Captains Lee, O'Brien and other naval heroes

his luck ran out. He was captured and landed in a British prison. Eventually

upon release Benjamin Franklin helped him along with many others to be

shipped back to America.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In June 1779 the Continental Navy's fleet consisted

of the following: at Boston the "ALLIANCE", "DEANE", "QUEEN OF FRANCE",

"WARREN", frigates "PROVIDENCE" and "BOSTON"; at Portsmouth "RANGER" now

commanded by Captain Thomas Simpson; in Connecticut waters "CONFEDERACY"

and "TRUMBULL" and at sea the sloops "PROVIDENCE" and "GENERAL GATES";

just eleven vessels all told.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">A fleet composed of the "BOSTON", "RANGER", "QUEEN

OF FRANCE", and "PROVIDENCE" under Commodore Whipple, left New England

waters November 24, 1779. Whipple broke open his sealed orders at sea and

they proceeded to Charleston, S.C. Whipple's four ships arrived December

18th, after an extremely rough voyage. The "PROVIDENCE" and "RANGER" had

sprung her mizzenmast, Capt. Samuel Tucker's "BOSTON" sprung her mainmast;

the "QUEEN OF FRANCE" alone appeared to remain unscathed. The painful details

of the debacle at Charleston, which culminated in the surrender of the

fleet on May 10, 1780, are just as well omitted here. It brought the Continental

Navy almost to extinction. They should have been ordered to sea six months

earlier. Tucker became a prisoner of war, but was paroled to his home in

Marblehead until a proper exchange of prisoners of equal rank could be

arranged.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Upon his release from parole, Tucker, at his own

request, was given command of the "THORN", which he had captured sometime

earlier and which had been taken into the Continental Naval Service. During

March, 1781, in the "THORN" he captured two British packets, one of 16-six-pounder

guns with a cargo of brandy and dry goods; the other was from Jamaica,

bound for London. Tucker didn't lose a man.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In May and June of 1781, in the "THORN" Tucker took

three prizes, a sloop, a letter-of-marque and a "snow", all with valuable

cargoes. Next he took the ship "ELIZABETH", 20 guns, while she was under

convoy by two armed vessels, the "OBSERVER" and the "HOWE", which beat

a retreat.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">A few weeks later his capture of the "LORD HYDE",

a packet with 22 guns, was quite spectacular. As Tucker drew near, the

British Captain shouted: "Haul down your colors or I'll sink you! " Calmly

Tucker replied "Aye, aye, sir, directly;" and then ordered his helmsman

to steer the "THORN" right up under the stern of the "LORD HYDE", luff

up under her lee quarter and range alongside. While the "THORN" was executing

this maneuver, the Britisher let go a broadside that did very little damage;

when the "THORN" came alongside Tucker ordered his gunners to fire a broadside;

followed by a volley of artillery. A dreadful carnage followed. Shortly

a cry from the Britisher went up: "Quarter, for God's sake, quarter! Our

men are dying!" Tucker snapped back: "How can you expect quarter with your

flag flying?" They answered: "Our halyards are shot away". "Then cut away

your ensign mast or you'll all be dead mean!"</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">This was done immediately, the firing ceased, only

the groans of the wounded could be heard. Thirty-four, including the Captain,

were either killed or wounded. On boarding her Tucker exclaimed, as he

surveyed this carnage, "Would to God I had never seen her!"</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Tucker's last cruise, so far as the Revolutionary

War was involved, took place in July, 1781. Patrolling the Gulf of St.

Lawrence, he was defeated by the superior forces of the British frigate,

"HIND". He and his men were landed on the Island of St. John, where Captains

Broughton and Selman from Marblehead had raided Charlottetown in November,

1775.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">While they were supposed to be convoyed to Halifax,

the British Captain left Tucker and his officers ashore with no food and

just the clothes on their backs, saying: "Now, Captain Tucker, we are well

rid of you. I think you will not bother the British Navy again!" They found

a small boat in rather poor condition, but by rowing, bailing, sailing

at night, they worked their way around Nova Scotia and eventually back

to Boston.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"George Washington's Navy" was gradually phased-out

toward the end of 1776. As privateering was more lucrative to our seafaring

men than the Naval Service, the Naval Committee had problems securing full

crews for the vessels in the "Continental Navy". Among the vessels added

to that fleet during the conflict were the "RANGER" captained by John Paul

Jones, the "QUEEN OF FRANCE", the "GENERAL GATES", the "BOSTON" (later

captained by Samuel Tucker of Marblehead), the "BON HOMME RICHARD" taken

over by John Paul Jones in France upon transfer from "RANGER", the "GENERAL

ARNOLD" (a packet boat captained by John Ayres, Esq., formerly of the "LYNCH"

in "Washington's Navy".)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">John Paul Jones, a Scotch sea captain was induced

to join the "Continental Navy" being formed at Philadelphia following the

Naval Act of Congress November 10, 1775, by Congressman Joseph Hewes of

North Carolina. He was given a lieutenants commission and assigned to the

"ALFRED". He had the honor to raise the Grand Union American Flag on her.

Her armament was twenty 9-pounder guns. This flag carried in its canton

(upper left hand corner) the British red and white crossed emblem on a

blue field, of the very old "Grand Union" flag of England (1606) and thirteen

stripes, seven red and six white, representing the thirteen Colonies, as

in our present National emblem. There was also in 1775 our first Navy "Jack",

seven red and six white stripes straight across, superimposed thereon was

a rattlesnake and the words "DON'T TREAD ON ME".</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The "ALFRED" was the flagship of this new small Continental

Navy fleet commanded by Esek Hopkins. This fleet carrying our first "official"

Marines raided New Providence in the Bahamas in March 1776. Jones' knowledge

of the topography of these islands was of considerable help in the success

of this bloodless raid. Tremendous booty, especially ordnance was taken

along with Governor Brown and his Lieutenant Governor. In the return cruise

Jones commanded the main battery on the "ALFRED" and distinguished himself

in the fight with the British ship "GLASGOW" which eventually escaped from

this fleet. As Captain Hazard of the sloop "PROVIDENCE" was cashiered out

of the Navy for cowardice in this engagement with the "GLASGOW", Hopkins

gave Jones command of this little sloop armed with twelve 4-pounders. His

temporary commission was dated May 10, 1776. The marine committee of Congress

approved and a new commission as Captain was issued to him August 8, 1776.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">On a six to seven week cruise in Atlantic waters

between Nova Scotia and Bermuda he twice outwitted the British frigates

"SOLEBY" and "MILFORD", sent in eight prizes captured and sank eight more.

He then transferred back to the "ALFRED" taking his whole crew from the

sloop "PROVIDENCE". In November he cruised off the Nova Scotia coast bringing

valuable prizes into Boston December 15, 1776.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">His cruise with the "RANGER" started from Portsmouth,

New Hampshire, November 1, 1777. Jones carried with him the news of Burgoyne's

surrender at Saratoga. He gained additional honors at Quiberon Bay, France,

February 14, 1778 when the Admiral of the French fleet saluted our new

National (United States) colors flown on the "RANGER". It was the first

occasion they were recognized and saluted by a foreign nation. They were

made especially for the "RANGER" by the ladies of Portsmouth, New Hampshire,

where she was built. These fine ladies used materials from their best silk

gowns. The thirteen white stars in the blue canton were cut from the wedding

dress of Miss Helen Seavey, married to a naval officer.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Jones was also promised a larger ship, a frigate

under construction at Amsterdam. However, the news about Burgoyne had been

received in France prior to his arrival. To prevent seizure by the British,

this frigate under construction at Amsterdam was destroyed much to Jones'

consternation. The United states Commissioners in France (Ben Franklin's

Navy) did give him permission to make a cruise with the "RANGER" in European

waters after the French saluted our colors on the *'RANGER" in Quiberon

Bay.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">This spectacular cruise took him through St. George's

channel and the Irish Sea. Before daybreak April 23, 1778 he went ashore

at Whitehaven with thirty-one volunteers and spiked the cannons on two

forts, but his efforts to burn the shipping were thwarted. By noon he was

in the familiar waters of his boyhood days, Solway firth. He landed on

St. Mary's Island with the intent to seize Lord Selkirk as a hostage. His

Lordship was not at home, so Jones' crew stole the Selkirk silver plate.

Jones was not happy about such shenanigins, he promptly redeemed it out

of his own pocket and restored it with profuse apologies to Lady Selkirk.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">He climaxed this cruise the next day off Carrickfergus,

Ireland, by capturing the British ship "DRAKE" armed with twenty 4-pounders.

It was a bloody one-hour fight in which he lost eight men. The "DRAKE"

lost forty-two. He placed his first lieutenant Thompson Simpson on the

"DRAKE" as prize master.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">A confusion of historical data complicates the story

at this point. One authority indicates that on May 6, 1778, Brother Jones

placed Lieutenant Simpson under arrest for disobedience of orders, that

Simpson from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, was a brother-in-law of John Langdon,

an important personage around Portsmouth, who as they say in the vernacular

along the waterfront "drew a lot of water". It was also indicated that

Simpson was very popular with the crew on the "RANGER", that Brother Jones

was not exactly held in high esteem by them. It is said that Simpson shipped

on the "RANGER" with the understanding he was to be given command of her

when Jones was transferred to a larger ship in Europe. Jones had Simpson

confined aboard a French ship, later to a prison ashore.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Word of the affair reached the United states Commissioners

in Paris. Following an exchange of correspondence Jones withdrew the charges

and enabled Simpson to take over command of the "RANGER" with a commission

as Captain. Subsequently, she sailed to southern waters and was lost to

the British in the fall of Charleston, South Carolina.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Another report indicates Jones arrived at Brest,

France, May 8, 1778 following the capture of the "DRAKE" and was hailed

as a hero by the French. Their Minister of Marine requested that he be

given command of another expedition with a larger ship. Just what the politics

were is not made clear, but a frustrated Jones was kept cooling his heels

at Brest for the next six months awaiting this "command".</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">At last he was given the French East Indiaman "BON

HOMME RICHARD". A fleet was formed at L'Orient comprising the "ALLIANCE",

a United states frigate armed with thirty-six guns, recently arrived in

French waters, and placed under command of French Captain Peter Landais;

two small French ships, the "PALIAS" with thirty-two guns, and the "VENGEANCE"

with twelve guns, and three privateers. These privateers however abandoned

the fleet shortly after the fleet put to sea.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">(An account of the sea fight between the "BON HOMME

RICHARD" and the "SERAPIS" will appear in a later issue.)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Captain John Paul Jones returned to the United states

in the borrowed French ship "ARIEL" to receive the accolades and grateful

thanks of our Congress on April 14,1781. He was then assigned to the new

large seventy-four gun ship "AMERICA" under construction at Portsmouth,

New Hampshire. Shortly thereafter this ship was given to France to replace

one of their ships lost in Boston Bay.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Jones' final service in the Revolutionary War was

as a volunteer in Vaudreuil's French fleet, which sailed for the West Indies

but accomplished nothing before peace was declared.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The United states Navy did not come into being by

Congressional authorization until 1798.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Washington to Spark 50th Anniversary for Philalethes</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">This year, 1978, being the year in which the Philalethes

Society will celebrate its first Half-Century of life, special effort is

being made to make the kick-off, this month, during "Masonic Week", something

very special. It is the effort to "show cause" for the work and personnel

of our fine group.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Friday, February 17, is "D-Day", and will focus attention,

first on the part of the Executive Committee, and later at the annual "Masonic

Workshop", to dramatize and elaborate on what has been done, and plans

for the year's celebration, in all its phases.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Meeting at the Hotel Washington, 15th street at Pennsylvania

Avenue, N.W., in our Nation's Capital, the Executive Committee, the officers

of the Society, the Editor, Editor Emeritus, Chairman of the Membership

Committee, and others will meet at 2:00 p.m., under the direction of Dr.

Eugene S. Hopp, F.P.S., President, with Dwight L. Smith, F.P.S., First

vice President, Franklin J. Anderson, F.P.S., Executive Secretary, and

Ronald E. Heaton, F.P.S., Treasurer present to make their reports.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The agenda, which will be augmented by special reports

detailing devious segments of the anniversary, will include usual reports

of the President, telling of what has been accomplished the past year,

Reports of the First and Second Vice Presidents, with special accent on

background, the important annual reports of the Executive Secretary and

Treasurer, narrating financial and statistical data, and the special report

of Jerry Marsengill, F.P.S., Editor, and Chairman of the Fiftieth Anniversary

Committee to delineate activities and propaganda for 1978.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Allan D. Parsons, M.P.S., Chairman of the Membership

Committee will tell of plans for expanding and increasing our membership.

John Black Vrooman, F.P.S., will discuss the matter of our LOCAL CHAPTERS,

of which there are now seven. Several members have indicated an interest

in the formation of other local Chapters in their vicinity, and we have

at the present time about half a dozen such inqueries. These will be followed

up, and there is great expectation that within a short time we may have

several new Chapters actively engaged in the work of the Society.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Another matter which Vrooman will discuss is that

of back issues of the "Philalethes Magazine". During the past year several

individuals, Libraries and other groups, have expressed a desire to purchase

a complete set of back issues. These are available, and are sold at the

rate of one dollar ($1.00) per issue, post free.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">It is to be noted, however, that issues prior to

1948 are scarce, and these issues may be obtained from The King County

Masonic Library, 805 East Pine street Seattle, Washington 98122, at a cost

of ten cents per page, and a minimum small postage fee of only ten cents.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">We note that in the past year, orders have been received

for almost complete files of back copies of the magazine from Australia,

The Netherlands, as well as a number of persons in this country. It is

evident that there is an interest in back issues, and hopefully, there

will be many during the coming year who will take advantage of this generous

offer to complete their set of "Philalethes Magazine". The Editor Emeritus

has taken interest in this project, and will continue to supply the demand

of those who order back issues of the magazine.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The continuing series of Bicentennial articles which

have been a feature of the magazine during the past several years, will

be discussed. It has been the thought of the Committee concerned with this

series, Ronald Heaton and James R. Case, both Fellows, that since the celebration

of Independence extended not only through the signing of the Declaration

of Independence, but until the Constitution was framed and signed, that

this series would be continued through two hundred years of these events

- namely through 1987, when the Constitution was finally completed. This

series has created a great interest, is accurate, interesting, and has

decidedly contributed much to the credit of the magazine.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Another matter for consideration of the Committee

will be that of a BONUS. Our Last Roster was published in 1974. Perhaps

another Roster, brought up to date, and revised will be printed during

the year. The increase in membership is such that it could be made possible

that the Roster could furnish ways and means of increasing our membership.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Other possibilities include the publication of the

Masterpieces of our Fellows, with a short biographical sketch of each Fellow.

It is a matter of importance to determine the best way to give something

pertinent and effective to stimulate more interest in the Society and its

many activities.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">1978 being the anniversary year, special attention

to ways and means by which to emphasize the history and work of the Society

will be a matter of discussion. The special Fiftieth Anniversary Committee,

under the chairmanship of Jerry Marsengill, F.P.S., Editor of the "Philalethes

Magazine", with Alphonse Cerza, F.P.S., Life and John Black Vrooman, F.P.S.,

Life, Editor Emeritus as the other members, will present a plan for full

coverage of the year's activities.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Complete plans for the year's events, suitable publicity

by releases of news items to nationwide Masonic publications throughout

the year, local groups, in their capacity as focal points for historical

and fellowship, will be contacted to arrange meetings centered about the

anniversary, with speakers to delineate the historical and functional work

of the Society, and at the time of the actual anniversary date - early

in October, group meetings, co-ordinated groups and prearranged meetings

will be set up by which the fullest account of the past fifty years can

be best accomplished. It is probable that a full time program will be activated,

and many special meetings and publicity may be generated. This seems to

be one of the most important projects of the Society at this time, and,

when systematically set up and planned, can bring to a final focus, the

final activity at the close of the year.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Let it be emphasized that the celebration of the

Golden Anniversary of the Society can be made the most important event

that has yet been attempted. In this connection we note that in 1968 a

series of meetings resulted in much good publicity.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><A NAME="A RETURN TO ROOTS"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">A RETURN TO ROOTS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">By John M. Hilliard, MPS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Our modern celebrated clubs are founded upon eating

and drinking, which are points wherein most men agree...When men are thus

knit together by a love of society, not a spirit of faction, and do not

meet to censure or annoy those that are absent, but to enjoy one another...there

may be something useful in these little institutions and establishments.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Joseph Addison, The Spectator Eighteenth Century

London</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Much attention in the press and broadcast media has

recently been devoted to Black author Alex Haley's book Roots, in which

Haley, using tools of both scholar and novelist, traces the movement of

his family through centuries of racial and cultural abuse. Examples of

human perseverence and triumphant dignity in the face of intolerable persecution

are revealed in the book. This remarkable literary experience has fired

the American public�s imagination, and has stimulated considerable interest

in the historical and genealogical processes necessary to the search for

the origins of families and institutions.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Haley's long search was even more noteworthy in that

it was a "radical" exercise. It was not radical in the current meaning

of the word as being that which is "extreme", or radical in the sense of

"violent or fringe political or social behavior". Rather, it was radical

in the truest, purest, most original usage of the work...radical in being

"that which goes to the root or origin...that which touches or acts upon

what is essential and fundamental", and in terms of its objects and ends,

that which is "inherent in the nature of a thing or person."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Ancient Craft Freemasonry could well benefit from

a similar "radical" contemplation of its roots and of those qualities and

attributes which are inherent in its origin and nature. The Gentle Craft

has not experienced any genuine self-examination in decades. As an institution,

Freemasonry now endures a period of declining membership, advancing average

age, and inability to thrive in the great urban centers which were the

cradles of its existence.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">It no longer attracts the best and brightest among

the younger men who will most assuredly generate leadership in American

society in the years to come. The last great public figure to take an active

and genuinely productive role in the life of the American Craft was President

Truman. It is true that many great public figures in government, politics,

religion, business, and education are Masons, but the great majority of

these men possess only a nominal, almost "honorary" relationship and affiliation

with the Craft.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In no way can contemporary American Freemasonry be

said to have adequately engaged the attention, commitment, or imagination

of that small but critical mass of American manhood that is to chart the

future of American institutions and society.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The original radical" eighteenth century notion of

Freemasonry was to create a school and system of morality to act as a central,

motivating force in a community of friends and brothers; and to provide

a sanctuary from the rigours of the world to which good men of every background

could repair for support, rest, affection, consolation, and thoughtful

discourse on the ideas and problems. both private and public. The grand

intention of our eighteenth century brethren was to raise up a place wherein

they might strengthen and improve one another, and emerge the better able

to confront their lives outside the lodge.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In modern times, these essential rootelements have

been much diminished by reason of interminable ritual, automatic officer-chair

systems, autocratic grand lodge officers and bureaucrats, emphasis upon

"honors", and a bewildering welter of appendant and allied bodies and organizations.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The simple, brilliant idea of eighteenth century

Freemasonry was to bring together men from every walk of life, commoner

and king, merchant and philosopher, churchman and soldier, in cordial,

comfortable surroundings, and in an atmosphere of human warmth and affection;

this contact was designed to take place in a precinct shielded from the

distractions of the larger world where men might speculate together in

freedom upon the philosophical and moral issues central to their lives.

Our early brethren believed that these elements could be combined to enhance

the natural love of man for his fellows. This design was a "radical" expression

of the universality of man, and was a commitment to a humanizing process

based upon the motifs of fraternalism, democracy, and community. Ritual

was minimal, the pleasures of the board were emphasized, and no overt political

or religious discussion was permitted to mar the harmony so necessary to

the exploration of their 'system of morality".</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Modern American Freemasonry has consistently had

trouble dealing with the twin notions of the universality of man, and the

community of brothers. The American Craft has never successfully responded

to the racial issue, and most lodges are so dominated and encumbered by

a handful of "professional" Masons, enormous ritual demands, and lock-step

chair systems of officer advancement that opportunities for participation

and leadership are severely circumscribed for most young, vital men who

are actively involved in careers, community activities, and family life.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Yet it is this same population of involved young

professional and business people and community activists that it is so

necessary for Freemasonry to attract, not only if it is to survive, but

if it is to continue to carry out its venerable mission as a moral force

in the larger community.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The time has come for some radical introspection

in terms of the mission and goals of the Gentle Craft. One manner in which

this might be achieved is through utilizing the old American tradition

of "square clubs" in order to create, in a number of American cities, an

informal, relatively unstructured group composed of Masons and their non-Masonic

friends and associates. This kind of group would serve as a revival of

the ancient London clubs and societies out of which Freemasonry originally

emerged. The mission of this gathering would be to recreate the congenial,

convivial, and highly social fraternal atmosphere of the ancient lodges

by means of meetings emphasizing social, cultural and intellectual activities

and discourse. The aim would be two-fold: one, to introduce non-Masonic

friends to the concept and design of fraternal life, and twos to quietly

and gently influence them, in indirect and subtle ways, toward eventual

membership in the Craft.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">By using this group as an example of a fraternal

community, Masons could gradually acclimate many of our worthy non-Masonic

friends to the atmosphere of fruitful Masonic relationships. Even those

who, for whatever reasons, decide not to join the Craft, would at least

by virtue of their beneficial experience in this informal social and study

group, come away with a more favorable and encouraging opinion of our Gentle

Craft.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">This group could serve as a bridge or interface between

Freemasonry and those men, young and old, in the greater community who

are "Masons-by-nature" but who, for want of proper information, knowledge,

attitude, or opportunity, have had no productive contact with the institution.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Many American Freemasons simply do not conceive how

anachronistic and strange the Craft appears to non-Masons, especially many

of the fine young men in the twenty-one to forty age range. There is considerable

hostility among many of our friends and neighbors to the concept of a "fraternity",

especially one which is also a "secret society". The words "secret" and

"fraternity" are laden with negative meaning for many, and conjure up all

manner of unpleasant associations in the public mind...notions of unwholesome

or demeaning initiation experiences, of dark conspiracies at worst, or

snobbery, elitism, and exclusivity at best. Even many of those Americans

who are not hostile to the Craft, regard the "cultic" aspects of the Fraternity

such as aprons, secret passwords and grips, oaths, regalia, as being "quaint"

if not downright eccentric. For many, Freemasonry is the strange building

in town where their old Uncle Charlie used to disappear for a couple of

nights a month much to the annoyance of Auntie Mildred.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">None of the beauty, none of the power, none of the

sense of brotherhood, or the magnificent sweep of ideas, history, and images

penetrates Freemasonry's veil of arcania to reach the world at large. And,

that, my brothers, is a pity for we need the world as much as it needs

us.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">It is imperative that we streamline the rite of passage

to provide a more fluid and attractive avenue of transition and incorporation

for the vast numbers of men whom we are not now reaching. There is precedent

for utilizing such "bridge" groups to introduce our worthy fellow human

beings to the joys of fraternalism, the most notable example being Frank

S. Land's enormously successful creation of the Order of DeMolay. The benefits

that have accrued to Freemasonry in its sponsorship of DeMolay have been

considerable, by reason both of increased Masonic membership by Senior

DeMolays and by the extension of Freemasonry's mission and influence into

the world of the young. The reason that Senior DeMolays are more likely

to become Freemasons is because of the positive relationships and acquaintance

with the Craft and its members which they experience through the Order.

What Freemasonry has done for boys between the ages of twelve and twenty-one

it must now consider doing for young adults.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">One such experiment is currently underway. In December

of 1975, in New York city, two Master Masons associated with one of New

York city's oldest lodges, gathered an informal group of Master Masons,

Senior DeMolays, and interested friends to discuss issues of mutual concern

about the present and future state of the Ancient Craft in New York City,

and other matters concerning the possibilities for fraternity (in the fullest

sense of the word) in the metropolitan area.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The resulting exchange of ideas was so successful

that the group has been gathering ever since at irregular intervals in

order to recapture some of the original spirit of Ancient Craft Masonry

from the days of the fraternity's inception in the coffee houses, inns,

and taverns of early eighteenth century England. The purpose of the group

is primarily social. It meets for drinks and chatting and, later in the

evening, adjourns to a restaurant for dinner. The atmosphere is convivial

and casual. Occasionally there is discussion of issues of fraternal, societal,

or cultural interest. One major continuing concern has been talk directed

toward ways and means of reviving and redefining the faltering role of

Freemasonry as an urban institution. There has been a conscious attempt

to keep the structure loose and flexible so that no member would feel bound

to perform certain duties. There are no dues, no ritual, and no officers,

although a steering committee has recently been appointed to deal with

membership, planning, and organizational tasks.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The group attempts to be as spontaneous as possible.

The responsibilities of a member are to come to the gatherings as often

as he can, and to enter into the fellowship of fraternity which all share

in common. The group is committed to maintaining as low an institutional

profile as possible with a view toward keeping the experience as non-structured,

non-institutional, and as all-inclusive as possible. The Masonic profile

is deliberately kept low, in order to avoid making those potential members

uncomfortable or uneasy for whom fraternalism and Freemasonry are new and

alien experiences, it is hoped that through genuinely happy experiences

with the group, that many non-Masons will eventually choose to join the

Craft.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In the past year several members have petitioned

lodges in the New York city area, and the efforts of this informal gathering

may have been to a large extent responsible. The spirit of intellectual

inquiry and the joy of shared cultural, social, and fraternal experience

has made the group one of the most exciting and promising fraternal possibilities

in New York City.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Members now represent several lodges in the New York

city area, and it is hoped that Masonic life in the city will be positively

affected by this group's effort to restore a much needed sense of community

among the various elements of the Masonic Fraternity in the city. The group

has sponsored the last two annual Chevalier DeMolay Observance banquets

in the city, and is currently planning the third for this Fall. R.W. Wendell

K. Walker, Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of New York, was guest speaker

at the 1976 Observance Banquet. Trips have been made by the Masonic brothers

in the group to several interesting area lodges including Alpha Lodge in

Elizabeth, New Jersey, which is a primarily Black lodge of the Grand Lodge

of New Jersey.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Meetings are held in members' homes, or in local

churches, or occasionally at well-known city restaurants. One notable meeting

last year was at the colonial-era Fraunces Tavern in lower Manhattan which

is one of the island's oldest structures. Theatre parties, opera visits,

and additional special events are being planned for the autumn and winter.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">A volunteer member normally serves for a year as

"convener", and is responsible for arranging meeting sites, sending meeting

notices, etc. Members bring their own refreshments, and dinners are Dutchtreat.

Occasionally, the steering committee requests a small contribution to help

defray costs of mailings and room rentals.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">More than any other element, the name of the group

expresses its return to roots or its radical" nature, and symbolizes its

hope for the future of the Craft not only in New York city, but for the

entire nation. The group has chosen to style itself the "Goose and Gridiron

Club of New York City," and is so called in remembrance of the eighteenth

century London ale-house called the Goose and Gridiron which stood in the

Churchyard of St. Paul's Cathedral in London. It was there on June 24,

1717, that the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster was formed, and thus

was born the great era of eighteenth century Freemasonry, the like of which

in terms of general influence, power, and service to society, Masonry is

not likely to see again. The men who founded this Grand Lodge system, and

launched regular Masonry, represented the most influential, cultured, and

effective citizens of their age. The Masonic Lodge of the eighteenth century

was a forum for the great ideas and events of that vibrant age.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In memory of that illustrious era and in imitation

of its example, Freemasons and their friends gather in New York City in

the search for the roots of Ancient Craft Masonry and the spirit of the

Goose and Gridiron. We offer this idea to our other brethren across the

nation trusting that it may be one more strategy whereby the light of the

Gentle Craft may shine even brighter in this difficult time.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">NOTE: The author would be happy to answer specific

questions from readers concerning the Goose and Gridiron Club of New York

City if they will contact him at the following address:</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">John M. Hilliard</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">400 East 85th Street, Apt. 17H</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">New York, New York 10028</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><A NAME="LINCOLN AND MASONRY"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">LINCOLN AND MASONRY</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">By Marion Snyder, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Although Abraham Lincoln never was a member of the

Masonic Fraternity, his name is perpetuated in Ohio Masonry by Lincoln

Lodge No. 693 at Middletown. There are three Lodges there, Lincoln being

the second oldest. Many writers have written reams of paper on Lincoln,

including his contacts and experiences with the Fraternity and its members.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">This article is chiefly excerpts from previous writings

on Lincoln's Masonic contacts. Although not a dues paying member of our

beloved Fraternity, many Masons feel that the Great Emancipator embodied

in his life many of our precepts and teachings. He associated with many

Masons, especially during his political career.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">One of his early intimate friends was Squire Bowling

Green at New Salem, who was a member of Clinton Lodge No. 19 at nearby

Petersburg, Illinois. He loaned Lincoln a number of Books in the latter's

early years to further his education. Tragedy struck Lincoln early in life

including the death of Green, who died in 1841. Knowing the friendship

between them, Lincoln was asked to come down from the Legislature in Springfield

and make the funeral address.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">However, historians state that Lincoln became so

emotionally overcome as he stood at the head of the grave that he had to

stop speaking for quite some time. Surely he had to be outwardly sympathetic

to the Order to be asked to perform this service which took place as the

country was emerging from the vicious Anti-Masonic movement. However, it

did not effect Illinois as it did from Ohio eastward.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">When Lincoln and Mary Todd were married, his best

man was a Mason. When he was nominated for the Presidency, this was done

by a Mason from Ohio, John Sherman, son of Judge R. Sherman who was Grand

High Priest of the Grand Chapter of Ohio in its early days. Others in the

movement included the Grand Master of Indiana and two other men who were

officers in their respective Blue Lodge. Of the four major candidates in

the 1860 presidential election race, Lincoln is reported to have been the

only non-Mason. Stephen A. Douglas was also an active member in the Royal

Arch Chapter to which he belonged many years.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">When he was assassinated in 1865, several bodies

of Masons joined in honorary processions from Washington to Springfield.

The Grand Master of Illinois ordered any Mason who could attend the final

rites to do so "clothed as Masons. " As his remains lay in state in the

Hall of Representatives, arrangements involved were made by Masons. It

is further reported that three steps lead up to the casket "placed in the

northeast corner."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In writing on Lincoln's life one of his biographers,

Emmanel Hertz, penned "If ever a man lived and acted every Masonic precept,

practiced the full Masonic creed, it was Abraham Lincoln." Following his

death an unnamed Masonic body in Springfield, presumably a Blue Lodge,

passed the following resolution:</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"RESOLVED: that the decision of President Lincoln

to postpone his application for the honors of Masonry lest his motive be

misconstrued is in the highest degree honorable to his memory."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">This indicates he must have at some time expressed

a hope or desire to petition Masonry once he had stepped down from the

Presidency and returned to his beloved Springfield.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">A quick look at excerpts from his speeches indicates

he may have done some Masonic reading and liked certain phrases in the

magazines he could easily have read. These excerpts would, I believe, be

more interesting if we knew the occasion on which they were used. The include:</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"I defy Daniel Webster, I defy King Solomon."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"The Sharp Point Against Him."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"Mark Another step."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"Darkness to Light."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"All will be harmony."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"Oath of Secrecy."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"There are pillars of the Temple of Liberty . . .

hewn from the solid quarry of sober reason."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"I wish to stand erect before the Country . "</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"The cements which bind together the different parts

of the union." And on and on.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Benjamin B. French, a Grand Master of the District

of Columbia, who took a part in the laying of the cornerstone (Masonically)

of the Smithsonian Institute, spoke later of a conversation he had with

Lincoln regarding joining the Craft. French said that Lincoln remarked

that he had often thought of the matter and believed it to be a good institution

but no one had asked him to join.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">G.M. French indicated that Lincoln said he someday

hoped to be initiated. In 1866 the Federal Government published a volume

containing tributes from foreign countries. Among resolutions and tributes

were those from some 44 Masonic Grand Lodges and subordinate bodies in

other lands, many of which believed him to be a Mason, referring to him

as a "brother."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The AASR of Paris said "Lincoln, whom we had the

honor to count among our brothers." The Grand Lodge of New York's writer

evidently did not know he was a non-Mason for he wrote "The very illustrious

brother, Abraham Lincoln, . . . thus setting the noble example a brother

can give to his brethren. Freemasonry has suffered an irreparable loss."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The editor of the Cincinnati Rite Recorder is credited

with writing as follows: "Lincoln's inflexible hatred of human slavery

and his sympathy for shackled people reminds us of Zerubbabel, whose profound

belief in the brotherhood of man . . . reflects the teachings of Freemasonry

as given at its altars."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">(Ohio Lodge of Research)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><A NAME="How a Cathedral Was Built"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">How a Cathedral

Was Built</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">(As Conceived by Louis C. King)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The bishop shook his head sadly as he surveyed his

aged cathedral. More than three hundred years old, it was decaying beyond

repair. Small as it was, it was slowly settling into the soft ground on

which it stood. Cracks grew ill the walls and the many fires in which the

roof had burned off had ruined many of the topmost stones in the walls.

A new building was urgently needed.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Not far distant was a rise in the land. Heavily forested,

it overlooked the town below, sprawled on the banks of a river. The bishop

had often thought of that rise as an ideal spot for a new cathedral. He

had even made rough sketches of what it might look like. He was no artist

nor was he an architect but he had a good idea of what he wanted. Not too

large. He had no need of so large a building as those he had seen at Amiens

or Paris. Also, he had insufficient funds for such a project, even for

the one he needed but he had a firm faith that God would provide, as He

had so often done in the past.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">He called the ecclesiastical Chapter of his diocese

to discuss the problem. While he was in overall charge the clerics in the

Chapter must give their approval. One dissenter was the Treasurer who jealously

guarded the cathedral funds. The bishop explained his plan, they all knew

the need showed them his sketches and even took them to the place he had

chosen. The Treasurer complained of the cost of clearing the trees away

but the bishop showed that the timber derived would more than repay that

cost in the lumber it could provide for the stagings, forms, shops for

the workmen and fuel for their fires and furnaces. Gin poles and derricks

for hoisting and the windlasses for them could be made from that wood.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">He also pointed out that the ancient quarry from

which the old building came was not far away. It supplied an excellent

grade of granite which would be necessary for the foundations and other

substructures necessary to support the building. For the above-ground structure

limestone was to be used. With a beautiful color, it was easy to cut and

carve and yet was also strong and weather resistant. No limestone was to

be had in their part of France, so arrangements would be made to purchase

it from quarries in Normandy. That meant carting the stone over the road

for 150 or more miles, a journey that would take an ox-cart two weeks at

least.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">After much deliberation, the Chapter gave its approval.

Now began a search for an architect. In those times communication was slow,

no postal system, no newspapers to carry the message. About tile best means

was in the hands of the troubadors, constantly on the move from town to

town, singing and entertaining. While they were entertainers, they often

served to carry news as they went. War news, politics, scandal and gossip,

all was grist that came to their mills. Likely enough, the bishop informed

them of his wants.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In due course, several architects arrived, each eager

to persuade the bishop that his were the best, the latest, and most up-to-date

designs in this popular new style. One was finally selected and he forthwith

sent for his draftsmen and surveyors. With their arrival, they set to work,

not to start building but to dig test holes to determine the suitability

of the underground to support the weight of the building and also to lay

out the trenches where the foundation stones would be laid.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">While waiting for the architects to arrive, the bishop

had hired woodsmen to remove the trees and prepare them for the carpenters.

He also engaged a master quarryman, who hired men to clear the quarries

of the centuries-old deposits of earth and overgrowth. Once the architect�s

crew had found the site suitable, laborers were set to digging the trenches

laid out by the surveyors. Two wide trenches went down on both sides, north

and south, joined by two similar but semicircular ones at their eastern

ends.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The architect had drawn his plans to resemble a long,

narrow, round-ended box which stopped short at the western end. The architect

had learned from experience that he would be long in his grave before ever

the western wall would be built and seldom was that facade built on the

original design. His crew of draftsmen had arrived and. for the present,

were installed in some unoccupied rooms in the bishop's residence. Their

work, for the present, was to determine the dimensions and number of the

foundation stones. These figures were sent to the master quarryman who

soon had quantities ready for the carters to haul.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">At this point, let me interject a thought for modern

Freemasons. This is much different from the stories many writers of Masonic

history tell, where everything is so simple and easy. In them, the bishop

had a desire. A band of traveling masons came in, started work and - presto!

A new cathedral appeared! All apparently the work of this one band of masons.

How different it was in real life. The quarrymen were the first masons

on the job - but far from the last.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Those trenches were ten feet or wider at the bottom

and averaged twenty feet deep. Between the inner trenches and starting

just short of the curved portions, and extending about a quarter of the

length to the west was an excavation about twelve feet in depth, forming

what we would call a basement but which would later be divided into crypts,

which would be the cells where the bodies of bishops and other notables

would be interred. The foundations for walls and buttresses were vertical

on the inner faces but tapered in toward the top. With the arrival of the

rough layers, the master mortarman got his boys busy building their kilns.

Portland cement, quicklime and plaster did not come in convenient bags

and barrels. They had to manufacture their own right on the job from raw

rock. No chemists they but they knew how to make them and their products

had to be right. Granite blocks of smaller size now followed the footings

and the rough masons started laying them up with mortar.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Better than two years had by now elapsed since the

first workmen arrived and the foundations would not be ready for several

months more. All cement and mortar work shut down with the advent of freezing

weather until spring. The work was heaped with straw and the masons took

an unpaid vacation until warmer weather. To a good four or five months

lost were added the frequent Church holy days when no one worked. So, with

the tediously slow work, with nothing but hand tools, is it so surprising

that progress was so slow? The marvel of it all is the precision with which

it was done, the ingenuity with which the stone parts were fitted together,

the work of one man assembled by another to conform exactly to the plans

of a third. And most could neither read nor write.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Strongly built carts were moving north over the roads

to the limestone quarries and back in an almost unending procession and,

by the time foundations were ready for their load, the rough masons were

laying a heavy stone floor in the basement. Every so often a pit was dug

down deeping and foundations for the interior pillars were set in them.

Beyond the limits of the basement, toward the western end, a shallower

foundation was laid for all the pavement.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">When the limestone arrived, a new and much larger

group of masons also came. Part of these men were the stone cutters who

would take the large slabs of stone and cut them into blocks of the desired

size and then trim and dress them exactly as ordered and put marks on them

designating their location in the walls. Also, each man put his own personal

mark on his work for purposes of pay as they were often paid piece-work

rates. None of those marks were letters or numerals. They were small, simple

designs, usually lines forming arrows, crosses or angles, but all different.

Sometimes a father and son worked together and the son copied his father�s

mark with an additional line to identify him. It was a simple system but

it worked.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The finished stones were taken to the stone setters,

those men who performed their work with levels, plumblines and plumbrules.

Their tools were the trowel and setting maul. Theirs was the job of setting

the stones exactly so in their mortar beds and tried, each one, by plumbrule

and level.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The walls rose slowly but steadily to their planned

height of one hundred and thirty feet. Along with their own heavy piers

rose their matching buttress piers on the outer row of foundations. This

building being of a moderate height would require but one flying buttress

per pier so the outer piers were shorter than those inner piers which rose

to the roof line. But, down at floor level, a change took place. The outer

walls were now being built between the buttress piers, with spaces for

windows between. A series of arches, strong, heavy ones, connected the

piers some twenty-five feet above the floor, where a floor of stone was

laid. Above this floor a series of slender colonettes rose to provide a

view of the interior and above them the walls rose to their height at the

roof line, with spaces for more windows extending nearly to the roof. A

sloping roof was built above this floor, enclosing a walkway that ran the

length of the building, interrupted only at the transept on the north and

south sides between the nave and the choir. Building the outer shell of

the church was indeed a slow, exacting process as indeed every other part

was.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">While the work on the walls was in progress, work

on the inside also went on. Masons laid a heavy layer of granite on the

basement to support the main floor above. Then a flooring of thin, smooth

slabs was laid on that and rows of arches were erected on which the main

floor was supported. The eastern end of the basement was divided into crypts

in which the bodies of bishops and priests would be interred in years to

come. A circular stair led down to the crypts from a corner of the eastern

end of the ambulatory, that space between the inner and outer walls.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">With the main floor now complete the carpenters had

a place to work and they needed it to, lay out and cut the roof timbers

and collar beams. While this went on, strong stagings and forms were being

built between the inner and outer piers. It was time for the flying buttresses

to be put in place to stiffen the walls against the weight of the roof

and ceiling which were soon to come.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The carpenters laid out and fitted each piece of

the roof timbers on the floor and then disassembled them until they were

finally set in place on the walls. It was no easy task, hauling up those

heavy rafters but once a few collarbeams were in place a flooring was rigged

and the work moved ahead faster. Then the roof boards went on and the plumbers

came in to lay the lead sheeting over all. The roof was on and the building

closed in, excepting for the west end which still lacked a wall. There

were chary The bishop had grown old and was the first to occupy a crypt

in the basement. His successor counted the years from the day the work

was begun. Forty-eight years! Forty-eight years? Was that too long? No,

the time was not excessive. There was that spell, fourteen years back,

when the money ran out and for six years no work was done until more money

was raised. Then, no work was done in the freezing cold of the season when

frost could damage the mortar. So, counting about eight months to every

year and the six year layoff, it was more like third actual productive

years. Changes? Oh yes indeed there were. The old bishop was joined in

the crypts by his successor nine years later and the present one was looking

toward retirement. The architect had proved his prophecy of the west wall

and his son was now in charge, hoping that his son might one day build

that western facade. He had sent the boy on a tour of France to get ideas

from some of the medium sized cathedrals. The master builder had been killed

when a staging collapsed. Now, he had no son to follow him but his replacement

was an excellent workman. All the working crews were gone except for a

few who had been apprentices twenty years before. Even the people of the

town were changed. Half a century is a long time.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Now, with the roof on, it was time to start on the

vaulting of the ceiling. Centerings, the forms on which the ribs of the

vaults were constructed, were built on the floor and the great keyblocks,

six-sided to meet the inner ends of the centerings, were laid out with

utmost precision as were the centerings, all of which had to fit their

places high above. No mistakes could be tolerated. Much too heavy to be

lifted by an ordinary windlass, a grest wheel, some fourteen feet in diameter

and constructed like a squirrel cage was put together on the floor, dismantled

and hoisted piece by piece to the working floor above. There it was assembled

on a great axle, longer on one end than on the other and mounted on two

upright supports where it could revolve. All assembled, the wheel was attached

to a large hawser which reached the floor and when a load was tied on,

two large men got inside the wheel and started walking on command. The

hawser wrapped around the axle and thus the centerings were slowly raised,

seated in place on the piers and the free ends secured by ropes until all

six centerings were in place and the key-block set in position. Then all

six centerings were slowly lowered until they found their places on the

block. With that done all the supporting ropes were removed and the stonework

could be started.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Up came the masons, the stones, the mortar. Stone

by stone the ribs were formed and the keystone set in its place. Now came

the wait until the mortar had reached the critical stage of hardness when

the centerings could be cautiously lowered. Too soon, the ribs would collapse.

There must be a certain degree of flexibility so that all the parts of

all six ribs could adjust to each other. If the mortar set too hard the

ribs were unable to make those microscopic adjustments and strains would

cause an eventual collapse. More than one ceiling had fallen before the

masons learned the cause.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Once the centerings were down, the work floor and

the wheel were moved to the next bay and thus would be progress continue

until all the ceiling arches were in place. Then the lagging on which the

webbing of the ceiling would fill in the spaces between the ribs. This

lagging was thin strips of wood, curved to conform to the curvature of

the ribs. On these, the lightest stone, cut into very thin slabs were laid

and then covered with a layer of concrete to a depth of about four inches

poured over the entire area and allowed to set before the lagging was taken

down. Of all the hazardous work in the building, the ceiling was the most

dangerous. Until stagings were put up to allow work on the under side of

the ceiling, all the work was done with nothing beneath them but the stone

floor, one-hundred and thirty fee below.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">With the floor now clear, drawings the full size

of the windows were painted showing the exact size and shape of each stone

that went into the upper part of the window frames and the tracery that

filled the upper portions. Then, the stone carvers set to work, meticulously

following the design, fitting in iron reinforcing bars in places where

they were needed. They were then transferred, piece by piece, and cemented

into place.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">By now, if you have been watching, you will have

noticed that there have been several kinds of masons employed; quarrymen,

rough cutters, rough layers, cutters and finishers in the stoneyard, the

setters on the walls and piers, the extremely skillful cutters and layers

on the ribs, the concrete workers on the webs and now, the carvers. Does

this assortment of trades sound like the men the storytellers wrote about?

The one gang they'd have you think did it all?</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Now a new set of specialists have arrived, to set

up furnaces and snug sheds. They have carted in loads of washed sand which

they have carefully stowed in bins in the sheds and covered with canvas.

Bags of special wood-ash, minerals and metals and long blow-pipes are stowed

away, awaiting the furnaces. These are the glass-makers who will supply

the glaziers with materials for the windows. Clever workmen, the glass-makers.

They will brew their mixtures in their furnaces, pick up blobs of it on

their blow-pipes, blow them into balloon shapes and then dexterously cut

them open to lay out in flat sheets. These, when properly cooled, will

be taken by others to tables and cut to match designs drawn on whitewashed

tables, color by color and joined by lead strips run in between them until

a panel is made, to be fitted into place in the waiting window. Slow, careful

work, done to exact dimensions and held in place by iron reinforcing bars

to enable them to resist wind and weather. Years of work lay ahead of them.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Let us see what else went on inside, on the lower

levels. The arches that surmounted the bays between the pillars were now

being carved with graceful patterns as were the panels between them and

the colonettes above. The floor in the curve of the apse had been raised

a few feet above the main floor and a marble altar had been built on it,

predominating everything in the building. Sculptors were at work carving

scenes deep into its surface. It was a thing of beauty and the light from

the nearly completed windows of the apse flooded it with glorious light

in the morning sun.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Work had begun again on both the north and south

transepts. They had been built out far enough to allow the carpenters to

put on the roofs but had stopped short of the end walls, awaiting designs

for the doorways. Now there were two sets of drawings ready, one for each

and the south was to have a small rose window somewhat in imitation of

the one the architect's son had seen at Notre Dame at Paris. The northern

side was less favored because it was less traveled and therefore less likely

to be seen. The transepts were actually vestibules, with ornamental doors

but their main reason for being was that they gave the church its cruciform

outline when viewed from above, a view few mortals ever hoped to see but

was easily visible to the occupants of the celestial regions above and

it was they whom it was hoped would be properly and favorably impressed.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The angles of the walls at the transepts were filled

with what appeared to be round towers but were really circular stairways,

leading from the arcade up to the tribune above and to the roof. One, on

the south transept, led down to a tunnel which gave access to the crypts.

Those on the extreme ends were the best and safest ways to the walls, as

they rose in step with the walls as they went up. Those ancient builders

were vary practical men in many ways. They took advantage of many prosaic

but necessary things, such as the disposal of the rain water from the roof

which, if allowed to run down the walls, would in time have stained them.

Deep gutters ran along the tops of the walls emptying into ducts built

into the upper parts of the piers, down to just above the point of contact

where the flying buttresses met the piers. A similar gutter ran down the

tops of the buttresses to their piers where they emptied into vertical

ducts and thence to just above the ground. This was one of the latest ideas,

picked up by the architect's son on his travels. Notre Dame and some of

the other older buildings used the fanciful gargoyles to carry the water

out away from the walls to fall where it would. These builders had the

advantage of working late in the 14th century, near the end of the period

when this style was at its fashionable peak, and used the best methods.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Those flying buttresses, which I have not thus far

mentioned, were put in place at about the time the roof was to go up. The

building, being only of a moderate size, was nowhere as tall as the great

old cathedrals and was to have but one set of arches to support the walls.

Unlike the ceiling arches, which were erected from above by the use of

the great wheel, had to be built from below, on stagings. Accidents occurred

occasionally by collapsing stagings but, of course, the work went on with

much the same methods as the interior arches were, supported on centerings.

The same meticulous skill went into them as in any other part and the walls

never showed defects from their placement.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The stonework was just about at an end now, except

that the western end still stood open to the elements as it had for all

these years. The carpenters and wood carvers had taken over in the choir

and were building the benches and partitions for the singers. There was

the bishop's throne and other furniture to be made, wooden statues to be

carved and painted. The ceilings and walls were to be painted and in some

places plastered to cover defects that had appeared. Still, the western

wall was wide open like the end of a Zeppelin hanger of the 1920s.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The old architect's grandson was now the architect

in charge and his years of travel as a youth were now about to pay off.

His designs were a combination of the best features of several he had studied

and admired. Three portals, two square towers, one enclosing a peal of

bells, the gift of the merchants of the town, which, over the years had

grown up the slope almost to the cathedral.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Once again the call had gone out for laborers to

excavate, the quarrymen to reopen the quarry and cut foundation stones.

The old stonewagons were refitted for the roads and arrangements made with

the limestone quarries to furnish more stone. Carpenters were hired to

make ready the stagings, derricks and all the other woodwork, much of which

had deteriorated.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The foundations, not so extensive as before, were

to be much heavier than before as the load on them would be greater and

more concentrated. This new wall was not to be a simple wall. Rooms and

stairways were to occupy a part of it. The towers, modified versions of

a pair of Norman towers the architect liked, were to rise to a height of

two-hundred feet. The new bishop had wanted spires built on them but was

dissuaded when the Chapter warned him that funds were again running low.

The wall between the towers had to be deepened considerably to accommodate

the vestibules of the portals. The center one was to consist of seven concentric,

pointed arches, diminishing in height and width to conform to the width

of the large, double-leaved doors. The flanking portals were smaller and

less ornate. The rear, or inner, wall was to rise to the peak of the roof

but, midway between the peak and the flat roof of the frontal extension,

was a large, pointed arch built into the facade, to serve as a frame in

the center of which was to be a rose window over twenty feet in diameter.

The greater part of the towers was finished several years before the intricate

tracery of the rose was carved and installed.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The concentric arches of the portals had been taken

over by the carvers who spent years patiently carving the complex designs

planned for them. The bells were hung in the north tower and a platform

was installed for the bell-ringers to work on. The massive oak doors were

hung on the ornamental hinges, the pride of the master smith who also made

the locks, latches, and handles at his forge.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The glaziers at long last completed the rose and

all the other windows. A gilded cross was mounted at the peak of the roof

over the rose and little by little, the stagings were coming down. The

last work was done by the paviors, the men who laid the beautiful mosaic

flooring all through the interior. Outside, they laid a flagstoned parvis,

as wide as the building and extending a hundred feet away, to meet with

the cobblestones of the town's main street. One by one the huts and shanties

that had housed generations of workmen were torn down until none remained

except the Carpenters' Hall. Large and beautifully constructed by the joint

efforts of the masons and carpenters, it served as an office building for

both trades and also held living quarters for the elite groups of both,

the men who would permanently remain as a maintenance force. Three sculptors

lived there who carved the marble statues that would adorn the cathedral.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The cathedral was completed! And in only ninety-four

years, setting a record of sorts for a building of its size. The last halt

in the work was only for two years as the town had been enjoying a period

of prosperity and the people ascribed it to the virgin to whom the edifice

was soon to be dedicated, as a sign of her impatience to see the work finished

that would glorify her name. A total of ninety-four years seems long but

as I once mentioned, with an average working year of eight months and the

time out while funds were being raised, that it was built in that time

was indeed a record.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Bishops came, lived a time and then were laid beside

the one who had started the work. The latest arrival from Rome, the fifth

since it was started, consecrated the edifice with pomp and ceremony. A

procession was formed on the parvis, of all the clergy, the townspeople

falling in on the cobbles below and, as the bishop recited the old Hebrew

Introit, "Introibo ad Altare Deo", he entered, to the Altar of his God.

The building was blessed and duly dedicated to the virgin and great joy

filled the congregation. And then the new bishop withdrew to his apartments

to contemplate certain changes he had in mind.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Such was the way with cathedrals. Constantly being

altered, redesigned, modified, changed. But, for now, the work was complete.

The procession that had filled the street and cathedral was but the visible

part of a much larger, invisible parade. Bishops had come and gone. The

grandson of the first architect had finished the work and was about to

turn over the business to his son and retire. The Chapter who authorized

the project were now but names to the present Chapter. Master builders

had come and departed without count. The masters of the gans and lodges

were almost countless and of all the myriad workers who had had a part,

however humble, only a guess could be made. Two thousand? Three thousand?

Hundreds of tons of stone, a small forest, had been used. The human lives

lost or mangled were somehow forgotten. And how many millions of francs

were spent?</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The cathedral in this story never existed but there

were many that did and this is just a representation of how they were built.

I have written this story in protest. Too many yarns have I endured written

by alleged historians, who plainly had never gone near a real construction

site to see how it was done. Instead of honestly portraying the medieval

mason as a plain, hard-working man, except for a few, unable to read or

write, stolid and patient as an ox but capable of turning out marvels of

precision with the crudest of tools. But these starry-eyed writers, in

their own ignorance turned out these fairy tales of masons so highly skilled

in the arts and architecture that they became companions of kings. True,

there were men with these abilities but they were few. There were many,

many masons. However laudable their purposes were, they have left us with

a heritage of falsehood and error. Personally, I prefer the mason as he

was, dumb but human.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">I have spent considerable time in the past several

years, reading accounts of how those so-called Gothic buildings were put

together, not by Masonic authors but by architects, men who knew the work.

This story may be overburdened with details but, having become fed up with

fantasy, I have endeavored to give others who want to know, a better idea

of how our brethren of six centuries ago really worked. And, if this story

doesn't line up with your ideas of England, you're right. Remember, I said

it was somewhere in France.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Complete " MASONIC WEEK" PROGRAM</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">February 17-22, 1978 Washington D.C.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">All Meetings Will Be Held At The Washington Hotel</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">15th at Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D.C.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">February 17-19 1978</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Programs of A.M.D. And Other Meetings For 1978</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Friday, February 17, 1978</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">7:30 P.M. - MASONIC WORKSHOP - THE PHILALETHES SOCIETY

Twenty-Fourth Meeting</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Dr. Eugene Hopp, President</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Franklin J. Anderson, Secretary</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">50th Anniversary Year!</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Saturday, February 18, 1978</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">8:30 A.M. - REGISTRATION</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">9:30 A.M. - GRAND COLLEGE OF RITES OF THE U.S.A</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Forty-Sixth Annual Convocation</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">M.�.l.�.Robert L. Grubb, Grand Chancellor</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">M.�.l.�.Herbert A. Fisher, Grand Registrar</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">10:30 A.M. - GRAND MASTER'S COUNCIL, A.M.D</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Forty-Fifth Communication</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">V.'.Samuel A. Wise, Sovereign Master</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">V.�.C. Clark Julius, Secretary</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">11:30 A.M. - GRAND COUNCIL, ALLIED MASONIC DEGREES

OF THE U.S.A.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Forty-Sixth Annual Communication</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">M.'.V.�.J. Alex Adams, Sovereign Grand Master</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">R.�.V.�.Robert L. Grubb. Grand Secretary-Treasurer</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Open for the receipt of the Grand Master's and Grand

Secretary's Reports. All A.M.D. members are invited to attend .</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">RECESS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">12:30 P.M. - LUNCHEON (Dutch Treat)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">2:00 P.M. - INSTALLED MASTER'S COUNCIL, A.M.D.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Forty-Fifth Annual Communication</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">V.�.James H. Horne, Sovereign Master</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">R.�.V.�.Robert L. Grubb, Secretary</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">To confer the installed Master Degree on Masters

of Councils present who have not been installed. All Installed Masters

are invited to be present.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">2:30 P.M. - COUNCIL OF THE NINE MUSES, No. 13, A.M.D.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Forty-Fifth Annual Communication</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">M.�.V.�. Henry Emmerson, Sovereign Master</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">R.'.V.�.Robert L. Grubb, Permanent Secretary</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">All A.M.D. members are invited.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">3:30 P.M. - GRAND COUNCIL, KNIGHT MASONS OF THE U.S.A.

M.'.E.�.James M. Alter, Great Chief V.'.E.�.Ray Scarborough, Grand Scribe</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">4:45 P.M. - SOCIETAS ROSICRUCIANA IN CIVITATIBUS

FOEDERATIS M.�.W.�.Harold V.B. Voorhis, Supreme Magus</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">R.�.W.�.John Phillip Berauist. Secretary-General</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">RECESS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">6:00 P.M. - ANNUAL BANQUET, ALLIED MASONIC DEGREES</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">M.�.V.�.J. Alex Adams, Presiding</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Speaker to be announced.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">All present for any of the meetings may secure tickets.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">8:00 P.M. - GRAND COUNCIL, ALLIED MASONIC DEGREES</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Labor resumed: Committee reports, routine business</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Election and Installation of Grand Officers, and

closing</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">10:00 P.M. - MASONIC ORDER OF THE BATH OF THE U.S.A.

Fifty-Sixth Assembly M�.�H.'. Henry Emmerson, Commander-General V.�.H.�.Harold

D. Elliott, II, Keeper of the Bath Records</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">11:00 P.M. - YE ANCIENT ORDER OF CORKS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Fifty-Second Cellar</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">M�.�W.�.Robert C. Seel, Grand Bung of the Americas</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">R.�.W.�.Thurman C Pace. Jr.. Prov. Grand Bung of

U.S.A</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Sunday, February 19,1978</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">7:30A.M. - CONVENT GENERAL, KNIGHTS OF THE YORK CROSS

OF HONOUR</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Breakfast in the Hotel</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">M.�.E.�.John C. Kaufman, Grand Master-General</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">M.�.E.�. Stanley W. Wakefield. Grand Registrar-General</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">9:00 A.M. - THE SOCIETY OF BLUE FRIARS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Forty-Fifth Annual Consistory</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">R.�.I.�.James D. Carter, Secretary-General</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">9:30 A.M. - THE GRAND PRECEPTOR'S TABERNACLE, H.R.A.K.T.P.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Forty-Sixth Ingathering</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">V.'.E.�.Franklin Churchill, Preceptor</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">R.�.E.�.George M. Fulmer, Registrar</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">10:00 A.M. - THE GRAND COLLEGE OF AMERICA, HOLY ROYAL</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">ARCH KNIGHT TEMPLAR PRIESTS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">M.�.E.�.Alvin L. Crump, Grand Preceptor</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">R.�.E.�.George M. Fulmer, Grand Registrar</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">HOTEL</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Hotel reservations must be made by addressing a post

card or letter to Hotel Washington, Mr. Reyburn Miller, Manager, Pennsylvania

Avenue and Fifteenth Street, Washington. D.C., N.W. 20004. Call attention

to the fact that you are attending the Annual Meeting of the Allied Masonic

Degrees. It will be well to ask for a confirmation. Reservations should

be requested at least one (1) week prior to your arrival.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">COMMITTEE ON TIME AND PLACE</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Marvin E. Fowler, Chairman</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">1904 White Oaks Drive</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Alexandria, Va. 22306</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Herbert A. Fisher, Secretary</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">553 Caren Drive</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Virginia Beach. Va. 23452</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Henry Emmerson</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">148 Elm street</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Cresskill, N.J. 07626</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">George M. Fulmer</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">P.O. Box 94B, Rousby Hall Road</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Lusby, Maryland 20657</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Robert L. Grubb</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">P.O. Box 4232</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Charlotte, N.C. 28204</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Harold V.B. Voorhis</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">105 New England Avenue</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Summit. N J 07901</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Stanley W. Wakefield</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">41 Amherst Drive</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Hastings-on-Hudson, N.Y. 10706</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">CONFERENCE PROGRAM</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Masonic Week, February 19 to 22 inclusive, Washington,

D.C. All meetings in the Shoreham-Americana Hotel, except the George Washington

Masonic National Memorial Association. "Quovadis Freemasonry?"</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 19,1978</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Registration, 12-5 p.m.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">5:00 p.m. - Grand Master's Conference Tea and Reception,</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Ambassador Room</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 20</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">7:00 a.m. - Deputy Grand Masters' Breakfast, Palladian

Room</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">10:00 a.m.George Washington Masonic National Association

meeting, Memorial, Alexandria, Va. Buses leave Shoreham promptly at 9:00a.m.

Luncheon, 11:45 a.m. at Memorial. Buses return to Hotel right after luncheon</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">2:00 p.m. - Masonic Service Association 59th Annual

Meeting, Diplomat Room.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">7:00 p.m. - Grand Secretaries' Dinner, Palladian

Room.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">10:00 a.m</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 21</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">8:30 and 1:45p.m. - Grand Masters' Conference, Diplomat

Room</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">9:00 a.m. - Grand Secretaries' Conference, Tudor

Room Grand Secretaries' Luncheon at 12:30 p.m., Executive Room.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">1:45 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. - Grand Master's Conference

continues, Diplomat Room.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">2:00 p.m. - Grand Secretaries' Conference continued,

Tudor Room .</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">7:15 p.m. - Grand Master's Banquet, Regency Ballroom,

(Doors open. 6:30. Tables reserved until 6:55.)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 22</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">9:00 a.m. to 1:45 p m. - Grand Master�s Conference

continued Diplomat Room</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">9:00 a.m. - Grand Secretaries' Conference continued,

Tudor Room</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">1:00 p.m. - Luncheon, Supreme Council 33d, A. &amp;

A.S.R., Southern Jurisdiction, House of the Temple, 1733 16th street, N.W.

Transportation provided.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">1:45 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. - Grand Master's Conference

concluded.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Checkout Time - 4:00 p.m.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><A NAME="FOREIGN OFFICERS IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">FOREIGN

OFFICERS IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">By Ralph J. Pollard, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Article XXXIII</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">During our War for Independence, many foreign officers

sought and obtained commissions in the American service. Some of these

were mere adventurers who proved to be worse than useless. Others, however,

were men of great ability and professional skill, who rendered outstanding

service to the American cause, and who well deserve to be held in grateful

remembrance by the American people.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">One of the earliest of these volunteers was Brigadier

General Friedrich Wilhelm de Woedtke, formerly of the Prussian Army, who

served in the Canadian campaign in 1776, who died in service, and who is

buried near Lake George, New York.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Major General Louis le Begue de Presle Duportail,

a veteran French regular, served with distinction as Chief of Engineers

in the Continental Army from 1777 to 1783. He then returned to duty with

the French Army, attaining the rank of Lieutenant General and serving as

Minister of War. When forced by the French Revolution to leave France,

he returned to America, where he lived until Napoleon invited the exiled

nobility to return to France. He died at sea on his way back to his native

country.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski, a Polish nobleman,

served as commander of an independent cavalry corps, known as the Pulaski

Legion. He died of wounds received at the siege of Savannah in 1779.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Charles Tuffin Armand, Marquis de La Rouerie, served

as Colonel, 3rd Cavalry, Pulaski Legion. After Pulaski's death, he succeeded

to the command of that corps, and was promoted to Brigadier General.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Major General and Baron Johann DeKalb, a Bavarian

nobleman with years of service in the French Army, commanded the Continental

regulars at the Battle of Camden, South Carolina, where they alone stood

firm, while the remainder of the American army, including its commanding

general, Gates, ignominiously ran away. Baron DeKalb was wounded and taken

prisoner, later dying of his wounds and being buried with military honors

by the British.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Thaddeus Kosciusko, the Polish patriot, served throughout

the war as a Colonel of Engineers, finally attaining the rank of Brigadier

General.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Philippe Charles Jean Baptiste Tronson du Coudray

was not only commissioned as a Major General by Congress, but was also,

without consulting Washington, assigned to duty as Chief of Artillery,

a post already filled, to Washington's complete satisfaction, by Brother

Henry Knox. Washington filed a vigorous protest, and several prominent

generals served notice that they would instantly resign should General

Knox be displaced. Knox kept his job, and poor du Coudray, who was in no

way responsible for the Congressional blunder, became Chief of Ordnance

and Military Manufactures. His services came to an untimely end when he

was drowned in the Schuylkill River. The Continental Congress, in a body,

attended his funeral.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Many Masonic writers have claimed that both Pulaski

and DeKalb were Masons. They may have been, but positive proof is lacking.

According to tradition they received the degrees in Army Lodge No. 29,

attached to the Maryland troops. This is quite likely, especially in the

case of DeKalb, whose command included the Maryland units, and who was

closely associated with Brigadier General Mordecai Gist, the Worshipful

Master of that lodge. However, no records confirming this tradition have

survived. Also according to tradition, Baron DeKalb was buried with Masonic

as well as with military honors, through the courtesy of Lord Rawdon, a

distinguished English Freemason. Again, documentary evidence to support

this story is lacking. The cornerstones of public monuments honoring these

two officers were certainly laid with Masonic rites in 1825, with Lafayette

participating in the ceremonies, but this, of course, does not mean that

the individuals honored by these monuments were necessarily Freemasons.

Our Fraternity will always lay the cornerstone of any public monument when

requested to do so by the proper authorities. And Lafayette would have

wished to honor these fellow-officers in the Continental Army whether or

not they were also his Masonic brethren.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Fortunately, there is no doubt whatever as to the

Masonic status of the best known and best loved of all the foreign officers

who served our Country at this time. Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert

du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, was born on September 6, 1757. Like other

young nobles, he entered the military service at an early age, serving

with the famous Black Musketeers and with the Regiment de Noailles. Despite

his youth, he was certainly a Freemason before coming to America in 1777.

He has told us so himself, and it is a matter of record that he was present,

as a visiting brother, at the institution of a new Paris lodge in December

of 1775. The Comte de Rochambeau, who later commanded the French forces

in America, was also a visiting brother at this meeting.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Filled with enthusiasm for the American cause, young

Lafayette arrived in America in June of 1777. He asked only for permission

to serve as a volunteer, but Congress, dazzled by his high title, great

wealth and social prominence, promptly commissioned him as a Major General,

a rank quite unsuited to his age and to his limited military experience.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">At first, Washington used him largely as a glorified

Aide-de-Camp and personal assistant. He was with Washington at Brandywine,

where he was wounded, and throughout that cruel winter at Valley Forge.

This close association soon developed into a truly touching human relationship.

Lafayette's admiration for Washington approached adoration, while the childless

General soon came to feel for the gallant and lovable young Frenchman an

almost paternal affection.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">As time went on, Lafayette begged hard for a command

of his own. Washington tried him out with several minor commands, in which

he acquitted himself with credit. He also served as a member of the court-martial

which tried Major John Andre, the British spy involved in the Arnold treason.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">He was finally entrusted with a really important

command, that of the American forces then operating in Virginia. But the

wise Washington saw to it that von Steuben himself was also there to guide

and assist his young friend in the responsibilities of command. This team

worked perfectly, but we must admit, in frankness, that it was probably

the science of the Prussian General Staff and not any precocious military

genius on the part of Lafayette which finally maneuvered Cornwallis into

the trap at Yorktown. But Lafayette, the official commander, quite properly

received the credit.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Lafayette returned to the United states in 1784,

visited Washington, and presented to him an attractive Masonic apron, beautifully

embroidered by his young wife. This apron is still preserved.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In France, Lafayette took an active part in politics,

serving as a member of the Council of Notables, the states General, and

the National Assembly. As Commanding General of the National Guard, he

rescued the King and Queen from the mob which sacked Versailles. But, when

the radical Jacobins came into power, he was himself forced to leave the

country and to live in exile for several years.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">When Napoleon invited him to return to France, he

gratefully accepted the invitation, but took no part in public affairs

under the Napoleonic regime. Following the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty,

he resumed his natural place in French public life, and rendered distinguished

service to his country under three kings.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In 1824-1825, General Lafayette visited the United

States for the last time, making a triumphal tour of the entire country,

from Maine to Georgia and from the Atlantic to beyond the Mississippi.

He was everywhere received with the greatest enthusiasm, and was showered

with honors, both public and Masonic. He attended many Masonic meetings,

participated in numerous Masonic ceremonials, including the laying of the

cornerstone of Bunker Hill Monument by the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts,

and delivered many Masonic addresses, eloquently testifying to his deep

love and reverence for the Fraternity. His many Masonic honors included

honorary memberships in the Grand Lodges of Pennsylvania, Tennessee and

Missouri. In Tennessee, he was introduced by M.W. Brother and Major General

Andrew Jackson, while in Missouri his son, Brother George Washington de

Lafayette, who had accompanied him on this journey, was also created an

honorary member of that Grand Lodge.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Major General the Marquis de Lafayette died in Paris

on May 20, 1834, the last surviving general officer of the Continental

Army. His grave was covered with earth from Bunker Hill. His lifework was

finished, but he still lives in the hearts of the American people.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">There were two men, and two men only without whom,

in the opinion of this writer our War for Independence could never have

been won. One, of course, was Washington, the other Major General and Baron

Friedrich Wilhelm August Heinrich Ferdinand von Steuben, an experienced

professional officer who had served on the Prussian General Staff under

Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, and whose services had been rewarded

by that monarch with the highest of Prussian military decorations, a decoration

which the Baron always wore with obvious pride.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">He reported for duty at the darkest hour of that

terrible winter at Valley Forge. Appointed Inspector General of the Continental

Army, his genius as an organizer, instructor, drillmaster and disciplinarian

soon transformed our patriotic but illtrained volunteers into a thoroughly

trained and disciplined regular army, the equal of any on the Continent

of Europe. He conducted professional schools for officers; organized a

hand-picked bodyguard for the Commander-in-Chief, which he drilled himself

and which he used as a demonstration unit for the entire army; wrote our

first official training manuals and drill regulations; and introduced methods

of training and a philosophy of leadership which are still characteristics

of the American military service.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">His training program was continued while the army

occupied positions in the Highlands of the Hudson. As what we would now

call Chief of Staff, he placed his professional knowledge and experience

at the disposal of the Commander-in-Chief, and made a major contribution

to the winning of the war. He later served in Virginia and commanded a

division at the siege of Yorktown. When he finally retired from the American

service in 1784, he was tendered the formal "Thanks of Congress." If George

Washington is rightly regarded as the father of his country, Frederick

von Steuben must be considered as the father of the United states Army.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Baron von Steuben brought with him from Germany his

credentials as a Past Master. He later affiliated with Trinity Lodge, No.

12, of New York city, and was elected an honorary member of Holland Lodge,

No. 8, also of New York City.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Major General and Baron Frederick von Steuben died

at his American home in Steubenville, New York, on November 28, 1794.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">As we, the Freemasons of the United States, join

with all of our fellow citizens in celebrating the bicentennial of our

national independence, it is only fitting that we pause for a moment and

pay tribute to those foreign friends who served our country so well two

centuries ago - to Duportail, to Pulaski, to DeKalb, to Kosciusko, to our

good Brother Lafayette, and, most of all, to Worshipful Brother Frederick

von Steuben, the man who forged the weapon with which Brother Washington

won for us our independence, a weapon without which that independence could

never have been won.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">BIBLIOGRAPHY</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Valuable assistance in preparing this article has

been received from the following: "Masonic Membership of the Founding Fathers",

by Ronald E. Heaton; "The History of the United states Army", by William

A. Ganoe; "Freemasonry in the American Revolution", by Sidney Morse; and

Winston's Cumulative Encyclopedia.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Al Cerza Reviews&nbsp;&nbsp;<A NAME="Books Of Masonic Interest"></A>Books

Of Masonic Interest</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">There has been published the 25th Anniversary History

of Kyusha Lodge No. 4 (1050-1976), holding a charter under the Grand Lodge

of Japan. This book has been written by Frank Hartranft, M.P.S. and a Past

Master of the lodge. This unusual lodge was originally formed under a Dispensation

issued by the Grand Lodge of the Philippines. Shortly thereafter the Korean

War started and the lodge was affected because it was located near Camp

Kokura, a large Army Depot and also an Air Base. When the Grand Lodge of

Japan was formed the lodge returned its original Charter and secured a

new one from the new Grand Lodge.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">This book is of interest for several reasons. Many

Americans joined this lodge while stationed there. These members will be

glad to hear of this volume and to renew their experiences there as they

read this book. The history also illustrates how the Craft has spread around

the world over the years. This soft cover book is well produced and illustrates

what can be done in these days of prohibitive printing costs in producing

good Masonic material.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Available at $5.00 a copy, by check made payable

to the lodge, but mailed to Frank Hartranft, 310 Douglas Drive, Bellevue,

Nebraska 68005.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">There has come to my attention recently the "History

of Masonry in Monroe County, 1810-1970," written by Herman A. Sarachan,

M.P.S. It is a carefully researched book covering all the important facts

relating to Freemasonry in Monroe County, New York. The main city in the

county is Rochester, but Batavia, which played an important role in the

Morgan affair, is not too far away to the south west. One chapter of the

book is devoted to the Morgan upheaval and its devastating effects on the

Craft in the area, its effect is shown to have existed as late as in 1845;

Brother Sarachan had the chapter relating to the Morgan story read and

reviewed by the late Dr. William Cummings, who had made a close study of

the subject for many years, as a result its authenticity is further emphasized

on a difficult subject.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Available at $6.50 a copy, while the limited supply

lasts, from the Masonic Service Bureau, 875 East Main street, Rochester,

N.Y. 14605.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"John Smith, The Life of a Mason,'' is a unique booklet

in that it presents the basic steps taken as one becomes a Mason with emphasis

on the Masonic legal problems to be considered at each point in the way.

The Introduction of this discussion has a brief presentation of the foundations

of Masonic law, and leads to the Handbook of Masonic Law of New York. The

item then states that "John Smith tells his friend Bill Jones he would

like to become a Mason." The first legal question that arises is that of

territorial jurisdiction and this is discussed in the light of New York

Masonic law. The material then covers step by step what possibly can happen

along the way in the way of problems and how they are solved. The end of

the presentation covers the subject of the burial of a deceased member

with a Masonic service.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Written by Herman A. Sarachan, M.P.S., of New York,

the brochure is keyed to New York law and practice, but is written in an

interesting manner and can be read with profit by Masons everywhere.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Available at $1.00 a copy from the author, 184 Rhinecliff

Drive, Rochester, N.Y. 14618.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the establishment

of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar in Connecticut, its history

was updated by James R. Case, F.P.S., and was made a part of the Proceedings

of 1977 of that state. Because of the many demands for copies the item

has been reproduced in booklet form and is ready for distribution.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Available at $2.00 a copy, from J. Zalmon S. Hunt,

Grand Recorder, 196 Church street. Willimantic. Conn. 06226.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The November, 1977 special issue of Historia 16,

a magazine published in Spanish, devoted to historical subjects, is devoted

entirely to the subject of Freemasonry. Here is a list of the articles

contained in this issue:</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">What is Freemasonry? by Father Jose A. Ferrer Benimeli;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Wife and Masonry, by Libertad Morte;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Catholic and Masonry, by Father Jose A. Ferrer

Benimeli;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Satanism and Masonry, by Father Jose A. Ferrer Benimeli;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Judaism and Masonry, by Father Jose A. Ferrer Benimeli;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Masonry and Contemporary Spanish History, by Father

Jose Ferrer Benimeli;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Social Bases of Masonry, 1879-1903, by Juan C. Gay

Armenteros;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Freemasonry in the United states, by Alphonse Cerza</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">History of Masonry in Great Britain, by S. Vatcher</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">French Masonry from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth

Century, by Pierre Chevalier;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Masonry in Italy, by Rosario Esposito; Masonic Music

by Roger Colle</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Masonic Art and Their Symbols, by Alec Mellor</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Esoteric and Occult Masonry, by Antoine Farvre</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Masonic Dictionary, by Father Jose A. Ferrer Benimeli;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Bibliography</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Father Jose A. Ferrer Benimeli has been a student

of Freemasonry since Vatican II and has written a number of books on the

subject. (For a partial list of these books see page 15, of the October,

1977 issue of the Philalethes Magazine) . He has been a leading exponent

of urging a re-appraisal of the relationship between Freemasonry and the

Roman Catholic Church.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The change in the political situation in Spain and

its thrust towards a democratic free society augurs well for the people

of Spain, and we look forward to seeing an improvement in the social and

economic conditions of the country as persons are encouraged to develope

their innate abilities for the benefit of themselves, their families, and

their country. We are hopeful that before too long Freemasonry can be re-established

in Spain and start making its contribution in making this a better work

in which to live.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Available at 100 Ptas, plus postage, from Historia

16, Avenida Generalisimo, 15-17, Madrid, 16 Spain.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The 1977 volume of the Masonic Book Club consisted

of a facsimile of Masonry Dissected, published in 1730, and being the first

major expose of the Masonic ritual. Its importance in our history is that

it contains the first written mention of the existence of a third degree

in the Craft. Added to this volume is a definitive commentary of Samuel

Prichard's book by Harry Carr, one of the world's greatest living Masonic

scholars. This is a book that should be read by every Masonic scholar.

A few extra copies are available to non-members of the Club.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Available at $10 a copy from The Masonic Book Club,

426 Unity Building, Bloomington, III. 61701.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The historians connected with the National Park Service

have researched the subject of the Presidents of the United states and

the material assembled has been published in an interesting book with many

fine pictures under the title "The Presidents. "</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Available at $8.00 a copy from the Superintendent

of Documents, United states Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

20402.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Cathedral</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">This is the fast issue of the 50th anniversary year.

During the year we will carry a number of articles dealing with the past

50 years. We are justly proud of our accomplishments. But more important

than reliving what we have done, this year is the beginning of our second

50 years. Any institution must grow and change with the times. No matter

what the society has been, the important thing is what it will become.

If we do not stay abreast of the times, if we do not grow, if we do not

change with society, we will die. If the society is to maintain its position

in Masonic research, it is to continue to lead in Masonic education, each

or us must help. Every one of us must do his utmost to see that the society

prospers if we do not, the society will cease to exist...</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">How To Make</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Your Wishes</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Come True</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">By Allan D. Parsons</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Membership Chairman</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Happy New Year ! How many times have you carded the

words or mouthed them to friends and neighbors, even strangers? Frequently,

perhaps, you employed the age old greeting automatically. Often you packed

into it a sincere desire your listeners would enjoy a good life throughout

1978.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">You agree the Philalethes Society, now into its Golden

Anniversary Year, is an outstanding organization dedicated to the research

and dissemination of Masonic knowledge, history and progress. After all,

you are a member in search of more light. And you may well be one who is

able in seeking, reporting, and interpreting such information for our fellow

members through the pages of the Philalethes Magazine .</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">During the half-century since its establishment the

Society has been credited with the discovery and publication of innumerable

facts concerning the early beginnings of the Craft, its change from a strictly

operative to a speculative order the formation of the first Grand Lodges,

the life and efforts of men who have contributed so much to the fraternity,

the spread and proliferation of lodges throughout the world, the changes

in ritual - and, of course, the hopes that hold promise of an auspicious

future.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">To use the current cliche this "is what the Society

is all about." But this is not enough! To do a better job in accomplishing

our purposes we need new members - new members with talents for research

and writing, new members in positions for the promotion of our ideals,

new members whose dues will mean added assurance of support, new members

for continuing growth and accomplishment.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">A sure way of increasing our membership is to practice

the Golden Rule during our Golden Anniversary year. The literature is chock

full of references of doing unto others what you would have them do unto

you. Men using different words have advocated the same thought for centuries

- from Confucious to Matthew, Henry Moore, Isaac Watts, Lord Chesterfield,

Thomas Reid, P. A. Kropotkin, and Charles Dickens to name a few.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">You are happy to be a member of the Philalethes Society.

You have wished happiness for the New Year to a good many others. You can

make them happier by inviting them to join our Society. In doing so you

can make the Society happier, healthier and more prosperous. And, Q.E.D.

you will be happier too.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o---</FONT>



<P><A NAME="WHAT IS THE Magnetic Attraction"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">WHAT

IS THE Magnetic Attraction</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">By John Black Vrooman</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">(Reprinted from February, 1974 - Philalethes)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"MASONIC WEEK" IN WASHINGTON FOR ALL FREEMASONS?</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"Masonic Week" in Washington, our Nation's capital,

has been an event of interest for forty-six years, and only on one occasion,

in 1964, has this group met anywhere but in Washington. The Conferences

in that year were held in Kansas city, Missouri.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">What is the attraction, year after year, for Freemasons

all over the world to congregate, visit, and discuss Masonic problems and

possibilities? Surely there must be something out of the ordinary to have

this continuous and every-growing group meet and work together with such

harmony and interest.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">To the members of the Philalethes Society, of course,

the greatest magnet is the "Masonic Workshop" and the desire to meet with

members of the Society from every part of the country, visit, ask questions

on Masonic research, get ideas about matters of particular Masonic import,

and, perhaps, make notes for further correspondence with specialists who

have studied and analysed Masonic topics in which they themselves are interested.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">It is a remarkable fact that at our meetings, we

find numerous members whose conversation turns to specialized and interesting

Masonic study, which we ourselves have become interested in following,

but without definite guidance or knowledge that there is someone who can

help get a better knowledge of it, and whom we, in turn, can give a new

impetus to his own study. This personal contact and close relationship

of Brother to Brother, has, within the past few years, brought innumerable

items of Masonic interest to light that otherwise, might never have been

accomplished. Eye to eye and with heart to heart understanding, our members

now have a common site of communion which is valuable.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">As our members, having digested and absorbed the

material, the personal fellowship and the interchange of ideas and knowledge,

progress into the several meetings which follow throughout the week end,

they enter a different atmosphere, with the same dedication to Masonic

research and interchange of ideas, but with many multifaceted phases of

Freemasonry represented, each of which may have a special attraction for

some particular member of the Craft, and each of which gives some new interpretation,

some different version, some new knowledge of one or more of the many faces

of Freemasonry.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">At the meetings held generally under the auspices

of the Allied Masonic Degrees, there is to be found a wide variety of interests

for students and researchers. Many of these groups have membership by invitation,

or by certain requirements as to affiliation with and past rank in various

Masonic bodies. They are, however, greatly used by the membership in gaining

a better understanding of some of the varied and more advanced phases of

Freemasonry, and the activities of these groups is conducive to more intense

and specialized study of past rites and systems of the Craft by specialized

and concentrated attention to particular and specific fields of Freemasonry.

There is no doubt that activity in these groups, while limited in scope,

is producing a better knowledge of heretofore little known phases of Freemasonry.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Grand College of Rites, a group concentrating

on old rites and systems of Freemasonry, with a study of old and now-dormant

rituals and studies, is able, through the pages of "Collectanea," its annual

publication, to bring to the members as very interesting and useful interpretation

of older and unknown facts about Freemasonry which can be used to interpret

and illumine much of our present day knowledge of the Craft.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In the organization of the Grand Council of Allied

Masonic Degrees, there is one unit - the Council of the Nine Muses - composed

of outstanding members of the Grand Council, who rotates the offices and

designate one, each year, to deliver a paper on a topic of Masonic interest

and value which will give a dignity and impetus to Masonic research and

knowledge, and will stimulate further study and research by all members.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Societas Rosicruciana in Civitatus Foederatis,

the Masonic Rosicrucian group, concerns itself with the Teachings of the

Rosicrucians, their mystic and occult interpretation, and a better knowledge

of these principles as applied to modern and generalized Freemasonry. It

is a group which offers its members a different and interesting means of

bringing the past into the present.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Order of the Bath and Ye Antient Order of Corks,

are a respite from the serious side of these meetings, and are used to

furnish a bit of fun and relaxation for those in attendance - one might

say, from the sublime to the ridiculous, but essentially a great attraction

to those in attendance.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The breakfast of the Knights of the York Cross of

Honour affords those who are members, the opportunity to mingle with the

officers of Convent General, and with the many Knights who take time to

visit and learn from these contacts.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The Consistory of the Society of Blue Friars is always

interesting. This small group of men, selected (without their knowledge)

for literary contributions in the realm of Freemasonry, is composed of

a small - very small - number of Freemasons, each of whom, upon his election

as a Blue Friar, prepares and reads a paper on some topic of Masonic interest.

One new Blue Friar is elected each year, except when there are several

deaths, in which case one additional Blue Friar is named. The meeting of

the Society is always open to all who are present at the sessions of the

week.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The meetings of the Grand College of America, Holy

Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests is that of a very select group, being

past Commanders of a Commandery of Knights Templar, and members only by

invitation. Being a small group, it emphasizes the need for and means by

which better administration and activity may be produced in Templary.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Generally speaking the small research and study groups

as enumerated above, have as a fixed purpose, the better understanding

of and acceleration of means by which Masonic research can be pursued along

the lines of the varied and widely different phases of Freemasonry. Each

tries to give impetus and interest to that particular phase which it emphasizes,

and each correlates and stirs interest in the other groups with which it

is associated.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">At the completion of the series of meetings of these

small groups, it has been the custom for many of those in attendance to

continue their interest by attendance at the meetings of the four National

groups which hold their sessions at that time.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><A NAME="FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">by C.W. Coons, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Regardless of whether we call the brotherhood of

builders (from which our modern Masonic Lodges have descended) guilds,

fraternities, syndicates, societies or some other names, the fact remains

that these groups influenced by their concepts the civilizations in which

they worked - often from before the creation of alphabets as we know them

- as the authenticated items in this column will demonstrate.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">(Questions, clarifying comments or suggestions for

possible items in this column are welcomed and will be treated as quickly

as time permits.)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The treatment of the "Salt Papyrus, No. 124" (from

the collection of Henry Salt, now in the British Museum as No. 10055) is

an excellent example of the inaccuracies of historians which I have encountered

in some three decades of research devoted to the study of our ancient builder

guildsmen brethren.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The papyrus was brought to my attention by an egyptologist

at the (University of Chicago) Oriental Institute. It is typical of the

before mentioned inaccuracies that he cited the papyrus to me as an example

of the "low repute" in which the "stone cutters" of 1200 B.C. were held.

He completely missed the point that this brotherhood held out and won against

official corruption - although his memory served him well enough to give

me, off the cuff, the name and number of a relatively obscure papyrus!</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The document is a quasi-legal record of the (very)

rare event of an ancient brother who "went bad" and was brought to justice.

(Once in a while our practicing forebears had a less than admirable associate,

just as we have had a Benedict Arnold, in our own history of American speculative

Masonry.)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The affair began during the decade which encompassed

the reigns of the Pharoah Sethos (or Seti) II and two others; this was

a time of such civil disintegration that Egyptian history does not even

record the names of the latter two.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">(Incidentally, this was about a century and a half

after the reign of the young and ill-fated "King Tut", the artifacts of

whose tomb are presently on loan from Cairo for display in the United States.)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">A "workman" named Penab, evidently taking advantage

of the unrest of the times, bribed the Theban vizier in order to secure

an appointment as "chief-workman" (project-master or supervisor) over more

qualified "stone cutters" on a major part of the tomb work at the Royal

Necropolis in (Egyptian) Thebes. In this position, under the protection

of the corrupt vizier and his equally corrupt successor. Penab became power-mad.

In the next few years he appropriated stones prepared for the royal tombs

for his own tomb, stole items from the royal burial offerings, abused members

of his own and other crews of workman, violated some of their wives, and

blocked all protests to civil authorities, even to the extent of murdering

an emissary on the way directly to the Pharoah in an effort to by-pass

the vinier with a message of protest.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Eventually the complaints of the brotherhood were

recognized and Penab was dismissed from his position and the (second) vinier

was removed from power in disgrace.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The problem of my informant and two other egyptologists

who had made independent translations and commentaries from the papyrus

was that they evidently equated, in their own minds, at least, the term

"workman" with "laborer", even though one of them commented that "workman"

was obviously a synonym of "STONE CUTTER".</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The commentaries of the translators indicate that

they were aware that the "workmen" had sufficient standing to be allowed

to inscribe their names on each individual stone of their creations, and

that the "chief-workman" often was privileged to have his own tomb included

in the Royal Necropolis, yet one of the translators commented on the grammatical

construction of the language in the document, saying that "the plaintiff,

who was a mere workman (note the word mere), can hardly have been able

to write..." and so employed a professional scribe. Practically everyone

from top to bottom of the societies of that time employed scribes for important

documents, so this is hardly an indication of illiteracy - even though

the wording and organization of the complaint is obviously not that of

a professional grammarian.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Furthermore, no "stone cutter" or "workman" in dressed

stone would have been employed for the Royal Necropolis unless he were

a highly skilled artisan with a decade or more of training and practice

in his craft, which would entitle him to "sign" his work with his own name

(Could this be the equivalent in later times of being a "Mark Mason", one

who had earned his own "trade mark"?)</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In fact, the names of the "stone cutters" at Thebes

were an honored list in the official records of the work, even including

a generation or two of the genealogy of the individual - "workman" to insure

that another person with his name was not allowed to usurp his honor.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Another egyptologist, one quoted by two translators

of this papyrus, so misunderstood the status of the "stone cutter" that

he cited the series of abuses catalogued in the document as being typical

of the general treatment of all Egyptian workers. Not a single one of the

egyptologists mentioned above caught the significant fact that the papyrus

about this case was retained in the official Egyptian records because it

was a "land mark" example of Theban jurisprudence.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The important point to us as the descendants of the

ancient builders' brotherhoods - although the point would hardly be important

to the translators, who were only interested in history as a series of

events - is that more than 3000 years ago, in a period of more than average

official corruption and breakdown in a normally stable society, the builders'

brotherhood held to their moral concepts and "ancient privileges" and acted

upon them to bring down even the second highest officer to the Pharoah.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Contributions are requested (up to a length of 1000

words) showing provable evidence of work by ancient brethren, not exclusively

in stone, from the earliest periods of civilization, especially from pre-alphabet

times, if possible. Send to C. W. Coons, 3J5 Forrest Ave., Woodstock. IL

60098.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">WE WELCOME</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">OUR NEW</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">MEMBERS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">John A. Cave</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">506 S. Pacific street</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Dillon, Mont. 59725</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Ernest A. Neath, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Carl Otto Groth</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">P.O. Box 217</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">McGregor, Minn. 55760</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Ronald P. Cottrell, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Roy Richard Carrier</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">625 East O'Bannon Street</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Morganfield, Ky. 42437</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Donald Meredith, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Robert Ingalls</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">14 Hillcrest Circle</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Bedford, Ind. 47421</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Roger K. Becker, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Donald R. Field</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">803 Clark St. P.O. Box 296</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Cambridge, Ohio 43725</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Albert L. Mathias, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Pierre J. Suzor</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">6224 Westbrook Drive</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Citrus Heights, Calif. 95610</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Richard E. Dunn. M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Kenneth E. Vinal</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">393 Marshall Street</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Tewksbury, Mass. 01876</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Donald S. Robinson, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Todd Charles Duehring</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">233 Wilson Ave.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Waukesha, Wisc. 53186</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Arthur N. McBain, Jr., M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Lew W. Ehresman</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">807 East Woodside</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">South Bend, Ind. 46614</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">John B. Vrooman, F.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Bob Frank Stephenson</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">300 Maple View Street</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Smyrna, Tenn. 37167</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">John B. Arp, Jr., M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Daniel Adair Bochard</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">9045-149th Street</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Surrey, B.C., Canada V3R 3Z5</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Harold D. Stafford, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Robert Rickard Clemons</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Box 6583 APO, New York 09012</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">F.J. Anderson, F.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">George William Liske</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">383 E. Spring Street</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Radcliff, Ky. 40160</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Alex Horne, F.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Ralph Evans Carter</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Pine Island, Minn. 55963</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Jerw R. Korstad, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">William Ernest McGhee, Jr,</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">504 Pembroke Avenue</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">East Lansdowne, Pa. 19050</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Vernon E. Quay, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Carl Ray Scarborough</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">RD 6, Box 407 A</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Dover, Del. 19901</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Recommended by</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Allan. D. Parsons, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Harold P. Bull, M.P.S.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Membership Committee</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Allan D. Parsons,</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Membership Chairman</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">1402 West Euclid</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Arlington Heights, III. 60005</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Harold P. Bull</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Membership Co-Chairman</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">519 Country Lane</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Glenview, 111. 60025.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">----o----</FONT>



<P><A NAME="For What It�s Worth"></A><FONT FACE="Arial">For What It�s Worth</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">by Jerry Marsengill, Editor</FONT>

<BR><FONT FACE="Arial">Looking For Look</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Drake University's journalism school is seeking back

issues of LOOK magazine (1968-1971) and VENTURE magazine (1964-1971) to

supplement files donated to the school by Cowles Communications, Inc. Cowles

donated many LOOK and VENTURE editorial files, along with some advertising

and circulation materials, from these now defunct magazines.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In making the gift, Marvin C. Whatmore, President

and Chief Executive of Cowles Communications, Inc., said that, "The people

of LOOK hope the material will prove useful and that is will inspire students

to strive as we did to keep the marketplace of ideas and opinion lively

and free."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Currently the journalism school is cataloging the

materials donated by Cowles. The school hopes to provide students and researchers

with an editorial picture of LOOK in its final three years by compiling

a package of those last issues and the raw editorial material that comprised

them.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The LOOK issues desired by the journalism school

are those from October 1,1968 to October 19, 1971. The school is also seeking

all the issues of VENTURE that were published during its short life, 1964

to 1971. Anyone wishing to donate one or more of these back issues should

write or call Kim Ross at the Drake School of Journalism, Des Moines, IA

50311, (515) 2712456,</FONT><FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">John Black Vrooman has been given the 33rd degree

by the A&amp;ASR SJ. This is a well deserved honor and we congratulate

Uncle John on this award.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Max E. Ellis, MPS, was given the KCCH at the last

conferral. Max has been serving as our membership chairman for Iowa.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Fred Crouch, down in Atlanta, has been made a KCCH.

The amount of work Fred has done not only for the Scottish Rite but for

all Freemasonry, has been well rewarded. Congratulations to all these brethren.

If you are getting an award, or know of someone who has. drop me a note.</FONT>

<BR>&nbsp;<FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">In a letter to the Editor Emeritus William Ray Denslow,

F.P.S., and past President of the Society, says:</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">"One more issue of the Royal Arch Mason and I am

retiring as Editor. Really don't know what I will do to keep busy, but

am willing to do nothing for a while, just to see how it feels. Last month

I was elected president of the state Historical Society for a three year

term, so I will have a little responsibility for a while, it being the

largest state historical society in the U.S."</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Denslow has been associated with the Royal Arch Mason

since its beginning, first as Business Manager, for his father, the late

Ray V. Denslow, its Editor, then assuming the editorship in 1960. He has

made this Masonic publication one of the best Masonic magazines in the

world. Congratulations, Bill!</FONT><FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Well, I asked for it. I inserted a note in this column

asking what the brethren would like to see published. I was surprised that

most of them wanted more Masonic history, tradition, symbolism and a look

at the mystic side of the fraternity. Consequently, I am going to run a

column entitled "From Time Immemorial" which will explore the traditional

legends, history, etc. I have asked Brother C. W. Coons of Illinois to

gather this material for me. His address is on the column and letters,

either of agreement, or of complaint, should be sent to him.</FONT><FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">A group of members in the Minneapolis area have organized

a local chapter of the society. It will be called the "Northern Lights

Chapter." If any members in the Minnesota or Western Wisconsin area are

interested in joining this chapter they can receive information from:</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Cleon V. Cain, MPS</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Acting Chairman</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">124 West Diamond Lake Road</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Minneapolis, Minn. 55419</FONT><FONT FACE="Arial"></FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Allan Wakeham, MPS out in Australia is District Grand

Director of Ceremonies for his Grand Lodge. Allan advises he is required

to travel 52 weekends each year with the Grand Master. His territory is

approximately 500 by 1500 miles. Think of that the next time you think

of covering only one state. Allan has recently been given the rank of Past

Junior Grand Warden as well as receiving the 30th degree. Our hearty congratulations

to Dr. Wakehsm for these well deserved honors.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The typographical error is a slippery thing and sly,</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">You can hunt till you are dizzy, but it somehow will

get by.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Till the forms are off the presses it is strange

how still it keeps;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">It shrinks down into a corner and it never stirs

or peeps,</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">That typographical error, too small for human eyes,</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Till the ink is on the paper, when it grows to mountain

size.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The boss he stares with horror, then he grabs his

hair and groans;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The copy reader drops his head upon his hands and

moans -</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">The remainder of the issue may be clean as clean

can be,</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">But that typographical error is the only thing you

see.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Knoxville (Iowa) Express</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">Benjamin H. Weston, MPS, Fantana, Florida and James

L. Jones, MPS and William E. Worth, MPS, have been elected KCCH in the

Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite Southern Jurisdiction, Valley of Pasadena.

California.</FONT>



<P><FONT FACE="Arial">&nbsp;</FONT>

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