HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Thu, 23 Feb 2012 04:31:08 GMT
Server: Apache
Cache-Control: no-cache,must-revalidate, max-age=0
Expires: Wed, 22 Feb 2012 04:31:08 GMT
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Set-Cookie: itemMarking_forums=eJxllEuSAjEIhu_iCYBcMIF4GhfWlNtxdpZ3HyUaUs2Sr-EPz74MHI_70HH6-b3er3-n82V0GY_bUD7fBjZyb1wwJi9DpRA9klZIpy9hEA5RsXRq2t4G9IUQPULAKvKK9IgckmioOxZCR2J-JISJjKMWwkyT8VNrXCJpH6_VOial0IKFXiBypq0YtSmcpAOHkeKdKMRlR31GJGGJWjErNozSfDkxtJiJcyFyJORHgumDMBO2JK3Hw9vMUTEM5g1ZJMNrUNwc5jS3znmoU64BN45JUu6POrappZvW_M69XCKrSAqyzIuBXCIjw4qoolYRVyQVaUW9oixbbO50bu3y8pq91xe9BBKUQIKSF23T_mr1qtWyE9pnp7ajYJ0XQPmifM55W1ORuaGpxCGbB1wnZjH3XFwkdWvvIF5RHYzeypzjUpkG9YK6HBHBCuzYBKIHULy4aBFnWwzikKt4_i5Z9bXpz-c_hURMFg%2C%2C; expires=Fri, 22-Feb-2013 04:31:08 GMT; path=/
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Set-Cookie: modpids=deleted; expires=Wed, 23-Feb-2011 04:31:07 GMT; path=/
Vary: Accept-Encoding,User-Agent
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
	<html xml:lang="en" lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
	<head>
		<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
		<title>Alger Hiss - The Education Forum</title>
		<link rel="shortcut icon" href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/favicon.ico' />
		<link rel="image_src" href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/meta_image.png' />
		<script type='text/javascript'>
			jsDebug = 0; /* Must come before JS includes */
			USE_RTE = 0;
			DISABLE_AJAX = parseInt(0); /* Disables ajax requests where text is sent to the DB; helpful for charset issues */
			inACP   = false;
		</script>
		
	
				
	
	
		<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media='screen' href="http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/min/index.php?f=public/style_css/prettify.css" />
	

	
	<style type="text/css" title="Main" media="screen">
		/* Inline CSS */
		
/* CSS: calendar_select*/
.calendar_date_select {
  color:white;
  border:#777 1px solid;
  display:block;
  width:195px;
  z-index: 1000;
}
/* this is a fun ie6 hack to get drop downs to stay behind the popup window.  This should always be just underneath .calendar_date_select */
iframe.ie6_blocker {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 999;
}

.calendar_date_select thead th {
  font-weight:bold;
  background-color: #000;
  border-top:1px solid #777;
  border-bottom:2px solid #333;
  color: white !important;
}

.calendar_date_select .cds_buttons {
  text-align:center;
  padding:5px 0px;
  background-color: #555;
}

.calendar_date_select .cds_footer {
  background-color: black;
  padding:3px;
  font-size:12px;
  text-align:center;
}

.calendar_date_select table {
  margin: 0px;
  padding: 0px;
}


.calendar_date_select .cds_header {
  background-color: #ccc;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #aaa;
  text-align:center;
}

.calendar_date_select .cds_header span {
  font-size:15px;
  color: black;
  font-weight: bold;
}

.calendar_date_select select { font-size:11px;}

.calendar_date_select .cds_header a:hover {
  color: white;
}
.calendar_date_select .cds_header a {
  width:22px;
  height:20px;
  text-decoration: none;
  font-size:14px;
  color:black !important;
}

.calendar_date_select .cds_header a.prev {
  float:left;
}
.calendar_date_select .cds_header a.next {
  float:right;
}
.calendar_date_select .cds_header a.close {
  float:right;
  display:none;
}

.calendar_date_select .cds_header select.month {
  width:90px;
}

.calendar_date_select .cds_header select.year {
  width:61px;
}

.calendar_date_select .cds_buttons a {
  color: white;
  font-size: 9px;
}
.calendar_date_select td {
  font-size:12px;
  width: 24px;
  height: 21px;
  text-align:center;
  vertical-align: middle;
  background-color: #666666;
}
.calendar_date_select td.weekend {
  background-color: #606060;
}

.calendar_date_select td div {
  color: #fff;
}
.calendar_date_select td div.other {
  color: #888;
}
.calendar_date_select td.selected div {
  color:black;
}

.calendar_date_select tbody td {
  border-bottom: 1px solid #555;
}
.calendar_date_select td.selected {
  background-color:white;
}

.calendar_date_select td:hover {
  background-color:#ccc;
}

.calendar_date_select td.today {
  border: 1px dashed #999;
}

.calendar_date_select td.disabled div {
  color: #454545;
}


.fieldWithErrors .calendar_date_select {
  border: 2px solid red;
}
	</style>
	

	<style type="text/css" title="Main" media="screen">
		/* Inline CSS */
		
/* CSS: ipb_common*/
/************************************************************************/
/* IP.Board 3 CSS - By Rikki Tissier - (c)2008 Invision Power Services 	*/
/************************************************************************/
/* ipb_common.css														*/
/************************************************************************/

	
/************************************************************************/
/* LIGHTBOX STYLES */

#lightbox{	position: absolute;	left: 0; width: 100%; z-index: 16000 !important; text-align: center; line-height: 0;}
#lightbox img{ width: auto; height: auto;}
#lightbox a img{ border: none; }
#outerImageContainer{ position: relative; background-color: #fff; width: 250px; height: 250px; margin: 0 auto; }
#imageContainer{ padding: 10px; }
#loading{ position: absolute; top: 40%; left: 0%; height: 25%; width: 100%; text-align: center; line-height: 0; }
#hoverNav{ position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; z-index: 10; }
#imageContainer>#hoverNav{ left: 0;}
#hoverNav a{ outline: none;}
#prevLink, #nextLink{ width: 49%; height: 100%; background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/spacer.gif); /* Trick IE into showing hover */ display: block; }
#prevLink { left: 0; float: left;}
#nextLink { right: 0; float: right;}
#prevLink:hover, #prevLink:visited:hover { background: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/lightbox/prevlabel.gif) left 15% no-repeat; }
#nextLink:hover, #nextLink:visited:hover { background: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/lightbox/nextlabel.gif) right 15% no-repeat; }
#imageDataContainer{ font: 10px Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #fff; margin: 0 auto; line-height: 1.4em; overflow: auto; width: 100%	; }
#imageData{	padding:0 10px; color: #666; }
#imageData #imageDetails{ width: 70%; float: left; text-align: left; }	
#imageData #caption{ font-weight: bold;	}
#imageData #numberDisplay{ display: block; clear: left; padding-bottom: 1.0em;	}			
#imageData #bottomNavClose{ width: 66px; float: right;  padding-bottom: 0.7em; outline: none;}
#overlay{ position: fixed; top: 0; left: 0; z-index: 15000 !important; width: 100%; height: 500px; background-color: #000; }

/************************************************************************/
/*  BBCODE STYLES */
/* 	NOTE: These selectors style bbcodes throughout IPB. It is recommended that you DO NOT change these 
	styles if you are creating a skin since it may interfere with user expectation
	of what certain BBCodes look like (quote boxes are an exception to this). */

strong.bbc				{	font-weight: bold !important; }
em.bbc 					{	font-style: italic !important; }
span.bbc_underline 		{ 	text-decoration: underline !important; }
acronym.bbc 			{ 	border-bottom: 1px dotted #000; }
span.bbc_center, div.bbc_center	{	text-align: center; display: block; }
span.bbc_left, div.bbc_left		{	text-align: left; display: block; }
span.bbc_right , div.bbc_right	{	text-align: right; display: block; }
div.bbc_indent 			{	margin-left: 50px; }
del.bbc 				{	text-decoration: line-through !important; }
ul.bbc 					{	list-style: disc outside; margin-left: 30px; }
	ul.bbc ul.bbc 			{	list-style-type: circle; }
		ul.bbc ul.bbc ul.bbc 	{	list-style-type: square; }
ul.bbcol.decimal 				{ margin-left: 30px; list-style-type: decimal; }
	ul.bbcol.lower-alpha		{ margin-left: 30px; list-style-type: lower-alpha; }
	ul.bbcol.upper-alpha		{ margin-left: 30px; list-style-type: upper-alpha; }
	ul.bbcol.lower-roman		{ margin-left: 30px; list-style-type: lower-roman; }
	ul.bbcol.upper-roman		{ margin-left: 30px; list-style-type: upper-roman; }
hr.bbc 					{ 	display: block; border-top: 2px solid #777; }
div.bbc_spoiler 		{	 }
div.bbc_spoiler span	{ 	font-weight: bold; }
div.bbc_spoiler_wrapper	{ 	border: 1px inset #777; padding: 4px; }
div.bbc_spoiler_content	{ 	 }
input.bbc_spoiler_show	{ 	width: 45px; font-size: .7em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; }
pre.prettyprint 		{ padding: 5px; background: #f8f8f8; border: 1px solid #c9c9c9; overflow: auto; margin-left: 10px; font-size: 11px; line-height: 140%; }
.bbc_member, .bbc_url	{	color: inherit; }

/* Quote boxes */
p.citation {
	background: #d3e9dc url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/citation_bg.png) no-repeat right;
	color: #2b3730;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	font-weight: bold;
	border-width: 1px 1px 0 3px;
	border-style: solid;
	border-color: #6fa987;
	padding: 5px 8px;
}

	div.blockquote {
		background: #f3f9f6;
		font-size: 0.9em;
		border-width: 1px 1px 1px 3px;
		border-style: solid;
		border-color: #6fa987;
		margin: 0px;
		margin-top: 0px;
	}

		div.blockquote p.citation {
			background-color: #e5d2e9;
			color: #413544;
			border-color: #ae7eb9;
		}
		
		div.blockquote div.blockquote {
			background: #f9f5fa;
			font-size: 1em;
			border-color: #ae7eb9;
			margin: -0px 15px 0px 15px;
		}

			div.blockquote div.blockquote p.citation {
				background-color: #e9e7d1;
				color: #474534;
				border-color: #b2ab72;
			}

			div.blockquote div.blockquote div.blockquote {
				background: #f9f8f3;
				border-color: #b2ab72;
			}
			
			div.blockquote p.citation {
				margin: 6px 15px 0 15px;
				font-size: 1em;
			}

div.quote {
	padding: 12px;
} 

div.quote p.blockquote {
	margin-left: -12px;
}

cite {
	display: block;
	font-weight: bold;
}

	blockquote cite {
		font-size: 1em;
	}
	</style>
	

	<style type="text/css" title="Main" media="screen">
		/* Inline CSS */
		
/* CSS: ipb_editor*/
/***************************************************************/
/* IP.Board 3 Editor CSS                                       */
/* ___________________________________________________________ */
/* By Rikki Tissier                                            */
/* (c)2008 Invision Power Services                             */
/***************************************************************/
/* ipb_editor.css - Styles for the editor (colors in main css) */
/***************************************************************/

#ipboard_body .input_rte {
	width: 100%;
	height: 250px;
}

	#ipboard_body .ips_editor.lite_edition .input_rte {
		height: 60px;
	}
	
	#ipboard_body .ips_editor .input_rte.unloaded_editor {
		font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif;
		font-style: italic;
		font-size: 11px;
		color: #b4b4b4;
		padding: 5px 0px;
		text-indent: 5px;
	}
	
#ipboard_body .ips_editor {
	/*background-color: #d5dde5;*/
	border: 2px solid #d5dde5;
	margin: 8px;
	/*padding: 6px;*/
	position: relative;
	line-height: 100% !important;
}

	#ipboard_body .ips_editor.with_sidebar .controls,
	#ipboard_body .ips_editor.with_sidebar .editor{
		margin-right: 200px;
	}
	
	#ipboard_body .ips_editor .controls {
		position: relative;
	}
	
	/* Sidebar go bye-bye-bye (like Keith) */
	#ipboard_body .ips_editor.with_sidebar .sidebar {
		position: absolute;
		top: 0px;
		right: 1px;
		width: 195px;
		bottom: 1px;
		margin: 0;
		border-width: 1px;
		border-style: solid;
		border-color: #f6f8fa #d5dde5 #d5dde5 #f6f8fa;
	}
		
		#ipboard_body .ips_editor.with_sidebar .sidebar h4 {
			background-color: #e4ebf2;
			height: 25px;
			color: #1d3652;
			font-size: 10px;
			font-weight: bold;
		}
		
			#ipboard_body .ips_editor.with_sidebar .sidebar h4 span {
				padding: 6px 0 0 6px;
				display: block;
			}
			
			#ipboard_body .ips_editor.with_sidebar .sidebar h4 img {
				float: right;
				margin: 6px 6px 0 0;
				cursor: pointer;
			}
		
		#ipboard_body .ips_editor.with_sidebar .sidebar .emoticon_holder {
			width: 100%;
			overflow: auto;
			position: absolute;
			bottom: 25px;
			top: 25px;
		}
		
		#ipboard_body .ips_editor.with_sidebar .sidebar .emoticon_holder  td {
			padding: 5px 0;
		}
		
		#ipboard_body .show_all_emoticons {
			bottom: 0px;
			position: absolute;
			width: 100%;
			text-align: center;
			background: #e4ebf2;
			height: 25px;
		}
		
			#ipboard_body .ips_editor.with_sidebar .sidebar .emoticon_holder.no_bar {
				bottom: 0px;
			}

	#ipboard_body .ips_editor .toolbar {
		height: 30px;
		background: #e4ebf2 url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/gradient_bg.png) repeat-x left 50%;
		border-width: 1px;
		border-style: solid;
		border-color: #f6f8fa #d5dde5 #d5dde5 #f6f8fa;
	}
		
		#ipboard_body .ips_editor .toolbar li {
			float: left;
			padding: 3px;
		}
		
			#ipboard_body .ips_editor .toolbar li.sep {
				padding-right: 4px;
				border-right: 1px solid #d5dde5;
				margin-right: 4px;
			}
			
			#ipboard_body .ips_editor .toolbar li.left {
				float: left;
			}
			
			#ipboard_body .ips_editor .toolbar li.right {
				float: right;
			}
		
		#ipboard_body .ips_editor .toolbar li span {
			display: block;
			padding: 3px;
		}
		
	#ipboard_body .ips_editor ul.ipbmenu_content,
	#ipboard_body .ips_editor ul.ipbmenu_content li {
		display: block;
		float: none;
		background-color: #fff;
	}
		
#ipboard_body .ips_editor .toolbar li .rte_control.rte_menu {
	font-size: 11px;
	height: 14px;
	border: 1px solid #aeb9c5;
	margin-top: 1px;
	padding: 4px 15px 2px 7px;
	background-color: #fff;
	background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/rte_icons/rte_arrow.png);
	background-repeat: no-repeat;
	background-position: right center;
}

#ipboard_body .rte_title {
	background-color: #d5dde5;
	padding: 4px;
	margin: -4px -4px 5px -4px;
	color: #1d3652;
	font-size: 10px;
	font-weight: bold;
}

#ipboard_body .rte_fontsize {
	min-width: 50px;
}

#ipboard_body .rte_font {
	min-width: 85px;
}

#ipboard_body .rte_special {
	min-width: 90px;
}

#ipboard_body .ipb_palette {
	padding: 4px;
	background-color: #eef3f8;
	border-width: 1px 2px 2px 1px;
	border-style: solid;
	border-color: #d5dde5;
	font-size: 11px;

}

	#ipboard_body .ipb_palette label {
		display: block;
		font-weight: bold;
		clear: both;
		width: auto !important;
		float: none !important;
		text-align: left !important;
	}
	
	#ipboard_body .ipb_palette input {
		clear: both;
		width: 96%;
		margin-bottom: 5px;
		font-size: 11px;
		margin-right: 6px;
	}
	
	#ipboard_body .ipb_palette input[type="submit"], 
	#ipboard_body .input_submit.emoticons {
		background-color: #d5dde5;
		border: 1px solid #d5dde5;
		margin: 5px auto 5px auto;
		text-align: center;
		padding: 2px;
		color: #1d3652;
		font-size: 11px;
		display: block;
		width: auto !important;
	}
	
	#ipboard_body .ipb_palette.extended {
		min-width: 250px;
		max-width: 320px;
	}
	
	#ipboard_body .ipb_palette pre {
		padding: 5px 7px 10px 7px;
	}

#ipboard_body ul.fontsizes li {
	padding: 0.3em 0px !important;
}

#ipboard_body .ipb_palette table.rte_colors {
	border-collapse: separate;
	background-color: #fff;
	border-spacing: 1px;
}

#ipboard_body table.rte_colors td {
	padding: 6px;
	border: 1px solid #777;
	margin: 1px;
	font-size: 1px;
	cursor: pointer;
	height: 18px;
}

#ipboard_body .rte_control {
	cursor: pointer;
	border: 1px solid #e4ebf2;
}		

#ipboard_body .rte_hover {
	background-color: #d5dde5;
}

#ipboard_body .rte_selected {
	background-color: #d5dde5;
	border: 1px solid #aeb9c5;
}
	</style>
	

	<style type="text/css" media="print">
		/* Inline CSS */
		
/* CSS: ipb_print*/
* {
	font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
}

html #content {
	font-size: 10pt;
}

ol,ul { list-style:none; }

ul.pagination {
	margin-left: -35px;
}

ul.pagination a,
ul.pagination li.active, 
ul.pagination li.pagejump,
ul.pagination li.total {
	text-decoration: none;
	padding: 1px 4px 1px 0px;
	display: block;
}

ul.pagination li {
	font-size: 0.9em;	
	margin: 0 2px 0 2px;
	float: left;
}

	ul.pagination li.total,
	ul.pagination li.active {
		background: none;
		border: 0;
		margin-left: 0px;
	}

	ul.pagination li.active {
		color: #000;
		font-size: 1em;
		font-weight: bold;
	}
	
	ul.pagination li.pagejump {
		display: none;
	}

#admin_bar,
#header,
#footer_utilities,
#utility_links,
.post_mod,
.author_info,
.rep_bar,
.post_controls,
.top,
#content_jump,
.topic_buttons,
.topic_options,
h1,
.post_id,
h3 img,
.ip,
hr,
.moderation_bar,
.topic_jump,
.topic_share,
#fast_reply,
#reputation_filter,
.statistics,
.rating,
.message,
#debug_wrapper,
fieldset,
.signature {
	display: none;
}

#breadcrumb {
	display: block !important;
}
	#breadcrumb li {
		float: left;
	}

.topic, .hfeed {
	clear: both;
}

.post_block {
	margin-bottom: 10pt;
	border-top: 2pt solid gray;
	line-height: 60%; 
	padding-top: 10px;
}

.posted_info {
	color: gray !important;
	font-size: 8pt !important;
	text-decoration: none !important;
	padding-bottom: 3px;
	float: right;
	margin-top: -30px;
}

span.main_topic_title {
	font-size: 1.7em;
	padding-left: 2px;
}

.post_block h3 {
	display: inline !important;
	margin: 0px 0px 10px; !important;
	padding: 0px !important;
	float: left;
}

.post_block h3 a {
	color: black !important;
	text-decoration: none !important;
	font-style: normal !important;
}

	.post_block .post_body a:after {
	    content: " (" attr(href) ") ";
	}

.post_body {
	line-height: 100%;
	margin-top: 15px;
	clear: both;
	display: block;
	padding: 10px;
	border-top: 1pt solid #d3d3d3;
}

h1, h2, h3 {
	font-weight: bold;
}

#copyright {
	text-align: center;
	color: gray;
	font-size: 9pt;
}

a img {
	border: 0px;
}

abbr.published {
	text-decoration: none !important;
	border: 0px;
}
	</style>
	

	<style type="text/css" title="Main" media="screen">
		/* Inline CSS */
		
/* CSS: ipb_styles*/
/************************************************************************/
/* IP.Board 3 CSS - By Rikki Tissier - (c)2008 Invision Power Services 	*/
/************************************************************************/
/* ipb_styles.css														*/
/************************************************************************/
/*
	[ color ]
	[ font ]
	[ borders ]
	[ padding ]
	[ margin ]
	[ sizing ]
	[ other ]
*/

/************************************************************************/
/* RESET (Thanks to YUI) */

body,div,dl,dt,dd,ul,ol,li,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,pre,form,fieldset,input,textarea,p,blockquote,th,td { margin:0; padding:0; } 
table {	border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0; }
fieldset,img { border:0; }
address,caption,cite,code,dfn,th,var { font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; }
ol,ul { list-style:none; }
caption,th { text-align:left; }
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { font-size:100%;	font-weight:normal; }
q:before,q:after { content:''; }
abbr,acronym { border:0; }
hr { display: none; }
address{ display: inline; }

/************************************************************************/
/* ELEMENT STYLES */

body {
	background: #fff;
	color: #1c2837;
	font: normal 13px arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif;
	position: relative;
}

h3, h4, h5, h6, strong { font-weight: bold; }
em { font-style: italic; }
img, .input_check, .input_radio { vertical-align: middle; }
legend { display: none; }
table { width: 100%; }
td { padding: 3px; }

h2 {
	font-size: 1.6em;
	font-weight: normal;
	margin: 0 0 8px 0;
	clear: both;
}

body h3 {
	font-weight: bold;
	font-size: 1.1em;
	padding: 5px 8px 3px 8px;
	color: #1d3652;
}

	h3 img {
		margin-top: -2px;
	}
	
	h3 a {
		text-decoration: none;
	}
	
a {
	color: #284b72;
}

	a:hover {
		color: #528f6c;
		text-decoration: underline;
	}

#copyright { float: right; }
	#copyright a { text-decoration: none; }
	#copyright a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }
	
/************************************************************************/
/* COLORS */

.row1, .row1 td, .post_block.row1 {
	background-color: #fafbfc; /* Very light blue */
}

	.row1 .altrow, .row1.altrow,
	.personal_info, .general_box {
		background-color: #eef3f8; /* Slightly darker than row1 */
	}
	
.row2, .row2 td, .post_block.row2,
.message {
	background-color: #f1f4f7; /* Light blue */
}

	.row2 .altrow, .row2.altrow,
/*	ul.post_controls,*/
	ul.topic_moderation {
		background-color: #e4ebf2; /* Slightly darker than row2 */
	}
	
.moderated, body .moderated td,
.moderated td.altrow, .post_block.moderated,
body td.moderated, body td.moderated {
	background-color: #f2e4e7; /* Light red */
}

	.moderated, .moderated a {
		color: #6f3642;
	}

body .maintitle {
	background: #1d3652 url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/gradient_bg.png) repeat-x left 50%;
	color: #fff;
}

	body .maintitle a {
		color: #fff;
	}
	
ul.post_controls,
div.post_controls {
	background-color: #e4ebf3;
}

/* Bar */
.bar {
	background: #d5dde5 url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/gradient_bg.png) repeat-x 50%;
}
	
	.altbar {
		background: #b6c7db;
		color: #1d3652;
	}

/* Table column headers */
.header {
	background: #b6c7db;
	color: #1d3652;
}

	body .ipb_table .header a,
	body .topic_options a {
		color: #1d3652;
	}

/* General block */
.general_box {
	background-color: #eef3f8;
	border: 1px solid #d5dde5;
	border-bottom: 4px solid #d5dde5;
	padding: 10px;
}

	.general_box h3 {
		background: #d5dde5;
		color: #1d3652;
	}

/* Post background */
.post_block {
	background: #fafbfc;
	border-bottom: 6px solid #B5C0CF;
}

.post_block h3 {
	background: #d5dee5;
}

/* Post screen background */
div.post_form fieldset {
	background-color: #f1f4f7;
}

/* Dates */
.date, .poll_question .votes {
	color: #a9a9a9;
	font-size: 0.8em;
}

/* "No Messages" message */
.no_messages {
	background-color: #f6f8fa;
	color: #1c2837;
	padding: 25px 30px;
}

/* Tab bars */
.tab_bar {
	background-color: #e4ebf2;
	color: #4a6784;
}

	.tab_bar li.active {
		background-color: #243f5c;
	}
	
	.tab_bar.no_title.mini {
		border-bottom: 8px solid #243f5c;
	}
	
/* Filter & moderation bars */
.filter_bar {
	background-color: #1d3652;
	color: #d5dde5;
}
	
	.filter_bar a, .filter_bar label {
		color: #d5dde5;
	}
	
.moderation_bar {
	background: #d5dde5;
}

/* Comments */
.comment_wrap .comment.by_author,
.comment_wrap .comment.by_author.row1 {
	background: #f2f8f5;
	border-top: 1px solid #528f6c;
	border-bottom: 1px solid #528f6c;
}

.comment_wrap .comment.row1 {
	border-top: 1px solid #d5dde5;
	border-bottom: 1px solid #d5dde5;
}

.comment_wrap .comment.draft {
	border-top: 1px solid #d5dde5;
	border-bottom: 1px solid #d5dde5;
	background: #f6ecee;
}

/* Topic prefix */
.topic_prefix {
	background-color: #daede2;
	color: #528f6c;
}

/* Toggle for the sidebar */
.sidebar_toggle {
	background-color: #d5dde5;
}

/* Menu popups */
.ipbmenu_content, .ipb_autocomplete {
	background-color: #eef3f8;
	border: 1px solid #d5dde5;
}

	.ipbmenu_content li, .ipb_autocomplete li {
		border-bottom: 1px solid #d5dde5;
	}
	
		.ipb_autocomplete li.active {
			background: #d5dde5;
		}
		
/* Forms */
.input_submit {
	background-color: #1d3652;
	color: #fff;
	border-color: #4f7298 #113051 #113051 #4f7298;
}

	.input_submit:hover {
		background: #2e4968;
	}
	
	.input_submit.alt {
		background-color: #eef3f8;
		border-color: #fafbfc #bfcbd8 #bfcbd8 #fafbfc;
		color: #1d3652;
	}
	
		.input_submit.alt:hover {
			background: #e4ebf2;
			color: #1d3652;
		}

	.input_submit.delete {
		background-color: #ad2930;
		border-color: #C8A5A4 #962D29 #962D29 #C8A5A4;
		color: #fff;
	}
	
		.input_submit.delete:hover {
			background: #bf3631;
			color: #fff;
		}
	
body#ipboard_body fieldset.submit,
body#ipboard_body p.submit {
	background-color: #d5dde5;
}

/************************************************************************/
/* HEADER */

h1, #content_jump {
	text-indent: -9999px;
	height: 0px;
	width: 0px;
}

#header {
	position: relative;
}

#branding {
	background: #1d3652 url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/branding_bg.png) repeat-x top;
	min-height: 80px;
}

#admin_bar {
	background: #2e2e2e url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/gradient_bg.png) repeat-x 50%;
	color: #d2d2d2;
	font-size: 0.8em;
	padding: 7px;
	height: 14px;
}

	#admin_bar li {
		color: #767676;
		padding: 0 3px 0 5px;
	}
	
		#admin_bar li.active, #admin_bar li.active a {
			color: #e74242;
		}
	
/* Navigation */
#primary_nav {
	background: #192b40 url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/primarynav_bg.png) no-repeat;
	font-size: 0.95em;
	border-bottom: 5px solid #528f6c;
	padding-left: 10px;
	height: 31px;	
}

	#primary_nav ul li, #primary_nav ul li a {
		color: #9bb2c8;
		text-decoration: none;
	}
	
	#primary_nav ul li {
		font-size: 0.95em;
		padding: 8px 8px;
		margin-left: 6px;
	}
	
		#primary_nav ul li.active {
			background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/tab_left.png) no-repeat top left;
			font-size: 1.05em;
			font-weight: bold;
			padding: 0;			
			margin: -4px 0px auto 5px;
			position: relative;		
		}
		
		#primary_nav ul li.active a {
			background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/tab_right.png) no-repeat top right;
			padding: 10px 15px 10px 10px;
			margin-left: 6px;
			display: block;			
		}
		
	#primary_nav ul li a {
		color: #9bb2c8;
		text-decoration: none;
	}
		
#user_navigation {
	background: #2b4f74;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	border-width: 0 2px 2px 2px;
	border-style: solid;
	border-color: #1c334e;
	border-radius: 0 0 6px 6px;
	-moz-border-radius: 0 0 6px 6px;
	-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;
	-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;
	position: absolute;
	width: 284px;
	top: 7px;
	right: 10px;
	float: right;
	z-index: 9999;
}

	#user_navigation .photo {
		border: 1px solid #1d3652;
		margin: 6px 10px 6px 6px;
		float: left;
	}
	
	#user_info {
		margin-left: 60px;
		margin-right: 15px;
	}
	
	/* Sign in services icons (Facebook, twitter, etc) */
	.services img { margin-top: -2px }
	
	#user_navigation p {
		color: #d9e3ed;
		margin-top: 6px;
		white-space: nowrap;
	}
	
		#user_navigation p a {
			color: #a1bad3;
		}
		
	#user_navigation #new_msg_count {
		background-color: #528f6c;
		font-weight: bold;
		font-size: 0.9em;
		padding: 3px 7px;
		top: 0px;
		left: 45px;
		position: absolute;
	}
		
		#user_navigation ul {
			font-size: 0.88em;
			margin-top: 4px;
		}
			#user_navigation ul a {
				color: #d5dde5;
			}
			
			#user_navigation ul#user_other {	
				margin-left: 5px;
				top: 35px;
				position: absolute;
			}
			
			#user_navigation ul#user_other li {
				float: left;
				padding: 0 0 0 8px;
			}

	#user_navigation ul#user_link_menucontent {
		background: #d5dde5;
		border: 1px solid #1d3652;
		margin-top: 0px;
		width: 170px;		
		float: right;
		z-index: 10000;
	}

		#user_navigation ul#user_link_menucontent li {
			padding: 1px;
			float: none;
		}

		#user_navigation ul#user_link_menucontent a {
			color: #1d3652;
			text-decoration: none;
			padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px;
			display: block;
		}

			#user_navigation ul#user_link_menucontent a:hover {
				background: #e4ebf2;
			}
			
	#user_navigation #user_link {
		background: #1d3652 url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/th_bg.png) repeat-x 50%;
		border: 1px solid #1d3652;
		padding: 3px 26px 3px 10px;
		margin: 6px 5px 0px 8px;
		min-width: 110px;
		-moz-outline: 0px;
		position: absolute;
		display: inline-block;
		overflow: hidden;
		right: 59px;
	}

		#user_navigation #user_link img {
			right: 5px;
			top: 8px;
			position: absolute;
		}
	
	#user_navigation.logged_in {
		height: 65px;
	}
	
	#user_navigation.not_logged_in {
		font-size: 1em;
		padding: 5px 15px 10px;
	}

		#user_navigation.not_logged_in .links {
			margin: 8px 8px 0;
			font-size: 11px;
			display: block;
			color: #d5dde5;
		}
			
			#user_navigation.not_logged_in .links a {
				font-weight: bold;
			}
			
			#user_navigation.not_logged_in #register_link {
				border-bottom: 1px dotted;
			}
			
		#user_navigation.not_logged_in #sign_in {
			background: #1d3652;
			padding: 8px;
			display: block;
			min-width: 250px;
			margin: 0;
			padding-right: 8px;
		}
		
			#user_navigation.not_logged_in #sign_in:hover {
				text-decoration: underline;
			}
		
		/* Notifications */
		#user_navigation #user_notifications_link {
			background: #1d3652 url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/th_bg.png) repeat-x 50%;
			border: 1px solid #1d3652;
			padding: 3px 15px 3px 5px;
			margin: 6px 0 0px 0px;
			min-width: 25px;
			-moz-outline: 0px;
			position: relative;
			display: inline-block;
			overflow: hidden;
			float: right;
			white-space: nowrap;
			text-decoration: none;
		}
					
			#user_navigation #user_notifications_link img#notify-down-arrow {
				right: 5px;
				top: 8px;
				position: absolute;
			}

			#user_navigation #user_notifications_link small {
				position: relative;
				background-color: #d5dde5;
				color: #000;
				font-weight: bold;
				top: 0px;
				right: 0px;
				padding: 1px 4px;
				border-radius: 4px;
				-moz-border-radius: 4px;
				-webkit-border-radius: 4px;
			}
			
			#user_navigation #user_notifications.no-new small {
				background-color: transparent;
				color: #fff;
			}
			
			#user_navigation #user_notifications.no-new small:hover {
				background-color: #d5dde5;
				color: #000;
			}
			
			#user_notifications_link_menucontent {
				border: 1px solid #1d3652;
				margin-top: 3px;
				min-width: 325px;		
				float: right;
				z-index: 10000;
				font-size: 0.85em;
			}
			
			#user_notifications_link_menucontent li {
				padding: 5px 10px 5px 8px;
				float: none;
				clear: both;
				/*border-top: thin solid #000;*/
			}
			
			#user_notifications_link_menucontent li a {
				/*text-decoration: none;*/
			}
			
				#user_notifications_link_menucontent li.view-all {
					text-align: center;
					background-color: #d5dde5;
					font-weight: bold;
				}
				
				#user_notifications_link_menucontent li.no-notifications {
					text-align: center;
					font-style: italic;
				}

			#user_notifications_link_menucontent img {
				float: left;
				margin: 5px 7px 0 0;
			}
	
				#user_notifications_link_menucontent li.notify:hover {
					background: #e4ebf2;
				}
				
				#user_notifications_link_menucontent li p {
					display: inline;
					margin-left: 0px;
				}
				
				#user_notifications_link_menucontent li span.desc {
					font-size: 0.8em;
					padding-top: 2px;
				}
				
			#user_notifications_link_menucontent .unread,
			#user_notifications_link_menucontent .unread a {
				font-weight: bold;
			}
		/* End notifications */
		
#search {
	color: #556b85;
	font-size: 0.85em;
	margin: 5px 4px auto auto;	
	position: relative;
	right: 0px;
	float: right;
	z-index: 5000;
}

	#search .submit_input {
		background: #528f6c url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/search_icon.png) no-repeat 50%;
		text-indent: -3000em;
		width: 25px;
		height: 24px;
		border: 1px solid #1a2735;
		padding: 0;
		float: left;
	}

	#search input#main_search {
		padding: 0;
		border: 0;
		width: 165px;
		background-color: #fff;
	}
	
		#search input#main_search.inactive {
			color: #a9a9a9;
			font-style: italic;
		}
	
	#search_wrap {
		background: #fff;
		border: 1px solid #1a2735;
		padding: 3px;
		float: left;
	}
	
		#search .choice {
			background: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/search_expand.png) no-repeat right;
			border-left: 1px solid #afafaf;
			padding: 0 9px 0 7px;
			color: #888888;
			min-width: 60px;
			display: inline-block;
		}
		
		#search_options_menucontent {
			background: #fff;
			font-size: 13px;
			border: 1px solid #3c3c3c;
			margin-top: 4px;
			min-width: 150px;
			display: inline-block;
			z-index: 1000;
		}
		
			#search_options_menucontent li {
				color: #3c3c3c !important;
				margin: 0 !important;
				padding: 9px 5px 9px 10px !important;
			}
				
				#search_options_menucontent li.special {
					background: #e4ebf2;
				}
				
				#search_options_menucontent li.special + li.app,
				#search_options_menucontent li.title + li.special {
					border-top: 1px solid #cbcbcb;
				}
			
				#search_options_menucontent li input {
					margin-right: 5px;
				}
		
	#adv_search {
		width: 25px;
		height: 20px;
		margin: 1px;
		background: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/advanced_search.png) no-repeat 50%;
		text-indent: -3000em;
		float: left;
		display: inline-block;
	}
	
		#adv_search:hover {
			background-color: #2b4f74;
		}
		
#secondary_nav {
	color: #878787;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	padding: 12px 15px 12px 25px;
	clear: both;
}

	#secondary_nav li {
		padding-right: 7px;
		float: left;
	}

		#secondary_nav #section_links li {
			padding: 0 5px;
		}

	#secondary_nav a {
		color: #393939;
		text-decoration: none;
	}

#rss_menu {
	background-color: #ffdfbe;
	border: 1px solid #ff7600;
	padding: 1px;
	width: 200px;
	display: block;	
	z-index: 500;
}

	#secondary_nav #section_links #rss_menu li {
		padding: 0;
		display: block;
		float: none;
	}

	#rss_menu a {
		display: block;
		padding: 3px;
		color: #ff7600;
	}

		#rss_menu a:hover {
			background-color: #ff7600;
			color: #fff;
		}
		
#pm_notification {
	background: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/trans_bg.png);
	color: #515151;
	padding: 0;
	margin: 15px 20% 0;
	width: 60%;
	position: fixed;
	z-index: 2000;
}

	#pm_notification #pm_wrap {
		background: #f3f3f3;
		padding: 0px 0 0px 0;
		margin: 10px;
	}

	#pm_notification h2 {
		font-size: 1.1em;
		font-weight: bold;
		clear: none;
		padding-left: 18px;
		margin: -8px 0 0 10px;
		color: #1c2837;
	}
	
		#pm_notification.open h2 {
			background: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/folder_open.png ) no-repeat 2px 2px;
		}
		#pm_notification.closed h2 {
			background: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/folder_closed.png ) no-repeat 2px 2px;
		}
		
	#pm_notification p.excerpt { 
		margin: 15px 20px 0;
		line-height: 150%;
		overflow: auto;
		max-height: 400px;
	}
	
	#pm_notification p.desc {
		margin: 0px 15px 0;
		float: right;
	}
	
	body#ipboard_body #pm_notification p.submit {	
		margin: 15px 0 0;
		padding-left: 15px;
		text-align: left;
	}
	
	#pm_notification a.configure {
		font-size: 0.9em;
		float: right;
		margin-right: 15px;
	}
	
	#pm_notification .ok_thanks {
		text-align: center;
		padding: 6px;
		clear: both;
	}
	
	#pm_notification h3 {
		background-color: #dae4ed;
		font-size: 1.2em;
		padding: 6px;
		margin-bottom: 2px;
	}
	
	#pm_notification h3 a {
		text-decoration: underline;
	}
	
	#pm_notification h3 img {
		margin-right: 6px;
	}
	


/************************************************************************/
/* FOOTER */
#board_footer {
	color: #606060;
	font-size: 0.85em;
	border-top: 1px solid #dedede;
	padding: 8px 8px 15px 8px;
	margin: 10px 15px 20px;	
	top: 20px;
	clear: both;
}

	#board_footer ul#utility_links li {
		float: left;
		padding-right: 8px;
	}

	#board_footer p {
		text-align: right;
	}

	#board_footer a {
		color: #606060;
	}
	
#footer_utilities {
	background: #192b40 url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/gradient_bg.png) repeat-x 50%;
	color: #fff;
	font-size: 0.8em;
	padding: 4px 15px;
	margin: 25px 15px 0 15px;
}

	#footer_utilities form {
		margin: 7px 5px 0 5px;
	}

	#footer_utilities ul {
		padding: 2px 0;
		margin: 8px 0 0 0;
	}
		#footer_utilities ul li:first-child {
			color: #d5dde5;
		}

		#footer_utilities li {
			float: right;
			padding: 0 8px 4px 8px;
		}

/************************************************************************/
/* GENERAL CONTENT */
#content {
	padding: 20px 15px 0px 15px;
	clear: both;
}

#ajax_loading {
	background-color: #6f8f52;
	color: #fff;
	text-align: center;
	padding: 5px;
	width: 8%;
	top: 0px;
	left: 46%;
	border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px;
	-moz-border-radius: 0 0 5px 5px;
	-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 5px;
	-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 5px;
	z-index: 10000;
	position: fixed;
}

#ipboard_body.redirector {
	width: 500px;
	margin: 150px auto 0 auto;
}
	
.topic_options, .generic_bar, .tab_filters {
	color: #1d3652;
	font-size: 0.85em;
	font-weight: bold;
	height: 33px;
}
	.generic_bar, .tab_filters {
		background: #b6c7db;
	}
	
	.generic_bar {
		display: none;
	}
	
	.tab_filters {
		background: #1d3652 url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/th_bg.png) repeat-x top;
		color: #fff;
	}
	
	.topic_options {
		background: #d5dee5;
	}
	
	.topic_options li {
		padding: 10px;
		float: right;
	}
	
	.topic_options a {
		text-decoration: none;
	}
	
.general_box h3 {
	font-size: 1em;
	border: 0;
	padding: 5px;
	margin: -10px -10px 5px -10px;
}

#index_stats .general_box {
	margin-bottom: 10px;
	overflow: hidden;
	padding: 0px;
}

	#index_stats .general_box h3 {
		margin:0px;
		padding: 5px;
	}
	
	#index_stats.portal .general_box div.inner_portal_box {
		padding: 5px;
	}

.general_box.alt {
	padding: 0px;
}

.general_box.alt h3 {
	margin: 0 0 5px 0;
}

.general_box a {
	text-decoration: none;
}

	.general_box .block_list {
		font-size: 0.9em;
		padding-top: 5px;
		margin: 0;
	}		
		.general_box .block_list li {
			padding: 6px;
			margin: 0;/* -8px;*/
		}

.progress_bar {
	background-color: #fff;
	border: 1px solid #d5dde5;
}

	.progress_bar span {
		background: #243f5c url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/gradient_bg.png) repeat-x left 50%;
		color: #fff;
		font-size: 0em;
		font-weight: bold;
		text-align: center;
		text-indent: -2000em; /* Safari fix */
		height: 10px;
		display: block;
		overflow: hidden;
	}

	.progress_bar.limit span {
		background: #b82929 url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/progressbar_warning.png) repeat-x center;
	}

	.progress_bar span span {
		display: none;
	}

.progress_bar.user_warn {	
	margin: 0 auto;
	width: 80%;
}

	.progress_bar.user_warn span {
		height: 6px;
	}

.progress_bar.topic_poll {
	border: 1px solid #d5dde5;
	margin-top: 2px;
	width: 40%;
}

img.resized {
	display: block;
}

.resized_img img {
	border-style: solid;
	border-color: #777;
	border-width: 3px 3px 6px 3px;
	margin-bottom: 5px;
}

.resized_img span {
	background: #777;
	color: #fff;
	padding: 4px 8px;
	font-size: 11px;
}

.resized_img {
	clear: right;
}

li.rating a {
	-moz-outline: 0;
}

.antispam_img {
	margin-left: 215px;
	margin-bottom: 3px;
}

.tagList {
	list-style-type: none;
	margin: 0;
	padding: 0;
}
	.tagList li { display: inline; }
	li.level1 	{ font-size: 12px; }
	li.level2	{ font-size: 14px; }
	li.level3	{ font-size: 16px; }
	li.level4 	{ font-size: 18px; }
	li.level5	{ font-size: 20px; }
	li.level6 	{ font-size: 22px; }
	
span.error {
	color: #ad2930;
	font-weight: bold;
	clear: both;
}

.maintitle .desc {
	font-size: 0.7em;
	color: #b6c7db;
}

/************************************************************************/
/* GENERIC REPEATED STYLES */
/* Inline lists */
#admin_bar ul, #admin_bar li, #stat_links li, 
.tab_filters ul, .tab_filters li,
fieldset.with_subhead span.desc, fieldset.with_subhead label,
.user_controls li {
	display: inline;
}

/* Floats */
.right { float: right; }
.left { float: left; }

/* Visibility */
.hide { display: none; }

/* Bullets */
.bullets ul, .bullets ol,
ul.bullets, ol.bullets {
	list-style: disc;
	margin-left: 30px;
	line-height: 150%;
	list-style-image: none;
}

/* Rounded corners */
#user_navigation #new_msg_count, .message, .popupWrapper, .poll_question h4, .reputation,
.rounded {
	border-radius: 6px;
	-moz-border-radius: 6px;
	-webkit-border-radius: 6px;
}

/* Center */
.short {
	text-align: center;
}

/* Description */
.desc, p.posted_info, .warn_panel strong {
	font-size: 0.8em;
	color: #606060;
}

/* Cancel */
.cancel {
	color: #ad2930;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	font-weight: bold;
}
	
/* Maintitle */
body .maintitle {
	font-size: 17px;
	font-weight: normal;
	border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0;
	-moz-border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0;
	-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 5px;
	-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 5px;
	padding: 8px !important;
	margin: 0 !important;
	overflow: hidden;
}

/* Photo */
.photo {
	border: 1px solid #d8d8d8;
}

/* Moderation */
em.moderated {
	background: transparent;
	font-size: 0.8em;
	font-weight: bold;
	margin-top: 8px;
	display: block;
	clear: both;
}

/* Positive/Negative */
.positive {
	color: #6f8f52;
}
.negative {
	color: #c7172b;
}

/* Clickable */
.clickable {
	cursor: pointer;
}

/* Clear */
.clear {
	clear: both;
}

	.clearfix, .stats_list {
		overflow: auto;
	}

/* Block wrap */
.block_wrap {
	padding: 5px 0;
	margin-bottom: 10px;
}



/* White links */
#admin_bar a, #stat_links a,
#primary_nav ul li.active, #primary_nav ul li a:hover, #primary_nav ul li.active a,
#user_navigation.not_logged_in, #user_navigation.not_logged_in a,
#user_navigation #user_link, #user_navigation #new_msg_count,
#user_navigation ul, #user_navigation ul#user_link_menucontent,
#search .submit_input, .message.user_status #update_status,
table.ipb_table th a, .topic_buttons li a, .topic_buttons li span,
.message.user_status #update_status, .tab_bar li.active, .tab_bar li.active a,
.members li.positive a, .members li.negative a, #footer_utilities a, a.input_submit:hover {
	color: #fff;
	text-decoration: none;	
}

/* Search highlighting */
.searchlite
{
	background-color: yellow;
	color: red;
	font-size:14px;
}

/* Users posting */
.activeuserposting {
	font-style: italic;
}
	
/************************************************************************/
/* COLUMN WIDTHS FOR TABLES */
.col_f_icon, .col_f_picon,
.col_m_status, .col_r_icon {
	width: 3%;
}

.col_c_icon
{
	width:53px;
}

.col_m_replies
{
	width: 5%;
}
.col_m_to, .col_m_from {
	width:15%;
}
.col_f_topic, .col_m_subject {
	width: 49%;
}
.col_f_views, .col_f_starter,
.col_r_total, .col_r_comments {
	width: 10%;
}
.col_f_post, .col_m_date,
.col_r_updated, .col_r_section {
	width: 18%;
}
.col_c_stats {
	width: 15%;
}
.col_c_post {
	width: 30%;
}
.col_c_forum {
	width: 55%;
}
.col_mod, .col_f_mod, .col_r_mod {
	width: 3%;
}
.col_r_title {
	width: 26%;
}

/************************************************************************/
/* TABLE STYLES */

table.ipb_table {
	line-height: 120%;
	border-bottom: 4px solid #d5dde5;
	/*table-layout: fixed;*/
}
	
	table.ipb_table a {
		text-decoration: none;
	}
	
		table.ipb_table a:hover,
		body table.ipb_table th a {
			text-decoration: underline;
		}
		
	table.ipb_table caption span.desc {
		font-size: 0.6em;
	}
		
	table.ipb_table h4,
	table.ipb_table .topic_title {
		font-size: 1.1em;
		font-weight: normal;
		display: inline;
	}
	
	table.ipb_table tr td {
		/*border-bottom: 1px solid #d8e1ea;*/
		padding: 10px 8px 8px 8px;
		border-bottom: 1px solid #fff;
		/*border-bottom: 2px solid #fff;*/
	}
	
		table.ipb_table tr .stats {
			text-align: right;
			white-space: nowrap;
		}

		body table.ipb_table tr td p {
			font-size: 0.9em;
		}
		
	table.ipb_table th,
	div#current_calendar ol#week_view li.month_bar {
		font-size: 0.85em;
		font-weight: bold;
		padding: 6px;
	}
	
	table.ipb_table ol.subforums {
		padding-top: 6px;
		margin-top: 5px;
	}
		
		table.ipb_table ol.subforums li {
			background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/bullet_black.png) no-repeat 3px 4px;
			color: #1d3652;
			font-size: 0.85em;
			padding: 0 4px 0 15px;			
			float: left;
		}
		
		table.ipb_table ol.subforums li.newposts {
			background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/bullet_green.png) no-repeat 0px 0px;
			color: #1d3652;
			font-size: 0.85em;
			padding: 0 4px 0 16px;			
			float: left;
		}
		
	table.ipb_table tr.announcement td {
		font-weight: bold;
		font-size: 1.1em;
	}
	
	table.ipb_table tr.subhead th {
		font-weight: bold;
		font-size: 1.1em;
		padding: 8px;
	}
	
	table.ipb_table ul li {
		font-size: 0.95em;
	}
	
/************************************************************************/
/* FORM STYLES */

body#ipboard_body fieldset.submit,
body#ipboard_body p.submit {
	padding: 15px 6px 15px 6px;
	text-align: center;
}

body#ipboard_body fieldset.submit .left-align {
	text-align: left;
}

.input_text {
	background: #fff url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/input_text.png) repeat-x;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif;
	border: 1px solid #9f9f9f;
	padding: 2px;
}

	.input_text.error {
		background-color: #f3dddd;
	}
	.input_text.accept {
		background-color: #f1f6ec;
	}

.input_text.email,
.input_text.password {
	width: 18em;
}

.input_submit {
	font-weight: bold;
	font-size: 0.85em;
	text-decoration: none;
	border-width: 1px;
	border-style: solid;
	padding: 3px 7px;
	cursor: pointer;
}
	
	.input_submit.alt {
		text-decoration: none;
	}		

p.field {
	padding: 15px;
}

li.field {
	padding: 5px;
	margin-left: 27px;
}

	li.field label,
	li.field span.desc {
		display: block;
	}
	
li.field.error {
	color: #ad2930;
}

	li.field.error label {
		font-weight: bold;
	}

li.field.checkbox, li.field.cbox {
	margin-left: 0;
}

li.field.checkbox .input_check,
li.field.checkbox .input_radio,
li.field.cbox .input_check,
li.field.cbox .input_radio {
	margin-right: 10px;
	vertical-align: middle;
}

	li.field.checkbox label,
	li.field.cbox label {
		width: auto;
		float: none;
		display: inline;
	}
	
	li.field.checkbox p,
	li.field.cbox p {
		position: relative;
		left: 245px;
		display: block;
	}

	li.field.checkbox span.desc,
	li.field.cbox span.desc {
		padding-left: 27px;
		margin-left: auto;
		display: block;
	}
	
/************************************************************************/
/* MESSAGE STYLES */

.message {
	background: #f1f6ec url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/information.png) no-repeat 8px 10px;
	padding: 10px 10px 10px 30px;
	border: 1px solid #b0ce94;
	color: #3e4934;
	line-height: 150%;
}

	.message h3 {
		padding: 0;
		color: #323232;
	}
	
	.message.error {
		background-color: #f3dddd;
		background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/exclamation.png);
		border-color: #deb7b7;
		color: #281b1b;
		font-size: 1.1em;
	}
	
	.message.error.usercp {
		background-image: none;
		padding: 4px;
		float: right;
	}
	
	.message.unspecific {
		background-color: #f3f3f3;
		border-color: #d4d4d4;
		color: #515151;
		margin: 0 0 10px 0;
		clear: both;
	}
	
	.message.user_status {
		background: #f9f7e0;
		color: #6c6141;
		font-size: 1em;
		border: 1px solid #eadca0;
		padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px;
		margin-bottom: 10px;
	}
	
		.message.user_status.in_profile {
			font-size: 1.2em;
			position: relative;
			padding-left: 15px;
			overflow: auto;
		}
		
	.message.user_status #update_status {
		background: #243f5c;
		font-size: 0.8em;
		font-weight: bold;
		padding: 3px 8px;
		margin-left: 10px;
	}
	
	.message.user_status .cancel {
		font-size: 0.75em;
	}
	
/************************************************************************/
/* MENU & POPUP STYLES */

.ipbmenu_content, .ipb_autocomplete {
	font-size: 0.9em;
	min-width: 85px;
	padding: 5px;
	z-index: 2000;
}
	
	.ipbmenu_content li, .ipb_autocomplete li {
		padding: 5px;
	}
	
	.ipbmenu_content li:last-child {
		border-bottom: 0;
		padding-bottom: 0px;
	}
	
	.ipbmenu_content li:first-child {
		padding-top: 0px;
	}
	
	.ipbmenu_content a {
		text-decoration: none;
	}

.popupWrapper {
	background: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/trans_bg.png);
	color: #fff;
}

	.popupInner {
		background: #fff;
		color: #000;
		border: 3px solid #d5dde5;
		border-radius: 4px;
		-moz-border-radius: 4px;
		-webkit-border-radius: 4px;
		margin: 6px;
		width: 500px;
		overflow: auto;
	}
	
		.popupInner h3 {
			background-color: #dae4ed;
			font-size: 1em;
			border: 0;
			padding-left: 24px;
		}
		
.popupClose {
	position: absolute;
	left: 12px;
	top: 12px;
}

.popup_footer {
	padding: 15px;
	position: absolute;
	bottom: 0px;
	right: 0px;
}

.popup_body {
	padding: 10px;
}

.stem {
	width: 31px;
	height: 16px;
	position: absolute;
}

	.stem.topleft {
		background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/stems/topleft.png);
	}
	.stem.topright {
		background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/stems/topright.png);
	}
	.stem.bottomleft {
		background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/stems/bottomleft.png);
	}
	.stem.bottomright {
		background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/stems/bottomright.png);
	}
	
.modal {
	background-color: #3e3e3e;
}

.userpopup {
	padding-bottom: 25px;
	overflow: hidden;
	position: relative;
	font-size: 0.9em;
}

	.userpopup .info {
		position: relative;
	}
	
	.userpopup h3 {
		font-size: 1.2em;
	}
	
	.userpopup > div {
		padding: 8px;
	}

		.userpopup dl {
			border-bottom: 1px solid #d4d4d4;
			padding-bottom: 10px;
			margin-bottom: 4px;
		}
		
	.userpopup .photo {
		top: 0px;
		right: 0px;
		position: absolute;
	}
	
	.userpopup .user_controls {
		left: 10px;
		position: absolute;
	}
	
	.userpopup .reputation {
		right: 4px;
		position: absolute;
	}
	
.info dt {
	float: left;
	font-weight: bold;
	padding: 3px 6px;
	clear: both;
	width: 30%;
}

.info dd {
	padding: 3px 6px;
	width: 60%;
	margin-left: 35%;
}

/************************************************************************/
/* TOPIC/POST BUTTONS STYLES */

.topic_controls {
	min-height: 30px;
}

.topic_buttons li {
	background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/topic_button_left.png) no-repeat top left;
	padding: 0;
	margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px;
	float: right;
}
	
	.topic_buttons li a,
	.topic_buttons li span {
		font-size: 0.9em;
		display: block;
		margin: auto 0px auto 6px;
		-moz-outline: 0;
	}
	
	.topic_buttons li span {
		padding: 8px 12px 7px 3px;
	}
	
	.topic_buttons li a {
		background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/topic_button_right.png) no-repeat top right;
		padding: 7px 12px 6px 3px;
	}
	
		.topic_buttons li a img,
		.topic_buttons li span img {
			margin: -1px 5px 1px 0;
		}
		
		.topic_buttons li a img.arrow { margin-right: -3px; }
	
	.topic_buttons li:hover {
		background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/topic_button_left_hover.png) no-repeat top left;
	}
		.topic_buttons li:hover a {
			background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/topic_button_right_hover.png) no-repeat top right;
		}	
	.topic_buttons li.disabled {
		background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/topic_button_left_disabled.png) no-repeat top left;
	}
		.topic_buttons li.disabled span {
			background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/topic_button_right_disabled.png) no-repeat top right;
			color: #8f8e8e;
		}	
	.topic_buttons li.closed {
		background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/topic_button_left_closed.png) no-repeat top left;
	}
		.topic_buttons li.closed span,
		.topic_buttons li.closed a {
			background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/topic_button_right_closed.png) no-repeat top right;
		}
	
ul.post_controls {
	background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/gradient_bg.png);
	background-repeat: repeat-x;
	background-position: 50%;
	font-size: 0.8em;
	text-align: right;
	padding: 6px 10px 28px 6px;
	clear: both;
}

		ul.post_controls li {
			background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/post_button_left.png) no-repeat top left;
			padding: 0;
			margin: 0 4px;
			float: right;
		}

			ul.post_controls li.report,
			ul.post_controls li.top,
			ul.post_controls.left li {
				float: left;
			}

		ul.post_controls a {	
			background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/post_button_right.png) no-repeat top right;
			color: #1d3652;
			text-decoration: none;
			padding: 6px 9px 3px 4px;
			margin-left: 4px;
			display: block;
		}

		ul.post_controls a img {
			margin-top: -2px;
		}

		ul.post_controls a:hover {
			color: #3d70a3;
		}

		/* Selected button */
		ul.post_controls li.selected {
			background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/post_button_left_selected.png) no-repeat top left;
		}

			ul.post_controls li.selected a {
				background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/post_button_right_selected.png) no-repeat top right;
				color: #fff;
			}

body .topic_buttons li a:hover,
body ul.post_controls a:hover {
	text-decoration: none;
}

/************************************************************************/
/* PAGINATION STYLES */

span.pagination.no_pages {
	color: #acacac;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	padding: 10px;	
	height: 15px;
	display: block;
}

	ul.pagination.top {
		padding: 0 0 5px 0;
		margin-bottom: 15px;
		height: 18px;
	}

	ul.pagination.bottom {
		padding: 5px 0 0 0;
		margin-top: 15px;
		height: 18px;
	}

ul.pagination a,
ul.pagination li.active, 
ul.pagination li.pagejump,
ul.pagination li.total {
	text-decoration: none;
	padding: 1px 4px;
	display: block;
}

ul.pagination li {
	background: #fff;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	border: 1px solid #cfcfcf;	
	margin: 0 2px 0 2px;
	float: left;
}

	ul.pagination li.total,
	ul.pagination li.active {
		background: none;
		border: 0;
		margin-left: 0px;
	}

	ul.pagination li.active {
		color: #528f6c;
		font-size: 1em;
		font-weight: bold;
	}

ul.mini_pagination {
	font-size: 0.75em;
	display: inline;
	margin-left: 7px;
}

	ul.mini_pagination li a {
		border: 1px solid #d3d3d3;
		padding: 1px 3px;
	}

	ul.mini_pagination li {
		display: inline;
		margin: 0px 2px;
	}

/************************************************************************/
/* MODERATION & FILTER STYLES */

.moderation_bar {
	text-align: right;
	padding: 6px 35px 6px 10px;
	margin: 10px 0 0 0;
}

	.moderation_bar.with_action {
		background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/topic_mod_arrow.png);
		background-repeat: no-repeat;
		background-position: right center;
	}
	
#topic_mod_2 {
	border-top-left-radius: 0px;
	border-top-right-radius: 0px;
	-moz-border-radius-topleft: 0px;
	-moz-border-radius-topright: 0px;
	-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 0px;
	-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 0px;
	padding-top: 10px;
	margin-top: -10px;
}

#topic_mod p {
	padding: 7px;
	font-size: 0.9em;
}

#topic_mod #forum_mod_options_menucontent {
	text-align: left;
}

.filter_bar {
	font-size: 0.8em;
	text-align: center;
	margin: 6px 0 0 0;
	padding: 6px;
}

	.filter_bar select {
		margin-right: 10px;
	}
	
	.filter_bar span.clickable {
		display: block;
	}
	
/************************************************************************/
/* TAB BAR STYLES */

.tab_bar {
	font-size: 0.9em;
	border-radius: 6px 6px 0 0;
	-moz-border-radius: 6px 6px 0 0;
	-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 6px;
	-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 6px;
	padding: 7px 15px 25px 15px;
}

	.tab_bar.no_title {
		background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/th_bg.png);
		background-repeat: repeat-x;
		background-position: bottom;
		padding: 7px 15px 56px 15px;
	}
		
		.tab_bar.no_title.mini {
			background: transparent;
			padding: 7px 15px 25px 15px;
		}
		
	.tab_bar li {
		float: left;
		padding: 2px 10px;
	}

		.tab_bar li a {
			color: #4a6784;
			text-decoration: none;
		}
		
		.tab_bar li.active {
			font-weight: bold;
			font-size: 1.1em;
			border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;
			-moz-border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;
			-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 4px;
			-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 4px;
			padding: 7px 10px;
			margin: -2px 10px 0 10px;
		}
		
.tab_filters {
	padding: 0 10px;
}

	.tab_filters ul {
		padding-top: 10px;
	}

	.tab_filters a {
		color: #cfd9e4;
		text-decoration: none;
		font-weight: normal;
	}

	.tab_filters li {
		color: #cfd9e4;
		padding: 0 4px;
	}

		.tab_filters li.active,
		.tab_filters li.active a {
			font-weight: bold;
			color: #fff;
		}
		
/************************************************************************/
/* AUTHOR INFO (& RELATED) STYLES */

.author_info {
	text-align: left;	
	font-size: 0.9em;
	border-right: 1px solid #e4ebf3;
	margin: 15px -5px 10px 0px;
	width: 225px;
	float: left;
}

	.author_info.no_rep {
		margin-bottom: 15px;
	}
	
	.author_info li.avatar, .author_info li.group_icon, .author_info li.title {
		text-align: center;
	}
	
	.author_info ul.user_fields li {
		clear: both;
		font-size: 0.9em;
		color: #718a96;
		padding-bottom: 2px;
		overflow: hidden;
	}
	
	.author_info ul.user_fields {
		clear: both;
	}
	
	.author_info ul.user_fields li span.ft,
	.author_info ul.user_fields li span.fc {
		display: block;
		float: left;
	}
	
	.author_info ul.user_fields li span.ft {
		width: 38%;
		text-align: right;
		font-weight: bold;
		padding: 0 0 0 8px;
	}
	
	.author_info ul.user_fields li span.fc {
		padding: 0 8px 0 8px;
		max-width: 50%;
		word-wrap: break-word;
	}
	
	/*.author_info dl {
		font-size: 0.9em;
		margin: 8px 8px 15px 8px;
	}
	
	.author_info dt,
	.author_info dd {
		display: inline-block;
		color: #718a96;
		vertical-align: top;
	}
	
	.author_info dt {
		font-weight: bold;	
		text-align: right;
		clear: both;
	}
	
	.author_info dd {
		text-align: left;
		background: red;
	}*/
	
	.author_info .title {
		margin-top: 4px;
	}	
	
.user_controls {
	text-align: center;
	margin: 6px 0;
}

	.user_controls li {
		margin: 0 2px;
		display: inline;
	}
		
		.user_controls li a {
			display: inline-block;
			background-color: #d5dee5;
			border-radius: 4px;
			-moz-border-radius: 4px;
			-webkit-border-radius: 4px;
			padding: 3px;
			color: #1d3652;
		}
	
.warn_panel {
	text-align: left;
	padding: 6px;
	margin: 0 10px;
}
	.warn_panel .warn_link {
		padding-left: 10%;
		text-decoration: none;
	}

	.warn_panel .warn_edit {
		float: right;
	}

	.warn_panel .warn_edit.up {
		margin-right: 10%;
	}
	
.rating_mode.user_warn {
	margin: 0 auto;
	width: 80%;
	font-size: 0.9em;
}

	.rating_mode .warn_edit.down {
		float: none;
		margin-right: 3px;
	}
	
	.rating_mode .warn_edit.up {
		float: none;
		margin-left: 2px;
	}

	
/************************************************************************/
/* BOARD INDEX STYLES */

a.toggle {	
	background: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/cat_minimize.png) no-repeat;
	text-indent: -3000em;
	padding-bottom: 2px;
	width: 25px;
	height: 100%;
	display: block;
	-moz-outline: 0;
}

#latest_news {
	color: #1d3652;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	border: 1px solid #d5dde5;
	padding: 10px;
	margin: 0 4px 6px;
}

	#latest_news a {
		text-decoration: none;
	}

div#categories {
	width: 76%;
}

	div#categories.no_sidebar {
		width: 100%;
		float: none;
	}

#index_stats {
	padding-bottom: 25px;
	margin-bottom: 20px;
	margin-top: 0px;
	width: 22%;
}

.sidebar_toggle {
	text-align: right;	
	padding: 4px 3px;
	height: 18px;
	width: 10px;
	right: 4px;
	position: absolute;
	-moz-outline: 0;
}

	#open_sidebar.sidebar_toggle {
		right: 0;
		border-top-right-radius: 0;
		border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
		-moz-border-radius-top-right: 0;
		-moz-border-radius-bottom-right: 0;
		-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 0;
		-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
	}
	
	#open_sidebar, #close_sidebar {
		outline: none;
	}

.category_block h3.collapsed {
	border-bottom: 8px solid #b6c7db;
}

	.category_block h3.collapsed a.toggle {
		background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/cat_maximize.png);
		/*padding-bottom: 6px;*/
	}


.index_stats_collapse
{
	text-indent: -3000em;
	padding-bottom: 2px;
	width: 15px;
	height: 15px;
	display: block;
	float: right;
	-moz-outline: 0;
}

.index_stats_collapse.open
{
	background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/cat_minimize_small.png);
	opacity:0.6;
}

.index_stats_collapse.close
{
	background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/cat_maximize_small.png);
	opacity:0.6;
}

.statistics {	
	padding: 15px;
	margin: 10px 0px 0 0px;
	min-height: 160px;
}

	.statistics h2 {
		font-size: 1.1em;
		font-weight: bold;
	}
		
		.statistics h2 span {
			font-size: 0.8em;
			font-weight: normal;
			color: #425365;
		}
		
	.statistics #active_users, .statistics #forum_active_users {
		border-top: 0;
		padding-top: 0;
	}
	
	body #topic_stats.statistics {
		min-height: 50px;
	}

body .stats_list {
	border-top: 1px solid #e4ebf2;
	margin-bottom: 10px;
	padding: 10px 5px 0 0;
	float: left;
	width: 60%;
	line-height: 140%;
	overflow: hidden;
}

	.stats_list li,
	.active_users li {
		float: left;
		font-size: 0.9em;
		padding: 0 5px 0 0;
		margin-top: 4px;
	}
	
	.stats_list ul, .stats_list p {
		margin-left: 15px;
	}
	
	.stats_list span.desc {
		font-weight: normal;
	}
	
.active_users span.name {
	font-size: 0.9em;
	padding: 0 5px 0 0;
	margin-top: 4px;
}

.active_users p {
	margin-left: 15px;
}

#stats {
	border-left: 1px solid #e4ebf2;
	padding-left: 20px;
	width: 33%;
	float: right;
}
	#stats dl {
		margin-left: 10px;
	}
	
	#stats dt,
	#stats dd {
		border-top: 1px solid #dedede;
		font-size: 0.85em;
		padding: 6px 2px;
		float: left;
		width: 45%;
	}
	
	#stats dt {
		font-weight: bold;
		clear: both;
	}
	
	#stats .extra {
		color: #a2a2a2;
		font-size: 0.9em;
	}
	
#stat_links {	
	color: #69727b;
	font-size: 0.85em;
	text-align: center !important;
	margin-top: 25px;
}

	#stat_links li {
		padding: 2px 6px;
	}

.friend_list ul li,
#top_posters li {
	text-align: center;
	padding: 8px 0 0 0;
	margin: 5px 0 0 0;
	min-width: 80px;
	height: 70px;
	float: left;
}

	.friend_list ul li span.name,
	#top_posters li span.name {
		font-size: 0.8em;
	}
	
#hook_watched_items ul li {
	padding: 8px;
}

	body#ipboard_body #hook_watched_items fieldset.submit {
		padding: 8px;
	}

/************************************************************************/
/* FORUM VIEW (& RELATED) STYLES */

.topic_preview,
ul.topic_moderation {
	margin-top: -2px;
	z-index: 300;
}
	ul.topic_moderation li {
		float: left;
	}
	
	.topic_preview a,
	ul.topic_moderation li a {
		padding: 0 3px;
		display: block;
		float: left;
	}

span.mini_rate {
	margin-right: 12px;
	display: inline-block;
}

img.mini_rate {
	margin-right: -5px;
}

.topic_prefix {
	font-size: 0.8em;
	font-weight: bold;
	border-radius: 3px;
	-moz-border-radius: 3px;
	-webkit-border-radius: 3px;
	padding: 0px 4px;	
	float: left;
	display: block;
}

#forum_legend {
	width: 39%;
}

	#forum_legend dl {
		font-size: 0.9em;
		margin-top: 15px;
	}

		#forum_legend dt,
		#forum_legend dd {
			font-size: 0.9em;
			border-top: 1px solid #dedede;
			padding: 6px 2px;
			height: 20px;
			float: left;
		}

		#forum_legend dt {
			text-align: center;
			width: 9%;
		}

		#forum_legend dd {
			width: 38%;
			max-width: 200px;
		}

.message.forum_rules {
	margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.rules {
	line-height: 150%;
}

#forum_table .maintitle .main_forum_title {
	float: left;
}

#forum_table .maintitle .desc {
	float: right;
}

	#forum_table .maintitle .desc a {
		color: #d5dde5;
	}

#filter_form input.input_submit {
	margin-left: 4px;
}

.maintitle .desclinks {
	color: #d5dde5;
	font-size: 0.6em;
	padding-top: 4px;
}

.maintitle .desclinks a {
	text-decoration: none;
}

/************************************************************************/
/* TOPIC VIEW (& RELATED) STYLES */

ul.topic_jump {
	font-size: 0.8em;
	padding-top: 4px;
	margin: 0px auto 15px auto;
}

ul.topic_jump li {
	padding: 1px 7px;
	float: left;
}
	ul.topic_jump li a {
		text-decoration: none;
	}

	ul.topic_jump li.previous {
		border-right: 1px solid #8f8f8f;
	}

	ul.topic_jump li.next {
		border-left: 1px solid #8f8f8f;
	}
	
/*#ipboard_body .post_block h3,*/
.poll h3 {
	background: #B5C0CF url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/gradient_bg.png) repeat-x 50%;
}

body .ip {
	color: #475769;
	font-style: italic;
	font-weight: normal;
	font-size: 11px;
	padding-top: 4px;
	margin-right: 10px;
	margin-left: 15px;
}

span.post_id {
	font-size: 11px;	
	font-weight: normal;
	padding-top: 4px;
	display: block;
	float: right;
}

input.post_mod {
	float: right;
	margin: 0px 6px 0 15px;
}

.signature {
	color: #8e8e8e;
	font-size: 11px;
	border-top: 1px solid #d5dde5;
	padding: 8px;
	margin: 10px 10px 0 6px;
}

	.signature a {
		text-decoration: underline;
	}

.post_block {
	margin: 0 0 1px 0;
	position: relative;
}

	.post_block.no_sidebar {
		background-image: none;
	}
	
	.post_block h3 {
		padding: 8px;
	}
	
	.post_block address {
		font-weight: bold;
	}
	
	.post_wrap {
		top: 0px;
	}
	
	.post_block.topic_summary h3 {
		padding: 4px;
	}
	
	.post_block.topic_summary .posted_info {
		margin-left: 10px;
	}
	
	.post_block.topic_summary .post_body .post {
		padding: 3px 10px 15px;
		margin-top: -15px;
	}
	
	.post_block.with_rep .post_body {
		margin-bottom: 25px;
	}
	
	
.post_body {
	margin-left: 235px;
	line-height: 100%;
}

	.post_block.no_sidebar .post_body {
		margin-left: 0px;
	}
	
	.post_body .post {
		margin-top: 3px;
		padding: 10px;
		line-height: 150%;
	}
	
.post_ignore {	
	background: #fafbfc;
	color: #777;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	padding: 15px;	
}

	.post_ignore .reputation {
		text-align: center;
		padding: 2px 6px;
		float: none;
		display: inline;
	}

.rep_bar {
	background: #e4ebf2;
	font-size: 0.8em;
	border-top-left-radius: 5px;
	-moz-border-radius-topleft: 5px;
	-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 5px;
	padding: 0 10px;
	right: 0;
	bottom: 32px;
	position: absolute;
}
	
/*	.post_block.rep_highlight .rep_bar {
		max-width: 140px;
	}*/

	.rep_bar ul {
		margin-top: 8px;
		float: left;
	}
	
		.rep_bar ul li {
			float: left;
		}
		
p.rep_highlight {
	float: right;
	display: inline-block;
	margin: 5px 10px 10px 10px;
	background: #D5DEE5;
	color: #1d3652;
	padding: 5px;
	border-radius: 5px;
	-moz-border-radius: 5px;
	-webkit-border-radius: 5px;
	font-size: 0.8em;
	font-weight: bold;
	text-align: center;
}

	p.rep_highlight img {
		margin-bottom: 4px;
	}
	
p.posted_info {
	padding: 10px 5px 7px 7px;
	margin-left: -3px;
	margin-bottom: -10px;
}

	p.posted_info strong.event {
		color: #1c2837;
		font-size: 1.2em;
	}

p.edit {
	background-color: #f3f3f3;
	color: #515151;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	line-height: 120%;
	padding: 10px;
	margin-top: 10px;
}

div.threaded_view ul ul {
	margin-left: -25px;
}

div.threaded_view ul li {
	padding: 0px 0 0px 25px;
}

	div.threaded_view {
		line-height: 140%;
		padding: 5px 0 15px 0;
	}
	
	div.threaded_view .post_title {
		font-style: italic;
	}

.topic_share {
	font-size: 0.9em;
	padding: 3px;
	margin-top: 4px;
}

	.topic_share li {
		float: left;
		margin: 0 5px;
	}

.poll {
	border-bottom: 7px solid #1d3652;
	margin-bottom: 5px;
}

.poll fieldset {
	padding: 9px;
}

.poll_question {
	padding: 10px;
	margin: 10px 10px 10px 20px;
}

	.poll_question h4 {
		background-color: #e4ebf2;
		margin: 0 -7px;
		padding: 5px;
	}

	.poll_question ol {
		padding: 8px;
		background-color: #fafbfc;
	}
	
	.poll_question li {
		font-size: 0.9em;
		margin: 6px 0;
	}
	
	.poll_question .votes {
		margin-left: 5px;
	}
	
.snapback { 
	margin-right: 5px;
	padding: 1px 0 1px 1px;
}

.topic .main_topic_title {
	float: left;
}

.maintitle .rating {
	font-size: 11px;
	margin: 4px 0 0 15px;
	float: right;
}

	.maintitle .rating img {
		margin-top: -2px;
	}
	
/************************************************************************/
/* POSTING FORM (& RELATED) STYLES */

div.post_form label {
	text-align: right;
	padding-right: 15px;
	width: 275px;
	float: left;
	clear: both;
}

	div.post_form span.desc,
	fieldset#poll_wrap span.desc {
		margin-left: 290px;
		display: block;
		clear: both;
	}

	div.post_form .checkbox input.input_check,
	#mod_form .checkbox input.input_check {
		margin-left: 315px;
	}
	
	div.post_form .antispam_img {
		margin-left: 290px;
	}
	
	div.post_form .captcha .input_text {
		float: left;
	}
	
	div.post_form fieldset {
		padding-bottom: 15px;
	}

	div.post_form h3 {
		margin-bottom: 10px;
	}
	
fieldset.with_subhead {
	margin-bottom: 0;
	padding-bottom: 0;
}

	fieldset.with_subhead h4 {
		text-align: right;	
		margin-top: 6px;
		width: 300px;
		float: left;
	}

	fieldset.with_subhead ul {
		border-bottom: 1px solid #d5dde5;
		padding-bottom: 6px;
		margin: 0 15px 6px 320px;
	}

	fieldset.with_subhead span.desc,
	fieldset.with_subhead label {
		margin: 0;
		width: auto;
	}

	fieldset.with_subhead #post_icons {
		border: 0;
		margin-left: 326px;
	}

	fieldset.with_subhead #post_icons li {
		margin-right: 15px;
		margin-bottom: 6px;
		float: left;
	}

	fieldset.with_subhead .checkbox input.input_check {
		margin-left: 0px;
	}

#toggle_post_options {
	background: transparent url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/add.png) no-repeat;
	font-size: 0.9em;
	padding: 2px 0 2px 22px;
	margin: 15px;
	display: block;
}

.post_form #poll_wrap .question {
	margin-bottom: 10px;
}

	.post_form #poll_wrap .question .wrap {
		background-color: #e4ebf2;
		padding: 10px;
		margin-left: 290px;
		margin-right: 12px;
	}

		.post_form #poll_wrap .question .wrap ol {
			margin-left: 25px;
			margin-top: 16px;
			list-style: decimal;
		}
			.post_form #poll_wrap .question .wrap ol li {
				margin: 5px;
			}

	.post_form #poll_wrap .question .wrap input.input_check,
	.post_form #poll_wrap .question .wrap label,
	.post_form #poll_wrap .question .wrap span.desc {
		text-align: left;
		margin-left: 0;
		display: inline;
		width: auto;
		clear: none;
		float: none;
	}
	
	.post_form #poll_wrap .question ul.post_controls {
		text-align: left;
	}
	
.post_form .question_title {
	font-weight: bold;
}

.post_form #poll_form .topic_buttons {
	margin-left: 315px;
}

	.post_form #poll_form .topic_buttons li,
	.post_form #poll_form .post_controls li {
		float: left;
	}

.post_form #poll_form #poll_stats.desc {
	margin-left: 320px;
	margin-bottom: 8px;
}

/************************************************************************/
/* ATTACHMENT MANAGER (& RELATED) STYLES */

.swfupload {
	position: absolute;
	z-index: 1;
}
	
#attachments {
	margin: 15px;
}

	#attachments li {
		background-color: #e4ebf2;
		border: 1px solid #d5dde5;
		padding: 6px 20px 6px 42px;
		margin-bottom: 10px;
		position: relative;
	}
	
		#attachments li p.info {
			color: #69727b;
			font-size: 0.8em;
			width: 300px;
		}
	
		#attachments li .links, #attachments li.error .links, #attachments.traditional .progress_bar {
			display: none;
		}
			
			#attachments li.complete .links {
				font-size: 0.9em;
				margin-right: 15px;
				right: 0px;
				top: 12px;
				display: block;
				position: absolute;
			}
			
		#attachments li .progress_bar {
			margin-right: 15px;
			width: 200px;
			right: 0px;
			top: 15px;
			position: absolute;
		}
	
		#attachments li.complete, #attachments li.in_progress, #attachments li.error {
			background-repeat: no-repeat;
			background-position: 12px 12px;
		}
	
		#attachments li.in_progress {
			background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/loading.gif);
		}
	
		#attachments li.error {
			background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/exclamation.png);
			background-color: #e8caca;
			border: 1px solid #ddafaf;
		}
		
			#attachments li.error .info {
				color: #8f2d2d;
			}
	
		#attachments li.complete {
			background-image: url(http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/accept.png);
		}
		
		#attachments li .thumb_img {
			left: 6px;
			top: 6px;
			width: 30px;
			height: 30px;
			overflow: hidden;
			position: absolute;
		}
		
fieldset.attachments .input_submit, fieldset.attachments .swfupload, fieldset.attachments .input_upload {
	margin-left: 15px;
}

div.post_form fieldset.attachments span.desc {
	margin: 0 0 0 15px;
	display: inline;
	clear: none;
}

#attach_wrap {
	background: #eef3f8;
	padding: 6px;
	margin-top: 8px;
}

	#attach_wrap h4 {
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			Alger Hiss
			
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T06:07:44+00:00">25 October 2007 - 07:07 AM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000-->Alger Hiss was born in Baltimore on 11th November, 1904. Educated at John Hopkins University and Harvard Law School (1926-29) he worked for the Supreme Court Justice, Oliver Wendell Holmes, before serving in the departments of Agriculture, Justice and State, in the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt. <br />
<br />
Hiss also served as Roosevelt&#39;s adviser at the Yalta Conference in 1945. After working briefly as secretary-general of the United Nations, in 1949 Hiss became president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. <br />
<br />
In August 1948 Whittaker Chambers appeared before the House of Un-American Activities Committee and during his testimony claimed that Hiss had been spying for the Soviet Union. In a federal grand jury investigation of the case, Hiss denied Chambers&#39;s accusations. However, as a result of this investigation, Hiss was charged with perjury. His first trial in 1949 ended in a hung jury but the following year, a second jury found Hiss guilty and sentenced him to five years imprisonment. <br />
<br />
Hiss was released from prison in 1954. He spent the rest of his life trying to clear his name. In the 1970s Hiss unsuccessfully sued the U.S. government under the Freedom of Information Act in an attempt to gain access to FBI and State Department files about the case.<br />
<br />
Telegraph cables between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Second World War were released by the National Security Agency. One of the messages dated March 30, 1945, refers to an American with the code name Ales. According to the message, Ales was a Soviet agent working in the State Department, who accompanied President Franklin D. Roosevelt to the 1945 Yalta Conference and then flew to Moscow. As Hiss was with Roosevelt at Yalta it has been claimed that he was the Ales referred to in the cable. <br />
<br />
With the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, attempts were made to obtain information on the case from the Soviet intelligence files. In 1992 Hiss wrote to the Russian historian Dimitry Antonovich Volkogonov, the overseer of the Soviet intelligence archives, to request the release of any files on the case. On 14th October 1992, Volkogonov published a report that stated that he had found no evidence that Hiss had ever been an agent for KGB, for the GRU or for any other intelligence agency of the Soviet Union. <br />
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Alger Hiss died on 15th November, 1996.
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T06:35:42+00:00">25 October 2007 - 07:35 AM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000-->Is there a possibility the Russians did not want to name Hiss?<br />
<br />
If the person mentioned in the cable was NOT Hiss, who were the other candidates?
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T08:24:12+00:00">25 October 2007 - 09:24 AM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000-->Whittaker Chambers lied about how he knew Hiss<br />
and the details of the layout of his apartment.<br />
<br />
New York Times<br />
<br />
Sunday, December 12, 1948<br />
<br />
<br />
Hiss and Chambers: Strange Story of Two Men<br />
By ROBERT G. WHALEN <br />
This is the story of the two men who have been involved in one of the strangest headline dramas of recent years. It is the story of Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers and of their relationship. It is far from complete because finis is not yet written and more than that, because so much of it is shrouded in mystery and contradiction.<br />
<br />
What follows is an attempt to reconstruct, out of the testimony and known facts, what seems definite in the story and to clarify the mysteries so far as possible.<br />
<br />
The principal characters in the drama are these two men:<br />
<br />
Whittaker Chambers, 47, short and plump. Native of Philadelphia, studied at Columbia. A Quaker, joined the Communist party in 1924, worked as operating editor of The Daily Worker and writer for The New Masses. Quit the Communist party in 1938, joined the staff of Time magazine in 1939. Was a senior editor of Time until his resignation last week. Did most of his writing on his farm at Westminster, Md. His associates at Time describe him as an &quot;intellectual&quot; and they add: &quot;None of us knows him very well.&quot;<br />
<br />
Alger Hiss, 44, tall and slender. Native of Baltimore, Phi Beta Kappa from Johns Hopkins, graduate of Harvard Law School, prot�g� of Felix Frankfurter, former secretary to Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes. An Episcopalian. Entered Government in minor post in 1933. Served as a counsel to Senate Munitions Investigating Committee, joined the State Department in 1936, rose rapidly to become adviser at Yalta, executive secretary of Dumbarton Oaks conference, secretary general of United Nations Charter Conference in San Francisco. In 1946 succeeded the late Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler as president of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.<br />
<br />
The drama falls into two parts: an early period, beginning around 1934 and running to the middle of this year, the events of which are obscure; and the subsequent period when the drama broke into the open. The first period might be called The Prologue, and the second can be divided into these six chapters: (1) The Accusation; (2) The Denial; (3) The Chambers Rebuttal; (4) The Hiss Rebuttal; (5) The Confrontation (6) The New Chapter.<br />
<br />
<br />
THE PROLOGUE <br />
<br />
The two men met in Washington about 1934. The atmosphere of the city was one of change and experiment. The capital abounded with &quot;bright young men,&quot; eager to take part in building the New Deal. Ideas were freely exchanged. Communists were regarded with a certain tolerance. The Soviet Union, recently recognized by the Roosevelt Administration, was looked upon as a friendly nation. <br />
<br />
The relationship of the two men in this setting is a matter of dispute. According to Mr. Chambers, he was at this time a paid &quot;courier&quot; of the Communist &quot;underground&quot; and Mr. Hiss, a Government official, was associated with him in espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union.<br />
<br />
According to Mr. Hiss, they met while he was with the Senate committee; Mr. Chambers�under another name�posed as a free-lance writer and sought material on the investigation; they parted after a brief acquaintance when Mr. Hiss decided Mr. Chambers was a &quot;sponger.&quot; <br />
<br />
At any rate, it is certain that the two men knew each other in Washington, and eventually broke off their relationship, however close or casual it may have been. <br />
<br />
Approach to Berle <br />
<br />
In 1939, when the Nazi-Soviet pact was signed, Mr. Chambers�no longer a Communist�decided that the story of the Communist �underground� should be told. He sought an interview at the White House and was referred to Adolf A. Berle Jr., an outspoken anti-Communist, then Assistant Secretary of State. He gave Mr. Berle the impression that Mr. Hiss belonged to a pro-Soviet group, but he refused to make open charges. Mr. Berle made some inquiries but found no grounds for action.<br />
<br />
Eight years passed. The atmosphere in the nation was markedly different from that of the Nineteen Thirties. The Soviet Union was regarded as a potential enemy. Communists were widely suspected of being Russian agents.<br />
<br />
<br />
The Thomas Committee <br />
<br />
In April of last year, J. Parnell Thomas, chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee, demanded that the Department of Justice prosecute Communist leaders. He said that committee hearings on legislation to outlaw the Communist party had proved that there was a �fifth column in our midst.� In June, Attorney General Tom Clark ordered an investigation by a Federal grand jury in New York. The hearings were secret, but it is now known that Mr. Hiss and Mr. Chambers both testified before that grand jury. Last July, the jury indicted twelve Communist party leaders on charges of conspiracy to overthrow the Government. There were reports that the jury had also taken considerable testimony on espionage. The Thomas committee called open hearings to make the espionage and other charges public.<br />
<br />
<br />
1 -- THE ACCUSATION <br />
<br />
The Hiss-Chambers case came before the Un-American Activities Committee on Aug. 3. The scene was a hearing room in the New House Office Building in Washington. Mr. Chambers was in the witness chair. He told how he had quit the Communist party in 1938 and went on:<br />
<br />
�For a year I lived in hiding, sleeping by day and watching through the night with a gun or revolver within easy reach. * * * I had sound reason for supposing that the Communists might try to kill me. For a number of years I had myself served in the underground, chiefly in Washington, D.C. * * * I knew it at its top level, a group of seven or so men. * * * A member of this group * * * was Alger Hiss.�<br />
<br />
Several times Mr. Chambers emphasized that the aim of the group was �infiltration� of the Government rather than espionage. He said: �I should perhaps make the point that these people were specifically not wanted to act as sources of information.� Mr. Chambers said that the chief effort was to place Communists in positions of influence, that espionage was an �ultimate objective.� <br />
<br />
2 -- THE DENIAL <br />
<br />
On Aug. 4, in a telegram to the subcommittee, Mr. Hiss asked an opportunity to testify �formally and under oath.� The next day, in the Washington hearing room, he read a statement declaring:<br />
<br />
�I am not and have never been a member of the Communist party. I do not and have not adhered to the tenets of the Communist party. * * * I have never followed the Communist party line. * * * To the best of my knowledge I never heard of Whittaker Chambers until 1947, when two representatives of the Federal Bureau of Investigation asked me if I knew him. * * * So far as I know I have never laid eyes on him, and I should like to have the opportunity to do so.�<br />
<br />
There were these exchanges:<br />
<br />
Robert Stripling, chief committee investigator: �I have here a picture which was made last Monday. * * * I understand from people who knew Mr. Chambers during 1934 and 1935 that he is much heavier * * * But I show you this picture, Mr. Hiss. * * *�<br />
<br />
Hiss: �I would much rather see the individual. * * * If this is a picture of Mr. Chambers he is not particularly unusual looking.�<br />
<br />
In view of the flat Chambers accusation and the flat Hiss denial, it was apparent that one of the two had committed perjury. The subcommittee now set about requestioning the two men, seeking circumstantial detail that might tend to corroborate the story of either Mr. Chambers or Mr. Hiss. <br />
<br />
3 -- THE CHAMBERS REBUTTAL <br />
<br />
On Aug. 7, in the Federal Court House in New York, Mr. Chambers was questioned at an executive (non-public) subcommittee session.<br />
<br />
An investigator asked: �By what name did he [Mr. Hiss] know you?�<br />
<br />
Chambers: �He knew me by the party name of Carl. * * * To have questioned me [about my last name] would have been a breach of party discipline.�<br />
<br />
Mr. Chambers� circumstantial statements included these: He and Mr. Hiss had been �close friends.� Mr. Chambers collected Mr. Hiss� Communist party dues for two or three years. He stayed overnight at the Hiss home in Georgetown several times in the mid-Thirties. Mrs. Hiss had a son, �Timmy,� by a previous marriage. She called her husband �Hilly� and he called her �Dilly� and �Pross.� They had a cocker spaniel. They vacationed on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, were amateur ornithologists, went out mornings to watch birds along the Potomac and �once they saw, to their great excitement, a prothonotary warbler.� In 1936 Mr. Hiss gave a car�a �dilapidated� Ford roadster�to the Communist party.<br />
<br />
Mr. Chambers agreed to submit to a lie-detector test. <br />
<br />
4 -- THE HISS REBUTTAL <br />
<br />
On Aug. 16, in Washington, Mr. Hiss was questioned, also at an executive session. He said he knew no such Carl as Mr. Chambers claimed to have been. But he declared he had been trying to think who might have been as familiar with his household as the Chambers testimony indicated. Mr. Hiss said:<br />
<br />
�I have written a name on the pad in front of me of a person whom I knew in 1933 and 1934 who not only spent some time in my house but sublet my apartment. * * * The name * * * is * * * George Crosley.�<br />
<br />
Mr. Hiss said he knew Crosley as a free-lance writer, �obviously not successful,� and with markedly discolored teeth. He said he sublet his apartment to Crosley, threw in an old Ford roadster as part of the deal, lent him money, and got nothing in return but a rug. He came to the conclusion that �I had been a sucker and he was sort of a deadbeat.�<br />
<br />
Among circumstantial statements made by Mr. Hiss were these: His stepson was called �Timmy.� Mr. Hiss called his wife �Prossy,� she called him �Hill� or �Hilly.� They had a cocker spaniel. They vacationed on the Eastern Shore of Maryland and were amateur ornithologists. He had seen a prothonotary warbler along the Potomac.<br />
<br />
Mr. Hiss refused to submit to a lie-detector test, on the ground that lie detectors had not been proven reliable.<br />
<br />
The big question now was that of �George Crosley.� The subcommittee moved to bring Mr. Hiss and Mr. Chambers face to face. <br />
<br />
5 -- THE CONFRONTATION <br />
<br />
On the evening of Aug. 17, in Room 1400 of the Commodore Hotel in New York City, Representatives Richard M. Nixon and John McDowell held an executive session. Mr. Hiss appeared first. When Mr. Chambers entered the room, Mr. Hiss was asked whether he had �ever known that man before.�<br />
<br />
Hiss: �May I ask him to speak? * * *<br />
<br />
Chambers: �My name is Whittaker Chambers.�<br />
<br />
Mr. Hiss walked over to Mr. Chambers and said: �Would you mind opening your mouth wider?�<br />
<br />
Chambers: �I am senior editor of Time magazine.�<br />
<br />
Hiss: �I think this is George Crosley, but I would like to hear him talk a little longer.�<br />
<br />
Mr. Chambers said his teeth had been in �very bad shape� in the Thirties but had been treated, whereupon Mr. Hiss positively identified him as George Crosley. After a few moments Mr. Hiss again strode toward Mr. Chambers.<br />
<br />
Hiss: �May I say for the record at this point that I would like to invite Mr. Whittaker Chambers to make those same statements out of the presence of this committee without their being privileged for suit for libel? I challenge you to do it, and I hope you will do it damned quickly. (Addressing investigator) I am not going to touch him. You are touching me.�<br />
<br />
Investigator: �Please sit down, Mr. Hiss. * * * I want no disturbance.� <br />
<br />
Hiss: �I don�t ------.�<br />
<br />
McDowell: �Sit down, please.� <br />
<br />
Hiss: You know who started this,� After further sessions in Washington, the hearings recessed.<br />
<br />
Summarizing the hearings, the committee declared that Mr. Chambers had been a �forthright and emphatic� witness, while Mr. Hiss had been �evasive.� In discussing the events of a dozen years ago, for example, Mr. Hiss prefaced 198 statements with the phrase: �To the best of my knowledge.� The records were turned over to the Department of Justice, to determine which of the two might be prosecuted for perjury. Lacking further evidence, there was little likelihood that either could be indicted.<br />
<br />
<br />
6 -- THE NEW CHAPTER <br />
<br />
Then, on Aug. 30, on a radio broadcast, Mr. Chambers repeated his charge that Mr. Hiss was a Communist. This statement was not protected by Congressional immunity. Mr. Hiss filed a slander suit in Baltimore, demanding &#036;75,000 damages.<br />
<br />
The slander suit led to developments which put the mystery in a new and more sinister light.<br />
<br />
Three weeks ago in Baltimore, Mr. Chambers was questioned by Mr. Hiss� attorney as a preliminary to the trial of the slander suit. Asked whether he could corroborate his charges against Mr. Hiss, Mr. Chambers produced a sheaf of documents which he said had been stolen from State Department and other Government files for transmission to Russia. <br />
<br />
Bykov Story <br />
<br />
Mr. Chambers said that in 1937 he introduced Mr. Hiss to a Russian agent named Colonel Bykov, and that thereafter Mr. Hiss �began a fairly consistent flow of such material as we have before us here.� He declared that the routine was for Mr. Hiss to bring the documents home, have Mrs. Hiss type copies, and then return the papers to the files. Where it was difficult to remove papers, Mr. Chambers charged, Mr. Hiss supplied notations in his own handwriting.<br />
<br />
There followed the dramatic events of the past nine days�the appearance of Un-American Activities Company investigators at Mr. Chambers� farm in Maryland, with a subpoena for further evidence; his �surrender� of microfilms secreted in a pumpkin; the reopening of committee hearings and of the investigation by the Federal grand jury in New York.
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T08:38:13+00:00">25 October 2007 - 09:38 AM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000--><p class='citation'><a class='snapback' rel='citation' href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?app=forums&amp;module=forums&amp;section=findpost&amp;pid=124157'><img src='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/snapback.png' alt='View Post' /></a>Evan Burton, on Oct 25 2007, 07&#58;35 AM, said:</p><div class="blockquote"><div class='quote'>Is there a possibility the Russians did not want to name Hiss?<br />
<br />
If the person mentioned in the cable was NOT Hiss, who were the other candidates?</div></div><br />
<br />
They couldn&#39;t name Hiss if they did not even know him.   The one telling fact<br />
which came out after the fact relates to the IBM analysis which concluded beyond<br />
the shadow of a doubt that the typewriter style or font used to produce the Pumpkin <br />
Papers did NOT EVEN EXIST when these papers were allegedly found and typed.<br />
<br />
Any other discussion, speculation or prevarication must first accept the fact<br />
of the forged papers as historical truth.   The only discussion worth having<br />
in fact is WHO persecuted Hiss and why did they choose him as a target?<br />
<br />
I think the answer is Wickliffe Preston Draper of The Pioneer Fund and his close<br />
crony Nathaniel Weyl who inadvertently admitted to me in a phone conversation<br />
that Weyl himself was guilty of a violation of the Neutrality Act during the Bayo<br />
Pawley affair involving anti-Castro exiles.  He lived out the rest of his life in the<br />
fear that he would be arrested and charged with this crime and others he<br />
admitted to in the course of the conversation including being an accessory after<br />
the fact to murder as he watched some of the anti-Castro exiles being shot in<br />
front of his eyes.  <br />
<br />
He also denied knowing either Draper, Osborne or Vonsiatsky despite the <br />
fact that he co-authored a book with Osborne one of Drapers cronies.<br />
<br />
That man was a paid, pathological liar and a mercenary beyond imagination.
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T12:01:58+00:00">25 October 2007 - 01:01 PM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000-->For a good view that Hiss was guilty as charged:<br />
<br />
<a href='http://hnn.us/articles/37456.html' class='bbc_url' title='External link' rel='nofollow external'>http://hnn.us/articles/37456.html</a>
						
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						<span class='post_id'><a href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=11382&amp;view=findpost&amp;p=124204' rel='bookmark' title='Link to post #6'>#6</a></span>
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T14:23:53+00:00">25 October 2007 - 03:23 PM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000-->History has essentially been able to exonerate Hiss by dint of the fact that the statements (of Chambers)<br />
regarding how he came to know Alger Hiss and the ensuing criminal activities (in the case of Weyl) of his 2 main <br />
antagonists have both been exposed thoroughly over time.   Impeachment of witnesses, even long after the fact, is to me<br />
prima facie evidence that the historical record has been straightened forever regarding Hiss.   Both Chambers<br />
and Weyl are the ones who were guilty as Hell.   Add to that the analysis done on the Underwood by IBM and<br />
you have a consensus.  Hiss was innocent and this is the last statement I will make on the topic.   It is Nathaniel<br />
Weyl who should have spent serious jail time for his admitted violations of The Neutrality Act and for being an accessory<br />
either during or after the fact to murder, which he disclosed to me at one time without even realizing what he said.<br />
<br />
The purpose of the Bayo/Pawley affair was to assassinate the character of JFK and to help the Presidential aspirations <br />
of one Senator Barry Goldwater, which was also admitted to by Weyl, but it failed.   The purpose of the Hiss affair was to <br />
kick start the illegitimate political career of Richard Nixon and that succeeded, unfortunately.   Only Nathaniel Weyl was part <br />
of both efforts as far as I can tell besides Wickliffe Draper and for that history should justifiably damn them both forever.   <br />
Unrelentlessly.   Anyone who supports the positions of both Chambers and/or Weyl, knowing their motivations and history<br />
as either paid pathological liars and/or criminal felons will be judged by history accordingly.  For them, disbarment from<br />
the world of caring and honest human beings certainly seems too little too late.   A similar fate should befall all other <br />
similarly duplicitous, evil and vindictive persons, IMHO.<br />
<br />
My recent gap of available time is coming to a close quickly.   I wish I had the time to sit on my butt all day long<br />
and just post dozens of controversial, extremist or inflammatory messages to forums gratis, but alas such is not the<br />
case here.   I still have a career and a real life to occupy my time unlike some other members of the frequent posters<br />
club.
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T15:07:03+00:00">25 October 2007 - 04:07 PM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000--><p class='citation'><a class='snapback' rel='citation' href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?app=forums&amp;module=forums&amp;section=findpost&amp;pid=124157'><img src='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/snapback.png' alt='View Post' /></a>Evan Burton, on Oct 25 2007, 07&#58;35 AM, said:</p><div class="blockquote"><div class='quote'>Is there a possibility the Russians did not want to name Hiss?<br />
<br />
If the person mentioned in the cable was NOT Hiss, who were the other candidates?</div></div><br />
<br />
This question is sort of like the classic: &quot;Have you stopped beating your wife?&quot;<br />
It implies that you WERE in fact already beating your wife.   Or Whitmey&#39;s<br />
classic circular reasoning...  &quot;Since it was Ferrie in Winnipeg, and since he<br />
was a homosexual therefore he MUST have said &quot;Auntie&quot; instead of<br />
what Giesbrecht reported as &quot;Annie&quot; because that is a term of endearment<br />
between homosexuals.   And Giesbrecht would not have know that.&quot;  And the <br />
path to the truth was blocked.   How Whitmey would have known that is<br />
beyond me.   Is there anyone here who can confirm or deny that &quot;Auntie&quot; is or<br />
is not a term of endearment between homosexuals either from personal<br />
experience or from just hearsay?   Thank you.   Why are people afraid to<br />
chime in on this question?  Certainly someone here would know.
						
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						<span class='post_id'><a href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=11382&amp;view=findpost&amp;p=124213' rel='bookmark' title='Link to post #8'>#8</a></span>
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T15:40:51+00:00">25 October 2007 - 04:40 PM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000--><p class='citation'><a class='snapback' rel='citation' href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?app=forums&amp;module=forums&amp;section=findpost&amp;pid=124195'><img src='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/snapback.png' alt='View Post' /></a>Tim Gratz, on Oct 25 2007, 08&#58;01 AM, said:</p><div class="blockquote"><div class='quote'>For a good view that Hiss was guilty as charged:<br />
<br />
<a href='http://hnn.us/articles/37456.html' class='bbc_url' title='External link' rel='nofollow external'>http://hnn.us/articles/37456.html</a></div></div><br />
<br />
Typical tendencious Haynes and Klehr schlock. All of which can be rebutted by simply comparing this article to the Bird/Chervonnaya paper which it attempted to pre-emptively rebut. After studying this matter in some depth, I can say that the entire case against Alger Hiss is one blatant fraud after another and that he is entirely innocent.
						
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						<span class='post_id'><a href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=11382&amp;view=findpost&amp;p=124220' rel='bookmark' title='Link to post #9'>#9</a></span>
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T16:01:42+00:00">25 October 2007 - 05:01 PM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000--><p class='citation'><a class='snapback' rel='citation' href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?app=forums&amp;module=forums&amp;section=findpost&amp;pid=124213'><img src='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/snapback.png' alt='View Post' /></a>Owen Parsons, on Oct 25 2007, 04&#58;40 PM, said:</p><div class="blockquote"><div class='quote'><p class='citation'><a class='snapback' rel='citation' href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?app=forums&amp;module=forums&amp;section=findpost&amp;pid=124195'><img src='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/snapback.png' alt='View Post' /></a>Tim Gratz, on Oct 25 2007, 08&#58;01 AM, said:</p><div class="blockquote"><div class='quote'>For a good view that Hiss was guilty as charged:<br />
<br />
<a href='http://hnn.us/articles/37456.html' class='bbc_url' title='External link' rel='nofollow external'>http://hnn.us/articles/37456.html</a></div></div><br />
<br />
Typical tendencious Haynes and Klehr schlock. All of which can be rebutted by simply comparing this article to the Bird/Chervonnaya paper which it attempted to pre-emptively rebut. After studying this matter in some depth, I can say that the entire case against Alger Hiss is one blatant fraud after another and that he is entirely innocent.<br />
</div></div><br />
<br />
Thank you.  My sentiments exactly.   When you consider that Nathaniel Weyl&#39;s later efforts to promote<br />
the career of Senator Barry Goldwater by participation in the Bayo/Pawley affair actually put Weyl in<br />
a position of committing several felonies, you can better understand Weyl&#39;s tendencies towards falsehoods.<br />
<br />
1) He entered the territorial waters of a Sovereign nation, Cuba, on a boat which was armed to the teeth,<br />
whose occupants were hell bent on launching an act of aggression.  Violation of The Neutrality Act.<br />
<br />
2) He watched while an unnamed occupant of the boat fired a burst of machine gun fire into the inflatable<br />
but motorized rubber raft used by the on shore raiding party causing it to sink to the bottom of the ocean<br />
with its occupants who were weighed down with combat boots, heavy uniforms, ammo belts and firearms.<br />
Some of them were at a minimum wounded by the gunfire and others, he confessed, died instantly.  No<br />
one was unscathed by the gunfire and he admitted watching them disappear beneath the surface and<br />
doing nothing to help.   Accessory after the fact to murder.
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T16:46:15+00:00">25 October 2007 - 05:46 PM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000--><p class='citation'><a class='snapback' rel='citation' href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?app=forums&amp;module=forums&amp;section=findpost&amp;pid=124213'><img src='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/snapback.png' alt='View Post' /></a>Owen Parsons, on Oct 25 2007, 04&#58;40 PM, said:</p><div class="blockquote"><div class='quote'><p class='citation'><a class='snapback' rel='citation' href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?app=forums&amp;module=forums&amp;section=findpost&amp;pid=124195'><img src='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/public/style_images/master/snapback.png' alt='View Post' /></a>Tim Gratz, on Oct 25 2007, 08&#58;01 AM, said:</p><div class="blockquote"><div class='quote'>For a good view that Hiss was guilty as charged:<br />
<br />
<a href='http://hnn.us/articles/37456.html' class='bbc_url' title='External link' rel='nofollow external'>http://hnn.us/articles/37456.html</a></div></div><br />
<br />
Typical tendencious Haynes and Klehr schlock. All of which can be rebutted by simply comparing this article to the Bird/Chervonnaya paper which it attempted to pre-emptively rebut. After studying this matter in some depth, I can say that the entire case against Alger Hiss is one blatant fraud after another and that he is entirely innocent.<br />
</div></div><br />
<br />
Nathaniel Weyl SHOULD have been known as a 3-time convicted felon and someone in the pocket<br />
of Wickliffe P. Draper, founder of The Bell Curve, and the persecutor of both Sacco and Vanzetti<br />
AND Alger T. Hiss.   Instead history let&#39;s him off scot free and continues to indict an innocent Hiss.<br />
<br />
Draper was also behind such assaults against humanity as the Immigration Act of 1924, the American<br />
Eugenics Society, Hitler&#39;s Nuremburg Laws, Buck vs. Bell and The Involuntary Sterilization Laws,<br />
The Case of Dr. Ossian Sweet, The Hollywood Seven, McCarthyism itself, HUAC, and opposition to<br />
the de-Nazification of Germany, Brown vs. Board of Education and The Civil Rights Act of 1964.  <br />
He also financed The Assassination of JFK.   Then he sponsored most of the research behind the fatally <br />
flawed conclusions of The Bell Curve.  This was after he funded a &quot;Back to Africa&quot; movement which<br />
offered a bonus to any black person who would move back to Africa.   Later Doug Blackmon in the WSJ<br />
proved that Draper funded the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission in the 1960s.   What more do <br />
you need to know?<br />
<br />
Certainly this are many arguments that Draper&#39;s sponsorship of Joe McCarthy, Robert J. Morris, Whittaker Chambers<br />
and Nathaniel Weyl is prima facie evidence that he would have been the person who convinced them to join <br />
him in the indictment of Alger Hiss by funding their efforts in this regard.   There are NO Draper campaigns<br />
against humanity which were fair, accurate or justified.  None. Therefore the Hiss case falls into this category<br />
as well since it was yet another Draper campaign against humanity.   Does anyone here think that Draper<br />
would have actually latched onto a single accurate campaign in his entire lifetime?   Can anyone here name one?<br />
<br />
Here is the Kai Bird and Svetlana Chervonnaya article exonerating Hiss.<br />
<br />
Summer 2007<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The Mystery of Ales<br />
The argument that Alger Hiss was a WWII-era Soviet<br />
asset is flawed. New evidence points to someone else<br />
<br />
By Kai Bird and Svetlana Chervonnaya <br />
<br />
Nearly 60 years ago, Alger Hiss, a former high official in the U.S. State Department, was convicted of perjury and sentenced to prison on the grounds that he had lied about his role in a Soviet spy ring prior to World War II. The Hiss case became the most controversial spy story of the Cold War � and for good reason. As the distinguished historian Walter LaFeber once observed, �It was the Hiss trial, among other [events] that triggered the McCarthy era.� For many conservatives, the Hiss case confirmed the specter of Soviet infiltration at the highest levels of American government. The case also catapulted an obscure California congressman, Richard M. Nixon, onto the national scene. Nixon championed the allegations against Hiss and in 1950 was elected to the U.S. Senate, largely based on the notoriety he had acquired from the case. <br />
<br />
Although Hiss insisted on his innocence until his death in 1996, many Cold War historians, and perhaps most notably Allen Weinstein in his 1978 book, Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case, have firmly concluded that Hiss was part of a clandestine Communist cell from 1935 onward and that he passed information to the Soviet Union from late 1936 until early 1938 through an underground Communist courier named Whittaker Chambers. Most historians have conceded the argument to Weinstein (who is today the Archivist of the United States). They have done so, however, not because the evidence against Hiss is clear and definitive, but because the evidence box � filled as it is with a morass of circumstantial detail � leaves them the easy option of finding him guilty of some form of espionage activity during his murky relationship with Chambers. <br />
<br />
To a few skeptics, however, this muddled spy case will remain an open question until the Russian archives disgorge incontrovertible proof that Hiss was or was not a conscious agent. Despite continuing claims that the documents U.S. researchers obtained from the Russian archives in the early- to mid-1990s represent, in the words of scholars John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, a �massive documentation of the guilt� of Alger Hiss, not a single document with his name or that of his accuser Whittaker Chambers has ever been produced from the publicly accessible Russian archives. To be sure, there are a few references to Alger Hiss in Soviet-era documents that have been leaked to Weinstein and his Russian co-author, Alexander Vassiliev. But in their book The Haunted Wood, Weinstein and Vassiliev leave the impression that Hiss is repeatedly mentioned in Soviet-era documents. Their narrative of Hiss�s espionage in the 1930s is heavily referenced to Weinstein�s own Perjury. And when they quote from three 1945 KGB documents describing a Soviet source at the State Department, they substitute Hiss�s name in brackets for �Ales,� the cover name for an American working for the Soviets. They do the same thing when quoting from a Soviet intelligence cable dated March 30, 1945, decrypted and released by the U.S. government under the National Security Agency�s VENONA program. Weinstein and Vassiliev did get exclusive access to a crop of documents from the KGB archive. But the references to Hiss in those documents boil down to only five pages from a single SVR (the successor agency to the KGB) file. <br />
<br />
We do not propose to address the larger question of whether Hiss was guilty or innocent of espionage, but rather to explore whether he fits the profile of the Soviet asset hidden behind the cover name Ales (pronounced A�-les). Historians of the craft of intelligence recognize the peril of assigning identities to code names more than 50 years after their use. It is difficult at best to translate from one language and culture to another, particularly when dealing with partially decrypted documents. Other imponderables include the ambiguities surrounding witting and unwitting sources and, most obviously, the incentives for intelligence officers to exaggerate the value of both their information and their sources.<br />
<br />
All of this is to say that we are aware that, like others before us, we tread on thin ice. Still, we have found evidence to suggest that Hiss could not have been Ales. Moreover, an alternative candidate exists. <br />
<br />
<br />
THE VENONA PUZZLE<br />
<br />
Until the mid-1990s, Weinstein and other historians accepted Chambers�s assertions that Hiss�s associations with the Soviets were confined to the period of 1936�38. But when the NSA declassified the VENONA documents in the mid-1990s, students of the case claimed that Hiss continued his presumed espionage into the World War II years. The documents are a collection of intercepted and fragmentary decrypted cables between Moscow and its overseas intelligence outposts (most prominently New York and Washington, D.C.) that produced hundreds of cryptonyms for agents, assets, or contacts of Soviet intelligence. They also included many names of unsuspecting Americans whom Soviet intelligence operatives discussed, targeted, or merely mentioned. Hiss�s name turned up in this second group. <br />
<br />
In one such fragmentary GRU (Russian military intelligence) cable, it is reported that an NKGB (a forerunner of the KGB) operative mentioned an official �from the State Department by the name of HISS.� Normally, these Russian-language cables use the Cyrillic alphabet, but here HISS is spelled out in the Latin alphabet, perhaps indicating that the name was unfamiliar to the sender. <br />
<br />
Could a person openly named in such a message be an agent of that service at the time the message was written or at any previous time? Not according to Lt. Gen. Vitaly Pavlov, a former KGB foreign intelligence officer who had supervised intelligence operations focused on the United States from late in 1938. When interviewed in 2002, Pavlov firmly stated that no one openly named in the VENONA cables could have been an agent. Why was he so sure? �Had he ever been an agent, the service would have his code name in the system.� Three years later, this opinion was upheld by another Russian intelligence professional, Maj. Gen. Julius Kobyakov. After reading one VENONA cable, Kobyakov told us that had Hiss been an agent, �it would be very unusual to put a true name in a cable: speaking about one of their assets, normally, they would use a code name.� <br />
<br />
This VENONA message openly using the name Hiss has been lost in a heated, decade-long discussion of yet another VENONA cable, 1822, sent from Washington to Moscow, originating from the NKGB intelligence station on the top floor of the Soviet Embassy on 16th Street. Dated March 30, 1945, the cable describes a Soviet agent who had the code name Ales. The NSA released its English translation of the cable in 1996 with a footnote saying that Ales was �probably� Alger Hiss. <br />
<br />
According to FBI historian John F. Fox, the identification of Ales as Alger Hiss in VENONA 1822 dates back to a May 15, 1950, FBI memorandum from Alan Belmont, head of the FBI espionage section. �It would appear likely,� the 1950 memo surmised, �that this individual [Ales] is Alger Hiss in view of the fact that he was in the State Department and the information from Chambers indicated that his wife, Priscilla, was active in Soviet espionage and he also had a brother, Donald, in the State Department.�<br />
<br />
Those officials privy to the VENONA intercept seem to have conducted, at best, a cursory investigation of Ales�s identity. Hiss, who was in the news for his perjury conviction, seemed to fill the bill. Even so, in the same May 15 memo, the FBI noted that �an attempt is being made by analysis of the available information to verify this identification.� Even three years after Hiss�s conviction in 1950, the FBI was still conducting interviews about Ales � suggesting that the bureau had doubts. <br />
<br />
Yet almost half a century later, when the FBI�s May 15 memo was released to a U.S. Senate commission, no mention was made of the bureau�s initial and continuing doubts. Appendix A of what has become known as the Moynihan Commission Report said that �a Soviet cable of March 30, 1945, identified an agent, code-name ALES, as having attended the Yalta Conference of February 1945. He had then journeyed to Moscow where, according to the cable, he and his colleagues were �awarded Soviet decorations.� This could only be Alger Hiss, Deputy Director of the State Department�s Office of Special Political Affairs; the other three State Department officials in the delegation from Yalta to Moscow are beyond suspicion.� <br />
<br />
Ever since, Ales�s identity as Alger Hiss has become a mantra for longtime believers in Hiss�s guilt. Today, NSA historian Robert L. Benson goes so far as to say that the word �probably� should be dropped in the NSA�s tentative identification of Ales. In his view, there can no longer be any question that Hiss engaged in wartime spying on behalf of the Soviet Union and that he is the Ales described in VENONA 1822. <br />
<br />
At first, this reasoning appears to be straightforward and logical. But a closer reading of VENONA 1822 raises numerous questions:<br />
<br />
- The cable says that Ales had been working with the GRU since 1935; Chambers specifically said that Hiss had no GRU connections before 1937.<br />
<br />
- The cable says that Ales was the leader of a small group �mainly consisting of his relatives.� Hiss, his critics have assumed, was �working� with his wife, Priscilla, and his brother Donald � although no one has ever lodged any espionage allegations against Donald, and the FBI itself said charges that he was a member of the Communist Party were unsubstantiated. Neither has any evidence surfaced that Priscilla was a Communist Party member.<br />
<br />
- The cable says that Ales provided his Soviet handlers with �military information only.� Here the evidence pointing to Hiss is at best ambiguous, if not exculpatory. It would be illogical to use a State Department career diplomat with a legal background for obtaining information that would not normally come his way � and at the same time to underuse him for getting the diplomatic information he would encounter naturally. Attempts to prove that Hiss was Ales by pointing out that by 1944�45 he was privy to information on military matters seem to disregard this elementary logic of intelligence tradecraft.<br />
<br />
- Finally, and most important, VENONA 1822 reports that �after the YALTA Conference, when he had gone on to MOSCOW, a Soviet personage in a very responsible position (ALES gave to understand that it was Comrade Vyshinsky) allegedly got in touch with ALES and at the behest of the Military NEIGHBORS passed onto him their gratitude and so on.�<br />
<br />
Those who believe Hiss is Ales argue that this clue is the clincher: Ales attended the Yalta conference in February 1945 � and so did Hiss. Ales left Yalta and flew to Moscow where the Soviet deputy foreign minister, Andrei Vyshinsky, ostensibly conveyed �their gratitude.� Like Ales, Hiss did leave the Yalta conference and fly with Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius to Moscow, where he remained for two days. On the evening of February 13, 1945, Hiss accompanied Stettinius to a performance of Swan Lake at the Bolshoi; he and Stettinius�s party sat in the central box of the theater with Vyshinsky � who presumably seized this occasion, perhaps during an intermission, to take Hiss aside for a moment and express his gratitude. Case closed. <br />
<br />
But after months of digging in both the American and Russian archives, we have discovered new evidence that demonstrates the falsity of this damning scenario. Hiss was not Ales. The historians who have maintained that he was Ales turned an assumption and a few clues into a conclusion without bothering to determine if Hiss actually fit the profile of Ales � or asking whether someone else better fit that profile. <br />
<br />
<br />
THE SECOND GORSKY CABLE<br />
<br />
We have found that Hiss had a firm alibi. We know this from a relatively recent discovery, a Soviet-era cable that sheds new light on the clues to Ales�s identity given in VENONA 1822. This new evidence surfaced during a libel suit filed in London by Vassiliev, Weinstein�s Russian collaborator on The Haunted Wood. In 2003, Vassiliev lost his suit, but in the course of the trial he introduced numerous notes he had taken on Soviet-era documents that he was allowed to read (but not to photocopy) in the archives of the SVR. One of these documents was a March 5, 1945, cable signed �Vadim,� written to his colleagues in Moscow. Vadim is known to have been Anatoly Gorsky, the NKGB�s station chief in Washington, who operated under the cover name Anatoly Gromov and the cover position of the first secretary in the Soviet Embassy in Washington. Gorsky would also be the author, almost a month later, of VENONA 1822. Weinstein had access to Vassiliev�s notes on the March 5 Gorsky cable, but he cited only a small portion of it in The Haunted Wood. <br />
<br />
The important clue in the notes reads �Special attention � to �Ales.� Was at Yalta conference, then left for Mexico-City [and] has not yet come back.� Gorsky places Ales at Yalta � and asserts that as of March 5 he was still in Mexico City attending the Inter-American Conference on the Problems of War and Peace. After flying from Yalta to Moscow, Hiss had indeed accompanied Secretary Stettinius to the Mexico City conference, arriving on February 20. But Stettinius had asked Hiss to organize the San Francisco conference to found the United Nations. The conference was scheduled to open on April 25, and there was a lot of work to be done. So, less than two days after arriving in Mexico City, Hiss was ordered to fly home on the secretary�s airplane. <br />
<br />
Hiss arrived in Washington on Thursday, February 22, and went to his office to catch up on the backlog of preparations for the conference. An international crisis was brewing, stemming from sudden French and Chinese demands about which countries would be the �inviting parties� to the conference. This dispute had already pushed back the date on which official invitations would be sent. Originally the invitations were scheduled to go out on February 24 � which is why Hiss had to leave Mexico City to be back in Washington. The invitations were unquestionably Hiss�s top priority at this time, but because of foot dragging by the French, their issuance had to be postponed. Over the next few days, several proposed new dates came and went. Both the State Department and the Soviet People�s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs in Moscow were in continuous communication on this issue with their respective embassies. <br />
<br />
It is significant to understand that the Soviets knew that Hiss was the State Department�s point man on the San Francisco invitations. At Yalta, it was Hiss who had twice handed over to Ambassador Andrei Gromyko the U.S. draft of the invitation for the conference. By March 1, the situation had reached a crisis point. The Soviets were anxious that the invitation be issued as agreed at Yalta � and they knew that Hiss would be the man to resolve the issue. <br />
<br />
At 7:00 p.m. on Saturday, March 3, Hiss was one of the three State Department officials to appear on an NBC broadcast titled �Building the Peace.� Hiss was introduced as the �Deputy Director of the Office of Special Political Affairs.� Because �Mr. Hiss has just returned from the Crimea Conference,� Assistant Secretary of State Archibald MacLeish directed many of his questions to him. The next morning, March 4, Washington�s Sunday Star reported on the radio show in an article headlined, �State Department Radio Show Gives �Oaks� Plan in Plain Talk.� The article named Hiss as a participant. The New York Times ran a similar a story the same day, and it too mentioned Hiss. <br />
<br />
If Gorsky (the �Vadim� of the March 5 and 30 cables), the NKGB�s man in Washington, was doing his job, either he or his assistants were listening to the radio and reading the Times or the Star. Gorsky, age 38, was a sophisticated and experienced operative. In 1939, when stationed in London, he had been running 18 agents, including Kim Philby of the famous �Cambridge Five.� In Washington, his main job as the Soviet Embassy�s first secretary was that of a press officer, which involved daily monitoring of the press, reports of information agencies, and radio broadcasts.<br />
<br />
Gorsky would have to have been incompetent not to know that Hiss had returned from Mexico City. Gorsky and his Soviet Embassy colleagues would have been particularly interested in Hiss�s activities at the State Department on March 5, when a morning press and radio news conference took place there.<br />
<br />
At the press conference, Hiss went to the rostrum to �explain some of the technical aspects of these points concerning the functions of the Security Council� and to answer the correspondents� questions. The press corps turned out in force to hear the announcement. Even if Gorsky as press officer did not attend the event, he would have been listening to it on the radio and would also have been informed by Laurence Todd, an American journalist who covered State for the Soviet news agency TASS from 1927 to 1952. Moreover, we know that early that morning Acting Secretary of State Joseph Grew �telephoned the Soviet Ambassador [Gromyko] . . . and said that at 12:00 o�clock today we are issuing the invitations to the U.N. conference.�<br />
<br />
When the NSA chose in 1995 to declassify the VENONA decrypts, historians such as Weinstein assumed that the NSA identification of Ales was confirmation of Hiss�s pre-war espionage. But of course it was more than that. VENONA cable 1822 was used to confirm Whittaker Chambers�s original accusations, but also to up the ante on Hiss, transforming him into a long-term spy (a decade of espionage instead of less than two years) and one so valuable to the Soviets that they went out of their way to convey their gratitude to him by informing him that he had been decorated by the Soviet government. These allegations are far more serious than the charge of pre-war espionage.<br />
<br />
Despite the fact that VENONA 1822 and the March 5 Gorsky cable contain significant clues, and perhaps because Hiss�s guilt has been so widely accepted, no one has until now made a serious effort to investigate whether anyone other than Hiss fits the profile of the mysterious Ales.<br />
<br />
<br />
IF NOT HISS, WHO?<br />
<br />
In reopening the mystery of Ales, we are addressing two questions: who was Ales, and what was Ales? We deal mainly with the first question, but with regard to the second, it needs to be said plainly that neither of the two Gorsky cables establishes Ales as a recruited or controlled Soviet agent. An emerging post�Cold War understanding of the complex nature of the conversations and interactions between Americans and Russians during World War II has room in it for a wide spectrum of roles, many of them honorable and patriotic. With no particular candidate in mind for who Ales might be when we started this investigation, we spent hundreds of hours in the U.S. National Archives and the Moscow archives searching for clues to his identity. We gathered dozens of different State Department and Russian Foreign Ministry lists of all the Americans who traveled to Yalta, Moscow, and Mexico City in February 1945 � and later that spring to San Francisco. Nine American officials attended the Yalta conference and then traveled to Moscow. These included Secretary of State Stettinius; Edward J. Flynn; Major Terence L. Tyson, Stettinius�s military aide and medical doctor; Alger Hiss; H. Freeman Matthews; Wilder Foote, assistant to the secretary of state for drafting; and Stettinius�s secretariat of Lee B. Blanchard, George Th. Conn, and Ralph L. Graham. Ales must have been one of these men.<br />
<br />
We immediately decided to drop Stettinius as an improbable candidate. Next, we dropped Edward Flynn � former chairman of the Democratic Party National Committee and President Roosevelt�s close political adviser, whom Roosevelt sent to Moscow with a special mission and who stayed back in Moscow after Stettinius and his party flew out on February 14. Now we must drop Alger Hiss. We also have to drop Matthews, who flew back from Mexico to Washington with Hiss aboard the secretary�s airplane. <br />
<br />
We are left with a list of five Americans: Major Tyson; the members of Stettinius�s secretariat (Blanchard, Conn, and Graham); and Wilder Foote. <br />
<br />
Tyson was a physician drafted into the Medical Corps in World War II who was only chosen to accompany Stettinius in early 1945. Other than accompanying the secretary to the conferences and to Moscow, as a medical doctor, he does not fit the profile of Ales. The youngest member of Stettinius�s secretariat, Graham, born in 1919, was only 16 in 1935 and a high school student in Philadelphia, and therefore far too young to have been the Ales who allegedly began �working� in 1935. Blanchard, born in 1914, was 21 years old in 1935 and a university student in Arizona until 1937. From 1937 to 1940 he worked as secretary for a broadcasting company and from 1940 until 1944 he worked for manufacturing companies. He entered government service as secretary to the under secretary of state in March 1944 and transferred to the United Nations on July 1, 1945. Conn, born in 1913, graduated in 1934 from George Washington University. In 1934�35 he worked as an editorial clerk for a publishing firm, and from 1936 to 1941 he was an administrative assistant in a trade association. Neither occupation seems very fertile for intelligence gathering. However, Conn joined government service in 1941 (with the Lend-Lease Administration � a known target of Soviet intelligence), transferring to State in 1944 and to the United Nations on July 1, 1945. <br />
<br />
The last person on our list, Foote, was 39 years old in 1945, and though he served as an assistant to the secretary for drafting, he has always been lumped into the impossible-to-be-Ales category. I n his 2003 essay on Ales, Air Force historian Eduard Mark briefly described Foote as �a more plausible suspect� than Stettinius�s other clerks. However, he decided that �it is unlikely that Foote was so engaged while he rusticated in the farther reaches of New England.�<br />
<br />
It makes sense to eliminate Graham because of his youth and Blanchard because he did not enter government service until 1944. That left us with just two candidates, Conn and Foote, both of whom went into government service in 1941, worked for the Lend-Lease Administration, transferred to the Department of State in late 1944, and later worked at the United Nations. Admittedly, Conn seems on the young side to have been working in 1935, and nothing about his jobs before going into the government would make him of interest to the Soviets as a potential spy. But Foote, who had worked in Vermont until late 1941, also seemed unlikely to fit the Ales profile.<br />
<br />
At this point in our research, a piece of evidence turned up in Moscow.<br />
<br />
<br />
THE BOLSHOI CENTRAL BOX<br />
<br />
VENONA 1822 reports that Ales was contacted in Moscow by a high-ranking Soviet official who �passed onto him their gratitude and so on.� Using both American and Russian archival papers, we have established the daily schedules of the members of Stettinius�s party during their two-day layover in Moscow. All of them stayed in Spaso House, the official Moscow residence of the American ambassador. Based on an hour-by-hour inspection of their whereabouts, the best opportunity for any Soviet official to convey his gratitude to Ales would indeed have been on the evening of February 13, 1945, when the American delegation went to the Bolshoi Theater for a performance of Swan Lake.<br />
<br />
A document from the Russian archives strongly suggests that it was on this occasion that Ales was thanked. The working Soviet diplomatic protocol listed the people invited to the Bolshoi central box on that evening. Eleven Russians and 13 Americans were to sit together in the central box � a grand box right in the center of the house, nearly three tiers in height and draped in red brocade curtains. Once designed for the tsar�s family, it can seat two dozen or more officials in its four rows of heavy red plush-and-gilt armchairs.<br />
<br />
The American list included Stettinius, Ambassador Averell Harriman and his daughter, Generals Dean, Hill, Roberts, and Spaulding, Admiral Olsen, Matthews, Hiss, Page, Foote, and diplomat George Kennan. The Russian list began with Foreign Minister V. M. Molotov, whose name was obviously added in ink and numbered �No. 1a,� with his first deputy Andrei Vyshinsky listed as �No. 1.� Molotov must have been added in order to upgrade the status of the Russian party. The list also included two of Molotov�s deputies besides Vyshinsky, Dekanozov and Litvinov; Ambassador Gromyko; Tsarapkin, the head of the U.S. department of the NKID (the foreign affairs commissariat); two other NKID officials, Chuvakhin and Fomin; and the chairman of the Moscow City Soviet, Popov. The only Russian in military uniform was Col.-Gen. Fyodor Kuznetsov � the director of the GRU of the General Staff of the Soviet Army from March 1943 to September 1947. <br />
<br />
Tellingly, the Russian list has a handwritten addition at the bottom of a column explaining that Vyshinsky had given last-minute instructions that someone named �Mil�sky� should be seated with the Americans.<br />
<br />
Years of American scholarship have focused on the question of when and how Vyshinsky could have thanked Ales on behalf of the military. In fact, as a diplomat, Vyshinsky would never have agreed to decorate an intelligence source. According to interviews with retired KGB officers and diplomats, the GRU would have brought in its own operational officer to do this. And that is what happened. The GRU did the job all by itself, in a most elegant setting and in the presence of Kuznetsov, the GRU director himself. It was here that the �military NEIGHBORS,� as VENONA 1822 describes the scene, �passed on to him their gratitude and so on.� <br />
<br />
�Mil�sky� was the cover name for Col. Mikhail Abramovich Milstein, age 44, who was without question one of the GRU�s most competent and sophisticated officers. Mil�sky was the name he used from 1935 to 1938 as an operative and later as the �rezident� or station chief in New York City. Under the same alias, he had also visited Canada, the United States, and Mexico in the summer of 1944. In 1941 and 1942, as head of the Intelligence Department of the Red Army Western Front, he had organized intelligence operations against the advancing Nazis. By the time this experienced spymaster entered the Bolshoi central box, he was deputy head of GRU�s strategic intelligence directorate. Milstein had attended the Yalta conference. One of his colleagues at the Military Diplomatic Academy in Moscow later recalled, �I clearly remember that he went to Yalta and was continuously present in the meeting room, since he had on contact a highly valuable source of information.�<br />
<br />
Garrulous, articulate, and athletic, Milstein was a likable man, a great storyteller, and the heart of any party, where he could drink anyone under the table. After his retirement as a lieutenant general, he had a long and successful academic career. He was perfectly suited to convey the GRU�s commendation to Ales. But whom did he thank? Because Conn was not in the box, he must be eliminated. So we are left with one candidate � Wilder Foote.<br />
<br />
<br />
WHO WAS WILDER FOOTE?<br />
<br />
Henry Wilder Foote, born in 1905, came from a long line of New England farmers, sailors, and theologians. He went to Harvard � like his father � and graduated in 1927. That fall he went abroad to travel and study informally in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna. Late in 1928 Foote returned to America and on October 22 married Marcia Noyes Stevens, the daughter of a founding editor of The Christian Science Monitor. That autumn he got a job as a staff writer for the Associated Press in Boston. In 1931, he was still with AP, serving as a night editor. That year he quit and moved to Vermont, where he bought three weekly regional newspapers, which he edited and published for nearly 10 years. <br />
<br />
When Foote took control of his main weekly, the Middlebury Register, it was a self-described Republican newspaper. Foote changed its affiliation to Independent. Through the late 1930s, as the specter of fascism threatened Europe, he became active in the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, a lobbying group chaired by William Allen White, the well-known Republican newspaper editor from Kansas. Foote�s membership in the group marked him as an ardent interventionist. According to his son, also named Wilder Foote, his father was a staunch admirer of Franklin Roosevelt. �My father was a lifelong Democrat of a liberal bent,� says the junior Foote. �He was a strong supporter of FDR and the New Deal. His international views were definitely of a worldly nature, as he had been a [retrospective] supporter of Wilson�s attempts to make the League of Nations a viable entity. He believed strongly that international recognition and cooperation was essential to world order instead of world chaos.�<br />
<br />
Recall that the Air Force historian Eduard Mark dismissed Foote as an unlikely candidate for Ales because, throughout the 1930s, �he rusticated in the farther reaches of New England.� However, Foote was a cosmopolitan, an intellectual, and an internationalist. In fact, a well-connected journalist like Foote might have been of interest to the Soviets � even in Vermont. Soviet intelligence placed a premium on the recruitment of journalists whose work and broad contacts made them natural conduits of information and influence.<br />
<br />
In November 1941, just before Pearl Harbor, Foote moved to Washington to serve as an information officer with the Office of Emergency Management. In 1942 he transferred to the Office of War Information (OWI), where he became its news bureau liaison officer. Among his other responsibilities, Foote was supposed to be in communication with William �Wild Bill� Donovan�s Office of the Coordinator of Information � the predecessor to the Office of Strategic Services. A short time later, he was promoted to chief of the Lend-Lease and Combined Boards Section of the OWI. This job gave him access to information throughout the War and State Departments on Lend-Lease issues, a topic of prime interest to the Soviets, who were in desperate need of military supplies throughout much of the war.<br />
<br />
By the end of 1943, Foote was promoted again, this time to head the foreign information programs (Lend-Lease). Although he maintained an office at OWI, he spent most of his time working for Stettinius, who was running the Lend-Lease program. Stettinius took a liking to the affable Foote and valued his ability to draft speeches and memos. On February 14, 1944, Foote quit his position at the OWI to become a special assistant to Stettinius, who was now the Foreign Economic Administrator.<br />
<br />
In the autumn of 1944, Secretary of State Cordell Hull sent Foote to Britain, France, Italy, and North Africa to gather �first-hand information on the part played by Lend-Lease and reverse Lend-Lease in allied war operations.� Secretary of War Henry Stimson armed him with a letter of introduction specifying that he was �authorized to obtain all types of classified as well as unrestricted information material in this field.� Throughout these assignments, Foote served as a high-level government reporter. As such, he had access to plenty of military secrets and sensitive diplomatic information.<br />
<br />
When Stettinius was elevated to secretary of state, Foote once again followed his patron. On January 24, 1945, he was formally promoted to be an assistant to the secretary of state.<br />
<br />
In many respects, Foote fits the profile of Ales better than Hiss does. Like Hiss, he followed the Ales itinerary from Yalta to Moscow to Mexico City and finally to the San Francisco conference. But unlike Hiss, he was still in Mexico City when the March 5 cable says that Ales was there. He had access to high-level information from the time he joined the government in 1941. The Soviets would have been particularly interested in an official whose expertise on Lend-Lease issues was of vital interest to their war effort � not to mention one who became an assistant to the secretary of state in charge of drafting the secretary�s, and sometimes the president�s, speeches.<br />
<br />
Foote was present at many of the Yalta meetings, often sitting immediately behind Roosevelt and Stettinius, who relied upon him to take handwritten notes in a black notebook. Foote was also the principal writer of the joint communiqu� issued at the conclusion of the conference.<br />
<br />
In July 1945 Foote left the State Department to follow Stettinius to the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. When Stettinius resigned in June 1946 from the UN job, Foote became an assistant to his successor, Warren Austin. In August 1947, Foote left the U.S. Mission to the United Nations to become Director of the UN Secretariat�s Press and Publications Bureau. Throughout the 1950s, Foote continued to work as a top aide to both the Secretary Generals Trygve Lie and Dag Hammarskj�ld. He traveled widely with Secretary General Lie and became the United Nations�s public spokesman and ardent advocate. He retired from the United Nations in 1960 at the relatively young age of 55, telling friends that he was moving to Maine where he wished to write and fish. After Hammarskj�ld�s death in an airplane crash in Rhodesia, Foote edited a collection of Hammarskj�ld�s papers. He died in relative obscurity in 1975.<br />
<br />
Was Wilder Foote Ales? We have no unambiguous answer to that question, so we decline to do what others have done when they rushed to identify Hiss as Ales. Nevertheless, we have turned up a considerable amount of additional information that suggests Foote fits the Ales profile.<br />
<br />
Evidence from the Moscow archives indicates that the Soviets received leaked confidential reports from within the office of Secretary of State Stettinius. On March 19, 1945, Ambassador Gromyko received a memo from Stettinius titled �Preliminary Proposals on the Organization of the Conference in San Francisco.� It looks as if whoever passed along the double-spaced memo had typed on the bottom of its last page a single-spaced paragraph that said: �On the secret agreement between USA and Holland for providing the USA naval and aviation bases in the Dutch West Indies, Holland has received from the USA a loan of 175 million dollars.� And again, on June 23, 1945, at the close of the conference, Gromyko received �Materials sent from the Office of Stettinius,� including a cover-signed memo and attached notes of an address Stettinius was going to make on the same day. Along with these two official papers, Gromyko obtained a one-page light copy of an untitled draft of a statement Stettinius was to make later that day to address whether the Provisional Polish Government of National Unity would sign the UN Charter � a topic of concern to the Soviets.<br />
<br />
The leads in Russian files continue into the early Cold War period. We now know from archival files in Moscow that the Soviets had a very good source (or sources) at the UN Secretariat and probably in Lie�s immediate circle. The so-called Molotov private-files collection, only recently declassified in Moscow, has produced a wealth of 1951 and 1952 reports flowing to Molotov, Stalin�s longtime foreign minister, from the heads of all the Soviet intelligence services. In one of these reports, dated September 19, 1951, the head of the Soviet Committee of Information tells Molotov that six days earlier in New York there was a conference of the leading officers of the UN Secretariat, presided over by Lie, devoted to drafting new guidelines on the Secretariat employees. Similar reports could only have come from a source in Lie�s inner circle. The Soviet source in the Lie office is not named in any of the released Molotov personal-file documents, but we do know from an FBI report that Lie himself told the FBI that Wilder Foote was �a very close adviser.�<br />
<br />
In our research into U.S. government files, we found that repeated investigations of Foote began in June 1941 � about six months prior to his government employment � and that he had a thick FBI file. When we first saw this file, it was heavily redacted, but some months later, we discovered unredacted copies of many of the FBI reports in Foote�s Civil Service Commission (CSC) file at the National Archives. Both the FBI and CSC investigations revolved around Foote�s various associations. This can be shaky ground, of course, but it can suggest how a particular person might have been introduced to certain ideas or activities. The history of Soviet espionage groups in the 1930s and �40s (most notably the Cambridge Five) suggests the importance of college associations in introducing left-wing ideas that sometimes led to the world of Soviet espionage.<br />
<br />
At Harvard, Foote began several longstanding friendships that are interesting in this context. While he was managing editor of The Harvard Crimson, the editor was Frederick Vanderbilt Field and a member of the editorial staff was Joseph Fels Barnes. After graduation, all three traveled to Europe.<br />
<br />
Field headed to London for postgraduate study at the London School of Economics, and his politics veered to the left. In his memoirs, he claimed to have been a Communist Party member, although Russian files describe him only as being �very close� to the party and that he was �generously donating money to several organizations close to� the Soviets. Documents show that he was in contact with various Soviet representatives in the United States beginning in early 1935. Some of these interactions may be described as �active measures� on behalf of the Soviet Union. Still, what we know does not prove that Field was a full-blown Soviet agent.<br />
<br />
Barnes spent eight months of 1928 in the Soviet Union studying Russian and returned there in early 1931, writing for The New York Herald Tribune; he said his intentions for going there were to master his Russian and to �see what was going on.� He revisited Russia in 1934 in his capacity as secretary of the American branch of the Institute of Pacific Relations. The Soviets regarded him as �highly left-wing.� Barnes returned to Moscow in the late 1930s as the Herald Tribune bureau chief.<br />
<br />
In 1953 Foote testified to an International Organizations Employees Loyalty Board hearing that he met Field in Berlin late in 1928 and saw him again �sometime during the 1930s.� He downplayed the friendship, however, and denied being aware of Field�s political views. Concerning Barnes, Foote told the board that he spent Christmas of 1927 in London with him and his mother and that he saw Barnes again the following spring in Vienna. Their associations in Vienna, he said, �were merely with the young Social Democrats of Austria, who were firm enemies of Communists as well as of the Fascists.� Foote testified that after Vienna, their ways parted but that Barnes stopped by �once or twice� to see him in Vermont. He said he also saw Barnes in London in late 1945 or early 1946 and again at the United Nations in the late 1940s.<br />
<br />
From our reading of Foote�s FBI and CSC files, it looks likely that Barnes played some role in Foote�s getting into government service. In the fall of 1941, Foote wrote to Barnes �asking about the possibility of a job in the Overseas Office for the Coordinator of Information.� Foote knew that Barnes had been appointed to the New York office of this nascent, pre-war intelligence organization headed by William Donovan. It is telling that the first federal government job Foote applied for was with a precursor to the Office of Strategic Services and the Central Intelligence Agency. �[Barnes] sent me an interim reply,� Foote said, �indicating there might be something later.�<br />
<br />
That Foote had such a history of friendship with Harvard classmates like Barnes and Field should not, of course, be interpreted as evidence of guilt. Critics may charge that we are deploying against Foote the same �guilt-by-association� tactics used throughout the McCarthy era. We can only respond that having identified an individual who matches the Ales itinerary, we are compelled by logic to assemble as full a biographical portrait as possible of him. What are the threads of this man�s life story? What were his politics? And yes, with whom did he associate? Do Foote�s associations convict him? No. But they help to answer the question of how plausible a candidate he may be for Ales. Foote�s friendships with Field and Barnes, dating back to student days and lasting more than two decades, suggest at a minimum that he was not merely �rusticating� up in Vermont.<br />
<br />
<br />
THE FBI AND WILDER FOOTE<br />
<br />
Allen Weinstein writes in The Haunted Wood of an encounter between Gorsky, the NKGB�s man in Washington, and Ruble (the cryptonym for an agent in charge of Ales) on April 2, 1945. Citing Vassiliev�s notes from Soviet intelligence files, Weinstein reports that Ruble slips a note to Gorsky while shaking hands. It warned Gorsky that an FBI agent had recently observed that a bundle of documents had been brought to New York, photographed, and then returned to Washington within 24 hours.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Judging by the character of the documents, only three people had access to them. One of these people is �Ales.� . . . According to Stettinius, the FBI agent told him such operations with documents had already gone on for 18 months, that in this manner, �hundreds and hundreds� of documents were withdrawn. Stettinius asked the FBI agent whether these documents were going to PM [a radical New York daily newspaper], to which the latter answered, �No, much lefter than this.� Concluding his conversation with [Ales] about it, Stettinius told him, �I hope it is not you.� <br />
<br />
<br />
Weinstein asserts that Ruble could only have heard this story directly from Ales, the man to whom Stettinius had in dismay said, �I hope it is not you.� Weinstein assumes that Hiss was Ales. But this ignores something Stettinius wrote in 1949 in his book Roosevelt and the Russians: �I never heard of any questioning of Mr. Hiss�s loyalty from anyone inside or outside of the State Department or from the FBI during my time of service in the Department.� Clearly, Stettinius seemed to think he had no reason to question Hiss�s integrity. And given the closeness of Stettinius and Foote, the story fits Foote better than it does Hiss. <br />
<br />
The items in Foote�s FBI file provide a glimpse of a man who appears to have been energetic, intelligent, and downright courageous, particularly given the growing anti-left political atmosphere of the late 1940s. Like many other civil servants, Foote had to cope with the stress associated with the anti-subversive investigations conducted by federal, state, and municipal agencies during the early 1950s, a period dominated by McCarthy�s headline-making searches for hidden Soviet agents. But in the end, the FBI�s investigators were unable to find anything that could cause Foote to be dismissed, let alone indicted. �McCarthyism was a problem for both my father and me,� says Foote�s son. �My father was on McCarthy�s �list� but was never called to testify.� <br />
<br />
Available American and Soviet files cannot resolve the issue of whether Wilder Foote was Ales, and the archival portrait we have of Foote simply does not paint a garish, McCarthy-era picture of a hardened Stalinist spy. The possibility exists that his interactions with the Soviets were sanctioned by his patron, Edward Stettinius, or by some other American government authority. But even without official sanction, Ales might not have thought of himself as a spy. After all, the Soviet Union was a wartime ally and many otherwise patriotic Americans thought that their government should be doing everything possible to help the Russians in their war against the Nazis. Still, it is hard to imagine that the GRU would bother to place Milstein in the Bolshoi central box to commend a �blind� source and not an important asset.<br />
<br />
A veteran GRU colonel, asked during a 2003 interview who Milstein met with at the Yalta conference, replied: �I emphasize: not an agent but a source of information, probably, a confidential contact at the Department of State who . . . had played a highly positive role in the development of Soviet-American relations.� When asked if that source was Alger Hiss, the GRU colonel became visibly irritated and insisted, �I have never heard of Hiss as an agent of [the] Kremlin from anybody.�<br />
<br />
Wilder Foote�s mentor and champion, Edward Stettinius, who was not only secretary of state but also a former chairman of U.S. Steel, considered Foote to be a man of sound political judgment. Foote�s actions show him to have been a person of strong character. Friends described him as gracious, resolute, patient, hardworking, and modest in demeanor. He clearly believed himself to be a man of impeccable integrity, an idealist who dedicated most of his career as an international civil servant to building up the United Nations as a bulwark of world peace. If he was also a gentleman spy, he was excellent at his craft. <br />
<br />
But it is important to remember that a decade ago a host of historians and intelligence officers hastened to proclaim the identity of Ales. It is clear to us now that they were premature. With this in mind, we must all be agnotics when it comes to Wilder Foote until the Russian archives open up. In the meantime, Wilder Foote�s son insists, �I am confident that the actions of my father will ultimately be proven to be above reproach.�<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Research for this article was supported by The Nation Institute.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
Kai Bird is the co-author with Martin J. Sherwin of American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer, which won the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Biography. Svetlana Chervonnaya, a Russian historian and TV documentary writer and producer, has a special interest in the history of Cold War espionage.
						
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000-->Nathaniel Weyl SHOULD have been known as a 3-time convicted felon and someone in the pocket<br />
of Wickliffe P. Draper, founder of The Bell Curve, and the persecutor of both Sacco and Vanzetti<br />
AND Alger T. Hiss. Instead history let&#39;s him off scot free and continues to indict an innocent Hiss.<br />
<br />
Draper was also behind such assaults against humanity as the Immigration Act of 1924, the American<br />
Eugenics Society, Hitler&#39;s Nuremburg Laws, Buck vs. Bell and The Involuntary Sterilization Laws,<br />
The Case of Dr. Ossian Sweet, The Hollywood Seven, McCarthyism itself, HUAC, and opposition to<br />
the de-Nazification of Germany, Brown vs. Board of Education and The Civil Rights Act of 1964. <br />
He also financed The Assassination of JFK. Then he sponsored most of the research behind the fatally <br />
flawed conclusions of The Bell Curve. This was after he funded a &quot;Back to Africa&quot; movement which<br />
offered a bonus to any black person who would move back to Africa. Later Doug Blackmon in the WSJ<br />
proved that Draper funded the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission in the 1960s. What more do <br />
you need to know?<br />
<br />
Certainly this are many arguments that Draper&#39;s sponsorship of Joe McCarthy, Robert J. Morris, Whittaker Chambers<br />
and Nathaniel Weyl is prima facie evidence that he would have been the person who convinced them to join <br />
him in the indictment of Alger Hiss by funding their efforts in this regard. There are NO Draper campaigns<br />
against humanity which were fair, accurate or justified. None. Therefore the Hiss case falls into this category<br />
as well since it was yet another Draper campaign against humanity. Does anyone here think that Draper<br />
would have actually latched onto a single accurate campaign in his entire lifetime? Can anyone here name one?
						
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						<span class='post_id'><a href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=11382&amp;view=findpost&amp;p=124246' rel='bookmark' title='Link to post #12'>#12</a></span>
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T17:20:12+00:00">25 October 2007 - 06:20 PM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000-->John wrote:<br />
<br />
 <em class='bbc'>Here is the Kai Bird and Svetlana Chervonnaya article exonerating Hiss.</em><br />
<br />
Ha&#33;  John did not even READ the article, at least not CAREFULLY.  The authors make it clear they are not attempting in any way shape or form to EXONERATE Hiss, only to demonstrate that he was not the &quot;Ales&quot; in the VENONA papers&quot;<br />
<br />
<br />
<em class='bbc'>We do not propose to address the larger question of whether Hiss was guilty or innocent of espionage, but rather to explore whether he fits the profile of the Soviet asset hidden behind the cover name Ales (pronounced A�-les). Historians of the craft of intelligence recognize the peril of assigning identities to code names more than 50 years after their use. It is difficult at best to translate from one language and culture to another, particularly when dealing with partially decrypted documents. Other imponderables include the ambiguities surrounding witting and unwitting sources and, most obviously, the incentives for intelligence officers to exaggerate the value of both their information and their sources.<br />
<br />
All of this is to say that we are aware that, like others before us, we tread on thin ice. Still, we have found evidence to suggest that Hiss could not have been Ales. Moreover, an alternative candidate exists. </em><br />
<br />
The authors admit they are not even addressing the issue of whether Hiss was guilty of espionage, only if he was the &quot;Ales&quot; referred to in the VENONA papers.  They state they have evidence to SUGGEST he could not be Ales.  Hardly a strong case for Hiss&#39; innocence.<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong class='bbc'>JOHN I AM STILL WAITING FOR YOU TO POST CREDIBLE DOCUMENTATION THAT HISS WAS EVER ACQUITTED IN A TRIAL BY HIS PEERS.  OF COURSE WHETHER HE WAS EVER ACQUITTED OF ANYTHING AND THE FACT THAT HE WAS ULTIMATELY CONVICTED DOES NOT IN ONE SENSE DEFINITIVELY PROOF EITHER HIS GUILT OR HIS INNOCENCE. WHAT BOTHERS ME IS THAT YOU HAVE POSTED A &quot;FACT&quot; (HISS WAS ACQUITTED) THAT FROM MY READING OF THE HISTORY OF THE CASE IS SIMPLY NOT TRUE.  I AWAIT YOUR REPLY.</strong><br />
<br />
But we must also remember that the legal system did find him guilty and his appeals failed.  So as far as the historical record, he does stand convicted.
						
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						<span class='post_id'><a href='http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=11382&amp;view=findpost&amp;p=124251' rel='bookmark' title='Link to post #13'>#13</a></span>
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T17:48:00+00:00">25 October 2007 - 06:48 PM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000-->Gentlemen and ladies, do you see what this Forum has devolved into?  In my opinion Graves&#39; membership should be permanently removed for that last remark.<br />
<br />
Even those who disagree with my politics ought to come down HARD on Graves.
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T17:54:53+00:00">25 October 2007 - 06:54 PM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000--><p class='citation'>Quote</p><div class="blockquote"><div class='quote'>The authors admit they are not even addressing the issue of whether Hiss was guilty of espionage, only if he was the &quot;Ales&quot; referred to in the VENONA papers.</div></div><br />
<br />
Um yeah, and the article you posted also only deals with the Ales issue. If you want to get into all the other fraudulent so-called &quot;evidence&quot; of Hiss&#39; guilt, we can do that.<br />
<br />
<p class='citation'>Quote</p><div class="blockquote"><div class='quote'>They state they have evidence to SUGGEST he could not be Ales.  Hardly a strong case for Hiss&#39; innocence.</div></div><br />
<br />
Yeah, academic papers are typically very cautious and measured in their conclusions and use words like &quot;suggest&quot; rather than definitive statements. This is the rule, not the exception. Hardly surprising. Now why don&#39;t you actually get around to addressing the evidence in the paper?
						
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						Posted <abbr class="published" title="2007-10-25T18:00:58+00:00">25 October 2007 - 07:00 PM</abbr>
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						<!--cached-Sat, 18 Feb 2012 15:39:29 +0000-->Owen, I read both articles.  Haynes and Klehr are essentially refuting the Kai Bird thesis.  I think their refutation is sound.<br />
<br />
Objective scholares who have looked at the evidence even before the appearence of the VENONA papers concluded that Hiss was indeed guilty.
						
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<option value="61">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- ICT:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="62">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- ICT:Resources</option>
<option value="63">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- ICT:Help</option>
<option value="174">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- ICT: Ask an Expert</option>
<option value="36">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Music</option>
<option value="64">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Music:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="65">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Music:Resources</option>
<option value="66">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Music:Help</option>
<option value="79">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Media Studies</option>
<option value="80">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Media:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="81">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Media:Resources</option>
<option value="82">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Media:Help</option>
<option value="242">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Film Reviews</option>
<option value="243">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Television Reviews</option>
<option value="84">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Government and Politics</option>
<option value="85">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Politics: Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="86">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Politics: Resources</option>
<option value="87">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Politics:Help</option>
<option value="88">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Political Debates</option>
<option value="96">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Economics and Business Studies</option>
<option value="97">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Economics: Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="98">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Economics: Resources</option>
<option value="99">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Economics: Help</option>
<option value="106">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Chinese</option>
<option value="107">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Chinese:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="108">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Chinese:Resources</option>
<option value="109">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Chinese:Help</option>
<option value="111">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- EFL</option>
<option value="2">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- English</option>
<option value="67">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- English:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="68">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- English:Resources</option>
<option value="69">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- English:Help</option>
<option value="241">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Books Reviews</option>
<option value="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Mathematics</option>
<option value="32">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Maths:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="34">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Maths:Resources</option>
<option value="35">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Maths:Help</option>
<option value="4">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Design and Technology</option>
<option value="33">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Design Technology:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="38">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Design Technology:Resources</option>
<option value="39">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Design Technology:Help</option>
<option value="5">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- History</option>
<option value="40">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- History:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="41">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- History:Resources</option>
<option value="42">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- History:Help</option>
<option value="127">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- 2nd World War Debates and Questions</option>
<option value="175">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- History Student Questions: Ask an Expert</option>
<option value="202">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- History Debates</option>
<option value="210">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Philosophy of History</option>
<option value="247">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- History ITT mentor</option>
<option value="249">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Interviews with Historians</option>
<option value="6">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Geography</option>
<option value="43">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Geography:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="44">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Geography:Resources</option>
<option value="45">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Geography:Help</option>
<option value="7">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Science</option>
<option value="46">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Science:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="47">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Science:Resources</option>
<option value="48">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Science:Help</option>
<option value="8">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Modern Languages</option>
<option value="49">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- MFL:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="50">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- MFL:Resources</option>
<option value="51">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- MFL:Help</option>
<option value="9">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Social Sciences</option>
<option value="52">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Social Sciences:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="53">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Social Sciences:Resources</option>
<option value="54">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Social Sciences:Help</option>
<option value="192">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Social Sciences: Changes in Society</option>
<option value="11">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Art and Design</option>
<option value="55">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Art:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="56">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Art:Resources</option>
<option value="57">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Art:Help</option>
<option value="12">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Physical Education</option>
<option value="58">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- PE:Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="59">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- PE:Resources</option>
<option value="60">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- PE:Help</option>
<option value="244">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Football</option>
<option value="259">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Golf</option>
<option value="211">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Philosophy</option>
<option value="212">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Debates</option>
<option value="216">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Dance and Drama</option>
<option value="250">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Health and Social Care</option>
<option value="251">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Health and Social Care Resources</option>
<option value="252">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Health and Social Care Discussion</option>
<option value="154">Educational Issues</option>
<option value="21">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Government Initiatives</option>
<option value="23">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- E-Learning</option>
<option value="70">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Debates in Education</option>
<option value="103">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Pastoral Care</option>
<option value="105">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Special Educational Needs</option>
<option value="114">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Learning Outside School</option>
<option value="145">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Cross Curricular Teaching Resources</option>
<option value="146">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Software Resources</option>
<option value="147">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Teaching Ideas</option>
<option value="148">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Quotations</option>
<option value="158">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- International Schools</option>
<option value="72">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Experiences of International Schools</option>
<option value="203">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Non-Academic Discussions</option>
<option value="245">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Flexible Learning</option>
<option value="164">Educational Conferences</option>
<option value="128">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Schools History Project</option>
<option value="193">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Learning Technology Conference (LT04)</option>
<option value="151">European Virtual School</option>
<option value="13">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Information</option>
<option value="14">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Resources</option>
<option value="15">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Cross Curricular Cooperation</option>
<option value="132">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- History Department</option>
<option value="102">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Oral History</option>
<option value="133">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Website Management</option>
<option value="135">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Meetings</option>
<option value="152">International Projects</option>
<option value="16">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- E-Help</option>
<option value="196">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- E-HELP Associates</option>
<option value="246">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- E-Help Seminars</option>
<option value="17">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- ENIS</option>
<option value="18">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Cross Curricular Cooperation</option>
<option value="100">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Student Collaboration</option>
<option value="115">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Spring Europe</option>
<option value="213">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- E-HELP</option>
<option value="214">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- E-HELP Seminars</option>
<option value="219">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Citizenship Project</option>
<option value="153">Association of Teacher Websites</option>
<option value="71">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Information</option>
<option value="19">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Member Web sites</option>
<option value="215">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- ATW Departments</option>
<option value="155">Teacher Training</option>
<option value="25">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Student Teacher Support</option>
<option value="156">European Languages Forum</option>
<option value="26">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Deutsch</option>
<option value="27">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Forum en Fran�ais</option>
<option value="73">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Curriculum Issues</option>
<option value="74">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Resources</option>
<option value="75">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Help</option>
<option value="253">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- d�bats</option>
<option value="28">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Svensktalande</option>
<option value="29">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Secci�n en espa�ol</option>
<option value="93">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Asuntos curriculares</option>
<option value="94">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Recursos</option>
<option value="95">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Ayuda</option>
<option value="30">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Nederlands</option>
<option value="89">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Ellinikos tomeas</option>
<option value="90">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- ������ ������������ �������</option>
<option value="91">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- ����� �����������</option>
<option value="92">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- �������</option>
<option value="104">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Italian Speakers</option>
<option value="125">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Cesk� a Slovensk� c�st f�ra.</option>
<option value="163">Controversial Issues in History</option>
<option value="126">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- JFK Assassination Debate</option>
<option value="197">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- JFK Online Seminars</option>
<option value="204">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- History and Political Books: Debates with Authors</option>
<option value="209" selected="selected">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Political Conspiracies</option>
<option value="217">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Watergate</option>
<option value="220">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Jack the Ripper</option>
<option value="221">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Robert Kennedy</option>
<option value="233">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Cold War</option>
<option value="234">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Nazi Germany</option>
<option value="235">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- The Death of Marilyn Monroe</option>
<option value="236">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Martin Luther King and Civil Rights</option>
<option value="239">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Chappaquiddick</option>
<option value="258">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Political Discussions</option>
<option value="167">Educational Research</option>
<option value="136">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- JFK Debate</option>
<option value="137">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Environmental Issues</option>
<option value="139">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Black History</option>
<option value="140">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Cold War</option>
<option value="143">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Oral History of the Olympic Games</option>
<option value="169">Cooperative Learning</option>
<option value="144">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Welcome to Cooperative Learning</option>
<option value="170">Historical Association</option>
<option value="171">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- News</option>
<option value="172">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Teaching History</option>
<option value="173">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Local History</option>
<option value="178">Ask an Expert</option>
<option value="179">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- History</option>
<option value="180">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Cold War</option>
<option value="181">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Vietnam War</option>
<option value="182">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Women&#39;s History</option>
<option value="183">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Life and Death of JFK</option>
<option value="184">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Spanish Civil War</option>
<option value="185">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- First World War</option>
<option value="186">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Nazi Germany</option>
<option value="187">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Second World War</option>
<option value="188">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- History of Russia</option>
<option value="189">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Black History</option>
<option value="190">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- History of Medicine</option>
<option value="195">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- American West</option>
<option value="199">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Nordic History</option>
<option value="200">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Holocaust</option>
<option value="206">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- History of India</option>
<option value="218">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;---- Watergate</option>
<option value="191">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- ICT</option>
<option value="254">Online Games</option>
<option value="255">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Welcome to Online Games</option>
<option value="256">Holiday Guide</option>
<option value="257">&nbsp;&nbsp;&#0124;-- Holiday Recommendations</option>

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