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<title>Mid-Life Cruising Sabbatical-05-Navigation</title>
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<div align=center> <h2>Mid-Life Cruising Sabbatical</h2>
<h3>Chapter 5</h3>
<h3>Navigation</h3>
</div>
<hr>

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<div class=Section1>

<div>

<p class=MsoNormal>We have gotten several questions on navigation, e.g.
&quot;How difficult is the navigation for this type of cruise?&quot; Let me set
your minds at ease. All you really need to have is basic coastal navigation
skills and a little common sense. You need to know how to read a chart, plot a
course, take bearings and plot lines of position, and do current calculations.
You do not need to learn celestial navigation and you do not need electronic
aids.</p>

<p>Having said that we didn't (and wouldn't) do this trip without GPS. However,
for many years people have been making this trip with only dead reckoning
navigation. </p>

<p>Let's look at why this is so. Assuming you follow our route (and the one
described in Van Sant's book), the longest passage you will make is about 160
miles (from Samana, Dominican Republic to the western end of Puerto Rico). For
over half this way you are coasting along the DR. Both the DR and Puerto Rico
are mountainous so you are not actually out of sight of land for very long.
Other passages are less than half this one. Ergo dead reckoning works fine.</p>

<p>You will of course need a reliable compass. You might want to have it swung
before setting off. A hand bearing compass or binoculars with a built in
compass are nice.</p>

<p>Your basic navigation aid will be charts. I don't remember how we decided on
our initial set, but here they are. This table is organized as follows: chart
name; source; reference number. BA is British Admiralty, DMA is US Defense
Mapping Agency, and IMRAY is Imray-Iolaire.</p>

<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>Chartkits for the Bahamas and the Virgins</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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  <p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
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  <p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
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 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
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  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>PILOT CHARTS, CENTRAL AMERICAN WATERS </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  <p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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  <p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>HATI TO PUERTO RICO</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>BA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>3689</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>MONA PASSAGE</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25700</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>EASTERN CARRIBEAN</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>1</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>LESSER ANTILLES, PUERTO RICO TO MARTINIQUE</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>A</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>PUERTO RICO</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>A1</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>ANGUILLA, ST MARTIN, ST BARTS</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>A24</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>ST CHRISTOPHER, ST EUSTATIUS, NEVIS, MONTSERRAT, SABA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>A25</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>BARBUDA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>A26</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>ANTIGUA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>A27</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>GUADELOUPE</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>A28</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DOMINICA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>A29</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>MARTINIQUE</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>A30</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>LESSER ANTILLES, MARTINIQUE TO TRINIDAD</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>B</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>ST LUCIA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>B1</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>BARBADOS</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>B2</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>GRENADINES - ST VINCENT TO GRENADA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>B3</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>GRENADINES - ST VINCENT TO MUSTIQUE</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>B30</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:19'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>GRENADINES - BEQUIA TO CARRIACOU</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>B31</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:20'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>GRENADINES - CANOUAN TO CARRIACOU</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>B311</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:21'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>VENEZUELA - PORT OF SPAIN TO CABO CODERA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>D1</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:22;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>VENEZUELA - CABO CODERA TO CABO SAN ROMAN</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>D2</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p>Most of the IMRAYs came from Boat US (all except the Ds). The rest came from
Blue Water Books in Ft. Lauderdale.</p>

<p>Along the way we realized we didn't have adequate charts for the Turks &amp;
Caicos and the Dominican Republic. We borrowed some from a fellow cruiser and
made some poor but adequate photocopies. These were:</p>

<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - CABO FRANCIS VIEJO TO PUNTA NISIBON</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25710</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>TURKS AND CAICOS AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - MONTE CRISTO TO CABO FRANCES </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>VIEJO</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25720</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>APPROACHES TO BAHIA DE SAMANA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25723</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>PUERTO PLATA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25803</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>PASSAGE BETWEEN ACKLINS ISLAND, HATI, AND CAICOS ISLANDS</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>26260</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p>When we got to Trinidad we added the following. You'll notice some
duplicates from our &quot;cheap photocopy&quot; list. We threw the cheap
photocopies away.</p>

<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>VIRGIN PASSAGE AND SONDA DE VIEQUES</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25650</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>ISLA DE CULEBRA AND APPROACHES</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25653</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>BAHIA DE BOQUERON</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25675</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>SOUTH COAST OF PUERTO RICO - GUANICA LIGHT TO PT TUNA LIGHT</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25677</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - CABO FRANCIS VIEJO TO PUNTA NISIBON</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25710</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>TURKS AND CAICOS AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - MONTE CRISTO TO CABO FRANCES
  VIEJO</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25720</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>APPROACHES TO BAHIA DE SAMANA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25723</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>PUERTO PLATA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>25803</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>PASSAGE BETWEEN ACKLINS ISLAND, HATI, AND CAICOS ISLANDS</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>DMA </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>26260</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>TRINIDAD TO CARUPANO</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>D11</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>VENEZUELA - CARUPANO TO CUMANA &amp; ISLA MARGARITA</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>D12</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>VENEZUELA - ISLA MARGARITA TO CARENERO</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>D13</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>ISLANDS OFF THE COAST OF VENEZUELA TORTUGA, BLANQUILLA, TESTIGOS</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>D14</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>VENEZUELA - CABO CODERA TO PTA SAN JUAN</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>D21</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>ISLANDS OFF THE COAST OF VENEZUELA - AVES &amp; ROQUES</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>D22</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>VENEZUELA - PUNTA AGUIDE TO CABO SAN ROMAN AND ABC ISLANDS</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>D23</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>ARUBA AND BONAIRE</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>D231</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
 <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
  <td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>CURACAO</p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>IMRAY </p>
  </td>
  <td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
  <p>D232</p>
  </td>
 </tr>
</table>

<p>Charts are a matter of personal preference. We liked the IMRAY over the others.
The Street's guides give you a nice overview of what the various Imray-Iolaire
charts cover. In some areas we had overkill. Look at all the ones we had for
the Grenadines. Just B3 would have been sufficient.</p>

<p>A little aside. Trinidad &amp; Tobago (two islands, one country) are not
signatories of current international copyright law. That means nothing is
protected by copyright there. Many cruisers borrow charts from there fellows
and have excellent copies made on a fancy Xerox machine at a local drafting company.
Very inexpensive (like maybe $2 or $3 each depending on size).</p>

<p>Next will be your cruising guides and other reference books. Here's our list
plus some interesting reading.</p>

<p>Cruising guides:</p>

<p>AUTHOR: Van Sant, Bruce.<br>
TITLE: The gentleman's guide to passages south <br>
PUBLISHER: Cruising Guide Publications</p>

<p>AUTHOR: Doyle, Chris.<br>
TITLE: The cruising guide to the Leeward Islands <br>
PUBLISHER: Cruising Guide Publications</p>

<p>AUTHOR: Doyle, Chris.<br>
TITLE: The cruising guide to the Windward Islands <br>
PUBLISHER: Cruising Guide Publications</p>

<p>AUTHOR: Doyle, Chris.<br>
TITLE: A Venezuelan Cruise<br>
PUBLISHER: Cruising Guide Publications<br>
This is not really a cruising guide. It is a description of one cruise Doyle
took. I think he has subsequently written a complete guide covering Venezuela</p>

<p>AUTHOR: Scott, Nancy and Simon Scott<br>
TITLE: The cruising guide to the Virgin Islands <br>
PUBLISHER: Cruising Guide Publications</p>

<p>AUTHOR: Street, Donald M.<br>
TITLE: Street's cruising guide to the eastern Caribbean <br>
PUBLISHER: Norton<br>
This is published in volumes and parts. We had all volumes and all parts. Each
covers a different area. </p>

<p>AUTHOR: Etheridge, Harry<br>
TITLE: Yachtsman's guide to the Bahamas <br>
PUBLISHER: Tropic Isle Publishers</p>

<p>We also had an old cruising guide to Puerto Rico. It was published by either
Tropic Isle Publishers or by Cruising Guide Publications. I'm not sure of the
exact title. It is probably out of print now. Maybe someone has written a new
one.</p>

<p>Let's talk about cruising guides. My theory is the more the better. Each has
a little different perspective and each adds a little more to your knowledge.
Remember also that even though a guide will say &quot;1995&quot; much of the
data will be several years old. It would be impossible for any author to
validate all the data in a guide every year. Businesses come and go. Customs
procedures change. Hurricanes move navigational aids. You'll find many
&quot;errors&quot; in any cruising guide.</p>

<p>I said early on that even though I recommend Van Sant's book, I would take
some issue with it. The book mostly covers getting from Miami to St. Thomas.
That's 1400 miles dead to windward. Van Sant proposes a theory of how to beat
this. Basically you wait in a spot until a northern front comes through. This
causes the winds to clock and gives you a window of one to several days when you
will be able to move on down the line. The first problem with this system is
that it will take you quite a while to read the signs Bruce talks about to know
when the change is coming. The big problem is that in some places this clocking
rarely occurs. I remember calculating from the data in the Pilot Charts that
some of Bruce's conditions happen fewer than one day per month in some seasons.
</p>

<p>So what to do? Bruce's advice will probably keep you from going out when it
is dangerous to do so, but you won't be able to hit the perfect weather window.
You still gotta sail to windward. Maybe the year we went was just a bad one.
You'll find about a 50/50 split on opinions on this guide.</p>

<p>Another thing you have to remember when you read a guide is the author's
particular situation. When Don Street says that a harbor is difficult to get in
to you must remember he is doing in a boat with no engine.</p>

<p>Biases and being &quot;down island&quot; too long may also affect an author.
When Bruce Van Sant says that the Dominican Republic is a wonderful place to
re-provision you should know that his wife is from the DR. I remember sitting
in Tyrell Bay when a British yacht sailed in from Grenada (only about 35 miles
away). They were headed from Tyrell directly to England and had only stopped
because Chris Doyle had said that there was a wonderful place to provision
there. Doyle's &quot;wonderful place&quot; was stocked about as well as your
mom and pop store. Needless to say, the Brits were sorely disappointed. Three
weeks of canned beef stew.</p>

<p>Some other reference works we had:</p>

<p>TITLE: Cruising under sail<br>
AUTHOR: Hiscock, Eric<br>
PUBLISHER: Internation Marine</p>

<p>TITLE: Bowditch's Coastal Navigation<br>
AUTHOR: Bowditch, Nathaniel<br>
PUBLISHER: Arco</p>

<p>TITLE: Chapman Piloting Seamanship &amp; Small Boat Handling<br>
AUTHOR: Maloney, Elbert S.<br>
PUBLISHER: Hearst Marine Books</p>

<p>TITLE: Reed's nautical almanac<br>
You probably already know this one. Of course you want the edition that covers
eastern US and Caribbean.</p>

<p>TITLE: Weather for the mariner<br>
Very good book on weather forecasting, including how to interpret barometer and
sky conditions.</p>

<p>A first aid book. We did NOT get the one that told you how to do
amputations! (yuck)</p>

<p>Several books on celestial navigation including almanacs and sight reduction
tables.</p>

<p>A book on knots and splices.</p>

<p>TITLE: World radio TV handbook<br>
PUBLISHER: Billboard Publications<br>
This list all radio &amp; TV stations in the world. It's great for finding
local stations. It also gives short-wave frequencies for things like VOA and
the BBC.</p>

<p>As long as we are doing books, here are some interesting novels set in the
Caribbean:</p>

<p>AUTHOR: Wouk, Herman<br>
TITLE: Don't stop the carnival<br>
A funny account of St. Thomas in the 50s.</p>

<p>TITLE: The mouse that roared<br>
I have not read this but it is supposedly an account of Anguilla's
&quot;revolution&quot;. Sorry but I could not find a complete bibliographic
citation.</p>

<p>AUTHOR: Thomas, G. C. H.<br>
TITLE: Ruler in Hiroona.<br>
PUBLISHER: Macmillan Caribbean<br>
You may not appreciate this one until you are well &quot;down island&quot; and
have met many characters like those in the book. It's a not very well veiled
account of St. Vincent politics. Easily gotten in bookstore in Bequia.</p>

<p>AUTHOR: Michener, James A. <br>
TITLE: Caribbean <br>
PUBLISHER: Ballantine<br>
Typical late Michener, but entertaining because it talks about many of the
islands in the eastern Caribbean.</p>

<p>Don't forget to take along some regular tourist guides. You know, like
Fodor's or Sierra Club or whatever you like. Once you get to an island you are
going to want to explore it.</p>

<p>This will probably get us our first flame, but in our opinion celestial
navigation has no place on a cruise such as ours. We did not meet a single
person who used it in the Caribbean. I am sure its fine for crossing oceans,
but not in the confined spaces and short passages that we did.</p>

<p>Of course we did take a sextant (a lovely Weems &amp; Plath Jim was given as
a farewell gift from his Cleveland employer) and all the associated reference
materials, but more for entertainment than anything else. If you have always
wanted to learn celestial navigation, your trip will be the perfect place for
it. Get yourself one of those practical books like &quot;Celestial Navigation
for Idiots&quot;. William Buckley's videotape is a riot. Mr. Buckley says
celestial navigation is the act of assuming where you are and then proving
yourself wrong!</p>

<p>Those of you who do not care to read my ruminations on celestial navigation
are welcome to skip the rest of this section, but I thought some of you might
be interested. </p>

<p>One needs to know two things to precisely place yourself on the earth:
longitude and latitude. Since at least the 13th century mariners have been able
to determine their latitude accurately. In the northern hemisphere all they had
to do was measure the altitude of the North Star above the horizon. A direct
calculation of latitude could be made form this angle (no tables were even
needed). South of the equator things were a little more complicated since there
is no southern equivalent of the North Star. However, this problem was solved by
using the sun and a set of declination tables. The printing of these tables was
one of the first uses of Gutenberg's printing press.</p>

<p>Not knowing their longitude in crossing the Atlantic was not such a big deal
for the Europeans. Let's say you wanted to sail from England to Antigua. You
know the latitude of Barbados is 17 degrees north. You simply leave England
heading southwest until you get to the 17 parallel. You then head due west
until you get to Antigua. Any slight error in your latitude isn't fatal because
you've got to hit some island in the West Indies. The Pacific was much
different since a slight error in latitude could mean you miss the island you
are heading for and there isn't another one for thousands of miles.</p>

<p>To know one's longitude it is necessary to be able to measure time
accurately. Until the 1760s there were no time pieces accurate enough. In
1713-14 the British Parliament offered a prize for the first person who could
accurately determine longitude. The prize was 20,000 pounds (probably close to
$10,000,000 today). I believe the accuracy test required a voyage from England
to the West Indies and back with a cumulative error of no more than 30 seconds
of longitude. The prize was won by a John Harrison who, of course, spent the
rest of his life fighting the government for his money.</p>

<p>Modern celestial navigation works as follows: You use your sextant to
measure the height above the horizon of any one of some 57 celestial bodies
(the sun, planets and a bunch of stars) and you note the exact time. You then
use a nautical almanac and sight reduction tables to calculate a line of
position. In other words, the only place you could have been to see sun at this
angle at this time on this day would be on this LOP (line of position). You do
the same thing for another celestial body (or the same one a little later);
plot this LOP; and voila! where the two LOPs intersect is where you are.</p>

<p>The most difficult part of all this is taking the sight. You must hold the
sextant level, and keep the horizon and the celestial object steady as you
measure the angle. Doing this at sea on a small boat is not easy. You also have
to be able to see the horizon and the celestial object clearly. No haze or
cloudy days allowed.</p>

<p>You will find people who will swear how accurately they can find their
position with celestial navigation. Maybe so. The best I have ever done is a
six mile error, and that was standing on dry land!</p>

<p>Here's another story. My younger brother graduated from the Naval Academy in
1974. By then (over 20 years ago), Annapolis had stopped teaching celestial
navigation. They taught the midshipmen to do the sight reductions but not to
take the sights. During one stint at sea my brother asked an old NCO to teach
him to take sights. The best that even this NCO could do was a one mile error
and that was from the deck of a carrier!</p>

<p>I do believe that the Coast Guard Academy still teaches celestial navigation
on &quot;Eagle&quot;, but it's probably more a &quot;rite of passage&quot; than
a practical skill.</p>

<p>You decide. As you can see I have no opinion on the subject!</p>

<p>We had intended this article to include discussions of electronics and
communication as well as navigation. However it's already so long that we
decided to break it into two. Electronics and communications next time.</p>

<p>Happy Thanksgiving</p>

<p>Jim &amp; Diane</p>

<p>PS For all you ocean sailing types who think Great Lakes sailing is a piece
of cake; today (November 10) is the 20th anniversary of the wreck of the
&quot;Edmund Fitzgerald&quot;. May they rest in peace. </p>

<p>Send comments to: <a href="mailto:jkbarrentine@earthlink.net">jkbarrentine@earthlink.net</a> </p>

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