HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Tue, 28 Feb 2012 20:32:22 GMT
Server: Apache/2.2.17 (Unix) mod_ssl/2.2.17 OpenSSL/0.9.7l DAV/2 PHP/5.3.0
Last-Modified: Fri, 25 Feb 2011 18:42:17 GMT
ETag: "aca6-49d1fb0775440"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 44198
MS-Author-Via: DAV
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><!-- InstanceBegin template="/Templates/sub-supporting.dwt" codeOutsideHTMLIsLocked="false" -->
<head>
<!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="doctitle" -->
<title>Bernice Joseph's Keynote Speech at 2005 AFN Convention</title>
<!-- InstanceEndEditable --><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
<!--
function MM_swapImgRestore() { //v3.0
  var i,x,a=document.MM_sr; for(i=0;a&&i<a.length&&(x=a[i])&&x.oSrc;i++) x.src=x.oSrc;
}

function MM_preloadImages() { //v3.0
  var d=document; if(d.images){ if(!d.MM_p) d.MM_p=new Array();
    var i,j=d.MM_p.length,a=MM_preloadImages.arguments; for(i=0; i<a.length; i++)
    if (a[i].indexOf("#")!=0){ d.MM_p[j]=new Image; d.MM_p[j++].src=a[i];}}
}

function MM_findObj(n, d) { //v4.01
  var p,i,x;  if(!d) d=document; if((p=n.indexOf("?"))>0&&parent.frames.length) {
    d=parent.frames[n.substring(p+1)].document; n=n.substring(0,p);}
  if(!(x=d[n])&&d.all) x=d.all[n]; for (i=0;!x&&i<d.forms.length;i++) x=d.forms[i][n];
  for(i=0;!x&&d.layers&&i<d.layers.length;i++) x=MM_findObj(n,d.layers[i].document);
  if(!x && d.getElementById) x=d.getElementById(n); return x;
}

function MM_swapImage() { //v3.0
  var i,j=0,x,a=MM_swapImage.arguments; document.MM_sr=new Array; for(i=0;i<(a.length-2);i+=3)
   if ((x=MM_findObj(a[i]))!=null){document.MM_sr[j++]=x; if(!x.oSrc) x.oSrc=x.src; x.src=a[i+2];}
}
//-->
</script>
<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript">
<!--
function mmLoadMenus() {
  if (window.mm_menu_0908132614_0) return;
  window.mm_menu_0908132614_0 = new Menu("root",309,16,"Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",10,"#ffffff","#cc3300","#cc3300","#ffffff","left","middle",3,0,1000,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
  mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Sharing&nbsp;Our&nbsp;Pathways&nbsp;Newsletters","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/SOP/'");
mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Native&nbsp;Organizations,&nbsp;Conferences&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Ed&nbsp;Opportunities","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/NPE/natorgs.html'");
  mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Oral&nbsp;Tradition&nbsp;and&nbsp;Cultural&nbsp;Atlases","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/NPE/oral.html'");
  mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Spirituality","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/NPE/spirituality.html'");
  mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Alaska&nbsp;Native","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/NPE/anl.html'");
  mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Alaska&nbsp;Native&nbsp;Science/Math&nbsp;Education","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/NPE/ansme.html'");
  mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Elders&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Cultural&nbsp;Camps","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/NPE/elders.html'");
mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Parent&nbsp;Involvement","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/NPE/Parents.html'");  
mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Alaska&nbsp;Native&nbsp;Claims&nbsp;Settlement&nbsp;Act","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/NPE/ancsa.html'");
mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("History&nbsp;of&nbsp;Alaska&nbsp;Native&nbsp;Education","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/Curriculum/Articles/History/'");
  mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Culturally-Based&nbsp;Curriculum&nbsp;Resources","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/Resources/course/view.php?id=2'");
  mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Articles,&nbsp;Speeches&nbsp;and&nbsp;Papers","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/Curriculum/articles.html'");
  mm_menu_0908132614_0.addMenuItem("Effie&nbsp;Kokrine&nbsp;Charter&nbsp;School","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/NPE/EKCS/'");
   mm_menu_0908132614_0.hideOnMouseOut=true;
   mm_menu_0908132614_0.menuBorder=1;
   mm_menu_0908132614_0.menuLiteBgColor='#000000';
   mm_menu_0908132614_0.menuBorderBgColor='#999999';
   mm_menu_0908132614_0.bgColor='#999999';
  window.mm_menu_0908133113_1 = new Menu("root",153,16,"Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",10,"#ffffff","#cc3300","#cc3300","#ffffff","left","middle",3,0,1000,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
  mm_menu_0908133113_1.addMenuItem("Aleut&nbsp;Alutiiq","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/ANCR/aleut.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133113_1.addMenuItem("Athabascan","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/ANCR/athabascan.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133113_1.addMenuItem("I&ntilde;upiaq","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/ANCR/inupiaq.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133113_1.addMenuItem("Tlingit&nbsp;Haida&nbsp;Tsimshian","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/ANCR/southeast.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133113_1.addMenuItem("Yup'ik&nbsp;Cup'ik","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/ANCR/yupik.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133113_1.addMenuItem("St.&nbsp;Lawrence&nbsp;Island&nbsp;Yupik","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/ANCR/inupiaq.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133113_1.addMenuItem("Alaska&nbsp;Native","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/NPE/anl.html'");
   mm_menu_0908133113_1.hideOnMouseOut=true;
   mm_menu_0908133113_1.menuBorder=1;
   mm_menu_0908133113_1.menuLiteBgColor='#000000';
   mm_menu_0908133113_1.menuBorderBgColor='#999999';
   mm_menu_0908133113_1.bgColor='#999999';
  window.mm_menu_0908133315_2 = new Menu("root",303,16,"Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",10,"#ffffff","#cc3300","#cc3300","#ffffff","left","middle",3,0,1000,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
  mm_menu_0908133315_2.addMenuItem("Alaska&nbsp;Native&nbsp;Science&nbsp;Commission","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/ansc.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133315_2.addMenuItem("Science&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;North&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;IPY","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/scienceno.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133315_2.addMenuItem("Cultural&nbsp;Research,&nbsp;Documentation&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Impact&nbsp;Analysis","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/cultres.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133315_2.addMenuItem("Cultural&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Intellectual&nbsp;Property&nbsp;Rights","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/rights.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133315_2.addMenuItem("Traditional&nbsp;Ecological&nbsp;Knowledge","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/tek.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133315_2.addMenuItem("Subsistence&nbsp;Way&nbsp;of&nbsp;Life","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/subsistence.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133315_2.addMenuItem("Traditional&nbsp;Health,&nbsp;Medicine&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Healing","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/health.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133315_2.addMenuItem("Ecology,&nbsp;Environment&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Education","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/ecology.html'");
  mm_menu_0908133315_2.addMenuItem("Education&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Community&nbsp;Development","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/EdCommDev.html'");
   mm_menu_0908133315_2.hideOnMouseOut=true;
   mm_menu_0908133315_2.menuBorder=1;
   mm_menu_0908133315_2.menuLiteBgColor='#000000';
   mm_menu_0908133315_2.menuBorderBgColor='#999999';
   mm_menu_0908133315_2.bgColor='#999999';
  window.mm_menu_0908135454_3 = new Menu("root",238,16,"Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",10,"#ffffff","#cc3300","#cc3300","#ffffff","left","middle",3,0,1000,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("Aborigine&nbsp;of&nbsp;Australia","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/aborigine.html'");
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("Indigenous&nbsp;People&nbsp;of&nbsp;Africa","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/africa.html'");
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("Ainu&nbsp;of&nbsp;Japan","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/ainu.html'");
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("American&nbsp;Indian","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/amerind.html'");
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("First&nbsp;Nations&nbsp;of&nbsp;Canada","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/firstnat.html'");
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("Inuit","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/inuit.html'");
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("Maori&nbsp;of&nbsp;New&nbsp;Zealand","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/maori.html'");
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("Indigenous&nbsp;Peoples&nbsp;of&nbsp;Russia","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/russia.html'");
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("Saami&nbsp;of&nbsp;Scandanavia","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/sami.html'");
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("Native&nbsp;Hawaiian","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/hawaii.html'");
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("Indigenous&nbsp;Higher&nbsp;Education","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/ihe.html'");
  mm_menu_0908135454_3.addMenuItem("Indigenous&nbsp;Organizations&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Conferences","location='http://ankn.uaf.edu/IEW/ioc.html'");
   mm_menu_0908135454_3.hideOnMouseOut=true;
   mm_menu_0908135454_3.menuBorder=1;
   mm_menu_0908135454_3.menuLiteBgColor='#000000';
   mm_menu_0908135454_3.menuBorderBgColor='#999999';
   mm_menu_0908135454_3.bgColor='#999999';

  mm_menu_0908135454_3.writeMenus();
} // mmLoadMenus()

function MM_preloadImages() { //v3.0
  var d=document; if(d.images){ if(!d.MM_p) d.MM_p=new Array();
    var i,j=d.MM_p.length,a=MM_preloadImages.arguments; for(i=0; i<a.length; i++)
    if (a[i].indexOf("#")!=0){ d.MM_p[j]=new Image; d.MM_p[j++].src=a[i];}}
}

function MM_swapImgRestore() { //v3.0
  var i,x,a=document.MM_sr; for(i=0;a&&i<a.length&&(x=a[i])&&x.oSrc;i++) x.src=x.oSrc;
}

function MM_findObj(n, d) { //v4.01
  var p,i,x;  if(!d) d=document; if((p=n.indexOf("?"))>0&&parent.frames.length) {
    d=parent.frames[n.substring(p+1)].document; n=n.substring(0,p);}
  if(!(x=d[n])&&d.all) x=d.all[n]; for (i=0;!x&&i<d.forms.length;i++) x=d.forms[i][n];
  for(i=0;!x&&d.layers&&i<d.layers.length;i++) x=MM_findObj(n,d.layers[i].document);
  if(!x && d.getElementById) x=d.getElementById(n); return x;
}

function MM_swapImage() { //v3.0
  var i,j=0,x,a=MM_swapImage.arguments; document.MM_sr=new Array; for(i=0;i<(a.length-2);i+=3)
   if ((x=MM_findObj(a[i]))!=null){document.MM_sr[j++]=x; if(!x.oSrc) x.oSrc=x.src; x.src=a[i+2];}
}
//-->
</script>
<script language="JavaScript1.2" src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/mm_menu.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="head" -->
<style type="text/css">
<!--
.style2 {color: #000066}
-->
</style>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
.style4 {font-weight: bold; background-color: #FFFFCC; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22px;}
-->
</style>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
.style5 {color: #CC0000}
-->
</style>
<link href="../../../ankn.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<!-- InstanceEndEditable -->
<link href="http://ankn.uaf.edu/ankn.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<link href="../../../ankn.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body onload="MM_preloadImages('http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting2_05.gif','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting2_06.gif','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting2_07.gif','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting2_08.gif','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting2_09.gif','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting2_10.gif','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting2_11.gif','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting2_12.gif','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar2_r1_c1.gif','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar2_r2_c1.gif','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar2_r3_c1.gif','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar2_r4_c1.gif','../../../images/supporting2_05.gif','../../../images/supporting2_07.gif','../../../images/supporting2_08.gif','../../../images/supporting2_09.gif','../../../images/supporting2_10.gif','../../../images/supporting2_11.gif','../../../images/supporting2_12.gif')">
<table width="750" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tr>
		<td>
			<img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting_01.gif" width="100" height="25" alt="This is part of the ANKN Logo" /></td>
		<div align="right"><a href="http://ankn.uaf.edu/GoogleSearch/">
							<INPUT TYPE="submit" VALUE="Search ANKN"></a></div></td>
		<td>
			<img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting_03.gif" width="2" height="25" alt="This is part of the ANKN Banner" /></td>
	</tr>
	<!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="navbar" -->
	<tr>
      <td><img src="../../../images/supporting_04.gif" width="100" height="28" alt="This is part of the ANKN Logo" /></td>
      <td><img src="../../../images/supporting_05.gif" width="94" height="28" alt="This is part of the ANKN Banner" /></td>
      <td><a href="../../../index.html" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('Home','','../../../images/supporting2_05.gif',1)"><img src="../../../images/supporting_06.gif" alt="Home Page" name="Home" width="43" height="28" border="0" id="Home" /></a></td>
      <td><a href="../../../about.html" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('About ANKN','','../../../images/supporting2_06.gif',1)"><img src="../../../images/supporting_07.gif" alt="About ANKN" name="About RSI" width="74" height="28" border="0" id="About ANKN" /></a></td>
      <td><a href="../../../publications" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('Publications','','../../../images/supporting2_07.gif',1)"><img src="../../../images/supporting_08.gif" alt="Publications" name="Publications" width="79" height="28" border="0" id="Publications" /></a></td>
      <td><a href="http://ankn.uaf.edu/AcademicPrograms/" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('Academic Programs','','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/AcademicPrograms2.gif',1)"><img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/AcademicPrograms1.gif" alt="Academic Programs" name="Academic Programs" width="78" height="28" border="0" id="Academic Programs" /></a></td>
      <td><a href="../../index.html" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('Curriculum','','../../../images/supporting2_09.gif',1)"><img src="../../../images/supporting_10.gif" alt="Curriculum Resources" name="Curriculum" width="73" height="28" border="0" id="Curriculum" /></a></td>
      <td><a href="../../../calendar.html" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('Calendar','','../../../images/supporting2_10.gif',1)"><img src="../../../images/supporting_11.gif" alt="Calendar of Events" name="Calendar" width="65" height="28" border="0" id="Calendar" /></a></td>
      <td><a href="../../../announcements.html" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('Announcements','','../../../images/supporting2_11.gif',1)"><img src="../../../images/supporting_12.gif" alt="Announcements" name="Announcements" width="85" height="28" border="0" id="Announcements" /></a></td>
      <td><a href="../../../site.html" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('Site','','../../../images/supporting2_12.gif',1)"><img src="../../../images/supporting_13.gif" alt="Site Index" name="Site" width="57" height="28" border="0" id="Site" /></a></td>
      <td><img src="../../../images/supporting_14.gif" width="2" height="28" alt="This is part of the ANKN Banner" /></td>
    </tr>
	<!-- InstanceEndEditable -->
	<tr>
		<td>
			<img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting_15.gif" width="100" height="32" alt="This is part of the ANKN Logo" /></td>
		<td colspan="9">
			<img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting_16.gif" width="648" height="32" alt="This is part of the ANKN Banner" /></td>
		<td>
			<img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting_17.gif" width="2" height="32" alt="This is part of the ANKN Banner" /></td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
		<td>
			<img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting_18.gif" width="100" height="16" alt="This is part of the ANKN Logo" /></td>
		<td colspan="9">
			<img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting_19.gif" width="648" height="16" alt="This is part of the ANKN Banner" /></td>
		<td>
			<img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/supporting_20.gif" width="2" height="16" alt="This is part of the ANKN Banner" /></td>
	</tr>
</table>

<table width="750" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
  <tr>
    <td width="150" valign="top"><table width="140" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
        <!-- fwtable fwsrc="sidebar.png" fwbase="sidebar.gif" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "742308039" fwnested="0" -->
        <tr>
          <td><script language="JavaScript1.2" type="text/javascript">mmLoadMenus();</script>
              <a href="#" onmouseout="MM_startTimeout();" onmouseover="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0908132614_0,140,9,null,'sidebar_r1_c1');"><img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar_r1_c1.gif" alt="Native Pathways to Education" name="sidebar_r1_c1" width="140" height="44" border="0" id="sidebar_r1_c1" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('sidebar_r1_c1','','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar2_r1_c1.gif',1)" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" /></a></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><a href="#" onmouseout="MM_startTimeout();" onmouseover="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0908133113_1,140,0,null,'sidebar_r2_c1');"><img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar_r2_c1.gif" alt="Alaska Native Cultural Resources" name="sidebar_r2_c1" width="140" height="37" border="0" id="sidebar_r2_c1" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('sidebar_r2_c1','','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar2_r2_c1.gif',1)" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" /></a></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td><a href="#" onmouseout="MM_startTimeout();" onmouseover="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0908133315_2,140,0,null,'sidebar_r3_c1');"><img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar_r3_c1.gif" alt="Indigenous Knowledge Systems" name="sidebar_r3_c1" width="140" height="37" border="0" id="sidebar_r3_c1" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('sidebar_r3_c1','','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar2_r3_c1.gif',1)" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" /></a></td>
        </tr>
<tr>
          <td><a href="#" onmouseout="MM_startTimeout();" onmouseover="MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0908135454_3,140,0,null,'sidebar_r4_c1');"><img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar_r4_c1.gif" alt="Indigenous Education Worldwide" name="sidebar_r4_c1" width="140" height="53" border="0" id="sidebar_r4_c1" onmouseover="MM_swapImage('sidebar_r4_c1','','http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/sidebar2_r4_c1.gif',1)" onmouseout="MM_swapImgRestore()" /></a></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
	<td><div align="center"><a href="http://ankn.uaf.edu/GoogleSearch/">
							<INPUT TYPE="submit" VALUE="Search ANKN"></a></div></td></tr>
      </table>
    </td>
    <td width="1" valign="top" bgcolor="#CC3300">&nbsp;</td>
    <td width="599" valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><!-- InstanceBeginEditable name="body" -->
      <table width="600"  border="0" cellpadding="10">
        <tr>
          <td valign="top" class="body">


        
        <p align="left" class="head">Bernice Joseph's Keynote Speech at the 2005
          AFN Convention</p>
        <P><CENTER>
        </CENTER>
        </P>

        <p class="Head2">October 20, 2005</p>
        <table border="0" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
          <tr>
            <td width="216"><p class="smalltext"><img src="images/bernice_joseph_2005.jpg" alt="Bernice Joseph" width="180" height="179" />
              </td>
          </tr>
        </table>        
        <p class="body">[Opening joke - These two best friends
          went out hunting. Woody and Albert. As they were setting up camp, they
          could see a Grizzly moving toward them in the distance. Albert quickly
          started unlacing his boots and pulled out his tennis shoes out of his
          bag. Woody asked, "what do you think you're doing? You can't possibly
          outrun that bear?" Albert answered, I know that, silly, but I can certainly
          outrun you.]</p>
        <p>Do'eent'a? - How are you? - my Athabascan friends?
        <br />
          Neenjit don'cha? - my Gwich'in friends
          <br />
          C'amai - my Yup'ik Friends
          <br />
          Qanuq itpich? - my I�upiaq friends
          <br />
          Sh y&aacute;a awudan&eacute;ix'i - my Tlingit friends
          <br />
          Aang - my Aleut friends
          <br />
          Aloha - to our visitors</p>
        <p>Go esee Nulaghudoh hu ts'in nesyo. Se'ooza' Bernice Joseph
            <br />
            Go esee Si ts'ookal ma' ooza Rita Esmailka
            <br />
            Go esee Si ts'eekaal ma' ooza', Eddie Hildebrand
            <br />
            Go esee Enaa ma' ooza', Edith Nicholas
            <br />
            Go esee sikkuhn ma'ooza, Stewart Joseph
            <br />
            Go esee sigooga Nee/k'ayoodaa/no, tl'ee yagga hokk'a ma'ooza, Alice Joseph</p>
        <p>I thank my grandparents, mother and my husband Stewart for providing
          me with guidance, love and support.</p>
        <p>I am honored to be here and would like to thank the Alaska Federation
          of Natives Board of Directors, staff and Executive Director, Julie
          Kitka for inviting
            me to be the keynote for the 2005 <a href="http://www.nativefederation.org" target="new">Alaska
            Federation of Natives</a> meeting.</p>
        <p>I wish to address the theme "Follow the Lights - Native Ways of Knowing."
                  
I will then discuss the importance of education, while maintaining cultural identity,
  efforts in the development of a curriculum sensitive to our cultures, programs
  that incorporate indigenous and western values, and honorary degrees that exemplify
  what our people know, have to offer and can do for our youth.</p>
        <p class="Head3">What are the Native ways of knowing?</p>
        <p>I asked this question of my ts'ookaal, my grandmother, what were her thoughts
    about the Native ways of knowing. She asked whether I wanted to know in English
    or in her Native language. I said, Gram, you'll have to tell me in your Native
    language and then translate it. I've taken two semesters of Koyukon, but still
    only have a limited understanding.    </p>
        <p>Yoo dona dinaghaneet haghu ghal ts'otl - It was hard for us long time ago.</p>
        <p>Grandma's mother, the late Annie Mik'eendootza Ekada taught her how to set snares,
        how to cook, but she hardly sewed because she trapped, snared and was the sole
        provider of her kids. Grandma Annie lost her husband in 1937, so she provided
        to her family by herself.        </p>
        <p>My grandmother Rita learned to sew, crochet, and knit by watching
          other people. She learned how to make fur skin boots and fish skin
          boots by watching her mother.                            </p>
        <p>When my grandmother's mom was out setting snares and trapping,
                            grandma would cook, bring in wood, cook for the dogs and have
                            everything ready for her mother when she got back.          </p>
        <p>My grandmother spent very little time in the village, as a child.
          She went home for Christmas and stayed only until the middle of January.
                            During that time she attended the Catholic school
          in Nulato.
                            She then went back to camp until Easter and stayed
          in the village for about 2 weeks to attend school. With this schedule,
          she
                            completed her Western education to the 4th grade.          </p>
        <p>In 1938, Miss Olson, a nurse at the clinic in Nulato, rounded up four
            girls from
                              the village to work at the hospital that existed
            in Nulato. The late Ida Agnes, Edna Stickman, Anita Demoski and my
            Gram
                              were recruited to help. They attended a basic class
            for 2 weeks and soon began delivering babies. My grandmother ended
            up delivering
                              almost all of Nulato along with the late Esther
          McGinty. Grandma fondly remembers delivering her late brother Henry's daughter
                              Freda, who later became to be known as "Radar" by her friends
                              and family, at their six-mile camp.            </p>
        <p>Native Ways of Knowing, Grandma continues, is to have the utmost respect
          for her upbringing and the knowledge she has of the land, animals,
                              beliefs, weather, plants and people around her.
          She has patience and much love to share with her family and community.
          Her primary
                              education was at camp where she learned to survive.
          Her secondary education was to eventually earn her community health
          aide
                              practitioner's certificate.</p>
        <p>I can almost guarantee that if you speak with any elder today, you
          will hear them speak of their support of Western Education. Most elders
                              I've spoken to, says that is important to have a Western education
                              to be able to compete in the world we live in today. It's important
                              to understand Western business concepts if you are going to
                              operate a successful business. It's important for our kids
                              to be exposed to Western educational opportunities, <strong>BUT</strong> not
                              at the expense of our cultures.            </p>
        <p>We are all too familiar with the statistics facing Alaska Natives
                              about educational attainment, suicide, alcohol
                              and drug abuse and the number
                              of Alaska Natives in prison.            </p>
        <p>Education is the key to overcoming many of the barriers Alaska Natives
                                face. Yet, it must be an education that is sensitive
                                to Native Ways
                                of Knowing. Children must be grounded in their
                                cultures and beliefs in order to be successful.
                                Recent studies from indigenous
                                peoples from places such as New Zealand, Canada
                                and Hawaii show that students perform at higher
                                levels when they are provided
                                with contextual or points of reference that they
                                can relate to in a meaningful way. </p>
        <p>As a matter of fact, as we become more global in nature and experience
                              a mixture of different cultures, it becomes more
                              difficult for cultural
                              identity and community to survive. Let me provide
                              an example that was written in the Harvard Educational
                              Review. In 1992,
                              a study was done by Keith Osajima documenting the
                              story of a Chinese American student's ambivalence toward and discomfort
                              with issues of racial/ethnic identity that she faced in her
                              daily life. She articulated her position in this way.</p>
        <blockquote>
          <p>"I grew up in a white suburb and my parents are also very Americanized, and spoke
                mostly English at home, so I don't speak Chinese�I also grew up trying to identify
                as much as possible with White people and feeling very inadequate because I would
                never be like them... I mean, it's constant conflict with me now. I assume it's
                going to be for the rest of my life... You know either being with White Americans
                and not feeling I'm like them, or going to the Chinese environment, like Chinatown
                or something, and not feeling like I fit in there." (Harvard
                Educational Review, Cambridge: Fall 2003). </p>
        </blockquote>        <p>This poignant example speaks directly to the question of culture and
          identity. Imagine how many of our Alaska Native youth must feel with
          constant uncertainty
              of their belonging. Let me take you through a small exercise. 
              </p>
        <p>I would like you to go through a small exercise. Take a moment
            to imagine your child's classroom. What does your child's classroom look like? What pictures
                or artwork hang in the school? Are there pictures and objects that the child
                can relate to? How are the days of the week, months, and years depicted by the
                teacher? What kind of literature are the children required to read?                </p>
        <p>Are there photographs of respected elders? Do elders and parents feel
          comfortable visiting the school? Is there respect for the subsistence
          activities and are
                students given excused or unexcused absences for hunting, trapping
          or other subsistence activities? Are teachers and administrators aware
          of the subsistence calendar?
                What type of homework is your student bringing home on a daily
          or weekly basis? Are students asked to write papers about manatees
          or moose? Alligators or beluga
                whales?                </p>
        <p>My instincts are that most curricula are Western in nature. As
            a result, students do not see themselves represented in written materials,
            texts, movies, videos
                  or literature. From this, is it safe to say that students are
            learning that it was the Europeans that made history, discovered
          other lands, shaped the histories
                  of science, the arts, and humanities; and made the important
            contributions to the world?                  </p>
        <p>Well, we <em>know</em> that's not true.</p>
        <p>Take for example, the first things my late great grandmother Martha
          Joe learned in school. In her biography, she stated that we had big
          charts hanging on the
                    wall in school. "The first words I learned were 'c-a-t' and 'r-a-t.' Sometimes
                    it was just like a dream." I wonder if she had ever seen a cat at that point
                    in her life. Let's see, cat subsist on rat. Gee, that makes sense.</p>
        <p>I believe that this speaks to the need for culturally appropriate
          curriculum that provides students with a sense of being.                    </p>
        <p>There have been great efforts by teacher organizations around
            the world, nation and out very own state to change this. There has
            been work at the K-12 and college
                      level curriculum. Make no mistake, there is much more work
            to be done as there continues to be a dominant influence of the Eurocentric
            mono-logical approach.
                                        
There have been efforts by organizations like the Athabascan Interior Native
                      Educators Association to build curriculum that based upon
            cultural activities, identification of animals, land, seasons and
          the subsistence round. The Alaska
                      Native Knowledge Network, in partnership with AFN has been
            recording and developing curriculum based upon elders' knowledge and input.</p>
        <p>The <a href="http://ankn.uaf.edu/NPE/EKCS/" target="new">Effie Kokrine Charter
            School</a> right here in Fairbanks has been
          a dream and vision for Alaska Native Educators for years. The concept
          stemmed from the first
                      Education Summit hosted by the <a href="http://www.firstalaskans.org/" target="new">First
                      Alaskans Foundation</a>.
          This Charter School opened their doors at the beginning of this academic
          year, and I might add, exceeded
                      their enrollment projections. There are many of us that
          share in the excitement of what they have to offer to Alaska Native
          students, and non-Native students
                      seeking a new way of learning. This school has over 90%
          Alaska Native teacher hire. They will make a difference for Alaska
          Native students, so we must support
                      their efforts 100%.                      </p>
        <p>There has also been recognition by the University of Alaska
            by honoring elders for their extensive knowledge through time. Several
            elders and Native Alaskans
                        have been awarded with the prestigious honorary degree,
            the highest degree that a university can offer.                        </p>
        <p>The first Alaska Native to be honored with a doctorate
              degree was Dr. Walter Soboleff, a Tlingit. He was awarded the degree
              in 1968 and was invited back as
                          the <a href="http://www.uaf.edu" target="new">UAF</a> commencement speaker in 2003.                          </p>
        <p>The University of Alaska Fairbanks honored the late
            Chief Peter John, traditional chief of the Tanana Chiefs region,
          in 1994.
                At a summit hosted by <a href="http://www.uaf.edu/ruralss/" target="new">Rural
                Student Services</a> in 1990, Chief Peter John spoke of Troth
          Yeddha', the hill that UAF
                            now stands on, as an important meeting place for chiefs from the Interior.                            </p>
        <p><em>At the last meeting of the chiefs, he stated "people from all
            over the world will come to this great place of learning."</em></p>
        <p>These were the powerful words of our late Chief. He knew that good
          things would happen on that hill. If you were to visit the "hill" today, you would see people
                            from all over the world coming together to study and learn.                            </p>
        <p>There is important research taking place with scientists and elders.
          I asked a colleague of mine about examples on the North Slope. He share
          what he termed
                            a "hallmark" case from the 1970's and 80's. The US Government estimated a dangerously
                            low population of bowhead whales. The International Whaling Commission was about
                            to rule subsistence whaling off-limits to the I�upiat people. The whalers of
                            the North Slope knew that there were many more whales than the scientist had
                            estimated, and they showed the scientists that over generations the whales migrate
                            through the ice, not just through open water as the scientist had observed. The
                            North Slope Borough hired their scientists, and working together with the I�upiat
                            elders they developed an internationally respected census method that vindicated
                            the I�upiat whalers.</p>
        <p>There have also been some exciting and successful programs developed
          that incorporate Western and Indigenous knowledge. The Rural Human
          Services Certificate Program
                            is built on Alaska Native traditional values. This
          program developed by Interior-Aleutians Campus Director Clara Johnson
          with the work of an advisory council made up of
                            grassroots community people validates respective
          traditions to facilitate healing through the positive blending of Western
          concepts with Alaska Native traditional
                            values.                            </p>
        <p>The RHS program is thriving and showing continuous
            improvement since its inception just over 10 years ago. Over 149
          RHS counselors and students are working in rural
                              Alaska, achieving the goal of, "a counselor in every village."</p>
        <p>As I mentioned earlier, there are great things happening, but there
          is much more to do. For Alaska Native people to have their place at
          the policy-making level,
                              and to make bolstering changes, several things
          must happen. </p>
        <p>Alaska Natives must be respected for their knowledge. Alaska
            Native culture must
                                be as revered as the cultures of the Japanese,
            Chinese, Russians, and other cultural groups from around the world.            </p>
        <p>We face a huge challenge with the loss of the Alaska Native languages.
              Until
                                  it is as common for students to choose their
            own Alaska Native language in the schools as it is for Spanish, Russian,
              and French, to name a few, we are a long
                                  ways from having equity.            </p>
        <p>We must work together to build a solid telecommunications
              infrastructure that will allow our rural residents with quality
          internet access necessary to diversity
                                  their economies and access a quality education.            </p>
        <p>We must work to "grow our own" policy level makers. Our neighbors
              to the far south of us, the Maori of New Zealand took bold actions
              to produce 500 Maori
                                  PhD's. Under the leadership and guidance of Dr.
                                  Graham H. Smith, a Maori, they embraced an impressive
                                  plan to grow their own PhD candidates. Dr. Graham
                                  Smith
                                  is now working on a similar charge with the First
                                  Nations people at the University of British Columbia
                                  where they have set a target of 250 First Nations
                                  people
                                  to earn their PhD's. They will have success because
                                  there is commitment by the indigenous people
                                  to make a stance, and demand that level of commitment
                                  by their
                                  university. At UAF, we have begun to develop
                                  proposals that will move us toward these types
                                  of efforts. We have invited Dr. Graham Smith
                                  to spend a semester
                                  with us to develop a concrete plan for Alaska
            Native people.  </p>
        <p>Above all, we must work together
                                  to keep rural Alaska a viable place to live.
                                  It's going to take our legislators, state and
                                  federal government, community leaders and educators
                                  to support our communities through municipal
                                  funding. There a major
                                  mining economic development projects on the horizon
                                  near the communities of Illiamna, Bethel and
                                  Nome. It is our collective obligation to support
                                  these communities
                                  in order for the whole state to benefit from
            the development.  </p>
        <p>In conclusion, I note that
                                  the First Alaskans is making great strides
          towards building Alaska Native policy makers. They are
                                  in the process of building a "think
                                  tank" of Alaska Native people. It's all about
                                  Native minds shaping our future.  </p>
        <p>Our people have come a long way from only a few decades of Western
          education, to developing our own curriculum, to be recognized
                                  for traditional knowledge through honorary
          degrees and be recognized on Commissions, Boards, and
                                  now the
                                  Effie Kokrine School to further help us to
          maintain our sense and knowledge of self, while living
                                  in a western world, but empowered through cultural
                                  identity
                                  and cultural presence to stand tall and be
          counted for all of our contributions to education, health,
                                  politics, economics and science. We have done
                                  a lot, but
                                  we have only just begun.            </p>
        <p>In closing, I would like to call upon my family
                                  and friends to end with a special presentation
                                  dedicated to all of our youth, both those that
                                  have passed on, but
                                  more importantly to those that struggle to
          find their identity. </p>
        <p>Nulato singers, please join
                                  me in this special presentation. </p>
        <p>Anaa Mas'ee - Thank you so much for having me as your keynote. My warmest wishes
                                                  for a productive, illustrious
  and memorable meeting here in Fairbanks. </p>
          </table>
      <p align="left" class="body">&nbsp;</p>
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <!-- InstanceEndEditable -->
      <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
        <tr>
          <td><p align="left" class="smalltext"><a href="http://www.uaf.edu" target="_blank"><img src="http://ankn.uaf.edu/images/UAFLogoBlue.gif" alt="Go to University of Alaska" width="60" height="46" hspace="10" vspace="0" border="0" align="left" /></a>The
              University of Alaska Fairbanks is an affirmative action/equal opportunity
              employer and educational institution and is a part of the University
              of Alaska system.</p>
            <p align="left" class="smalltext">&nbsp;</p>
            <hr size="1" noshade="noshade" />
            <table width="100%">
              <tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
                <td colspan="2"><table width="100%"  border="0" align="left" cellpadding="20" cellspacing="0">
                    <tr valign="top">
                      <td align="left"><span class="Head3">Alaska Native Knowledge
                          Network</span><br />
                          <span class="smalltext">University of Alaska Fairbanks<br />
            PO Box 756730<br />
            Fairbanks&nbsp;&nbsp;AK 99775-6730<br />
            Phone (907) 474.1902<br />
            Fax (907) 474.2477</span></td>
                      <td align="left"><span class="Head3">Questions or comments? <a href="mailto:fyankn@ankn.uaf.edu"><br />
            Contact</a> ANKN</span></td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr valign="middle" bgcolor="#CC3300">
                <td height="20" colspan="2"><div align="center"> <span class="smalltext"><font color="#FFFFFF" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Last
                        modified
                            <!-- #BeginDate format:Am1 -->February 25, 2011<!-- #EndDate -->
                  </font></span> </div>
                </td>
              </tr>
          </table></td>
        </tr>
      </table>
      <p align="left" class="smalltext">&nbsp;</p>
      </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td colspan="3" valign="top"><div align="center" class="tagline">
      <p><a href="http://ankn.uaf.edu/">&mdash; HOME &mdash; </a></p>
      </div></td>
  </tr>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</body>
<!-- InstanceEnd --></html>