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                    <td width="110"><p><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
                        <font color="FF0000"><strong>overview</strong></font><br>
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                        <a href="ghostingnote1.htm">primers <br>
                        &amp; studies</a><br>
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                        <a href="ipguide17.htm" title="plagiarism and intellectual property">plagiarism</a><br>
                        <br>
                        <a href="ipguide18.htm" title="plagiarism and intellectual property">moral 
                        rights</a><br>
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                    <td width="480"> <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><img border="0" src="images/sectionmarker.gif" alt="section heading icon" width="10" height="10">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                        <strong>overview</strong><br>
                        <br>
                        This note considers ghostwriting and other ghosted cultural 
                        production, which has included musical compositions, paintings 
                        and sculptures. <br>
                        <br>
                        It covers -</font></p>
                      <ul>
                        <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="#introduction">introduction</a></font></li>
                        <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="#incidents">incidents</a></font></li>
                        <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="#statistics">statistics</a></font></li>
                        <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="#economics">economics</a></font></li>
                        <li><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="#blogs">ghost 
                          blogging</a> </font></li>
                      </ul>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">It 
                        supplements the more detailed discussion of <a href="ipguide17.htm" title="plagiarism and intellectual property">plagiarism</a> 
                        and <a href="ipguide18.htm" title="plagiarism and intellectual property">moral 
                        rights</a>. It supplements an exploration of <a href="essaymillsnote.htm">Essay 
                        Mills</a>.<br>
                        <br>
                        <img border="0" src="images/greendot.gif" alt="subsection heading icon" width="10" height="10">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                        <b>introduction<a name="introduction"></a>&nbsp;</b><br>
                        <br>
                        Ghostwriting and other ghosting raises issues of authenticity, 
                        economics and moral rights.<br>
                        <br>
                        A ghostwriter is an author who writes under someone else's 
                        name for that person. The text might be a memoir, a speech, 
                        a scholarly article or work of fiction. The ghost's contribution 
                        is either invisible - an invisibility generally sealed 
                        through a confidentiality agreement - or identified through 
                        a rubric such as 'with' or 'as told to'. <br>
                        <br>
                        Until recently public awareness of ghostwriting centred 
                        on books 'written' by celebrities, in particular autobiographies 
                        by politicians, entertainers and business figures who 
                        are either too busy - or textually challenged - to provide 
                        a text of the requisite coherence and polish. Helen Brown 
                        claimed in 2003 that</font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
                          Most ghostwriters are broke, young journalists. They 
                          do it once, for the money. Perhaps twice for the show: 
                          to see how the rich and famous live. Most never do it 
                          again, because celebrities take as much pleasure in 
                          sharing the limelight (and the profits) as journalists 
                          do in restraining their opinions. Yet as long as there 
                          are people with stories to sell and no time or no talent 
                          to tell them, the products of such precarious partnerships 
                          continue to sell. John Blake, of Blake Publishing, is 
                          responsible for many of the glossy tomes gracing the 
                          nation's coffee tables. He estimates that 80 per cent 
                          of celebrity books are ghosted or, euphemistically, 
                          &quot;co-written&quot;. We still get a thrill from eavesdropping 
                          on these second-hand confessions without taking much 
                          interest in the cloaked confessor, hanging on for the 
                          gossip not the prose. </font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Ghosting 
                        is not new - accounts from imperial Rome for example feature 
                        figures whose writing was not their own - and is not restricted 
                        to text. <br>
                        <br>
                        It has been identified in the composition of musical scores 
                        and in the visual arts, for example productions 'by' Andy 
                        Warhol, Salvador <a href="forgeryprofile6.htm">Dali</a>, 
                        Mark Kostabi or Jeff Koons. Conspiracists picture teams 
                        of scribes generating the works of Shakespeare. <br>
                        <br>
                        Charles Brifaut supposedly ghosted the 1851 memoirs of 
                        Lola Montez. Balzac concocted memoirs for one of Napoleon's 
                        chamberlains, the Paris executioner and the Duchesse d'Abrantes 
                        (1835). Less notable scribes manufactured the <em>Memoires</em> 
                        of Louis-Constant Wairy, Napoleon's valet (1830) and <em>Memoires 
                        of Joseph Fouche, Duke of Otranto</em> (1818). Alexandre 
                        Dumas used up around 70 'assistantes' (such as Auguste 
                        Maquet, whose unhappiness about rewards for work on <em>The 
                        Three Musketeers</em> and <em>The Count of Monte Cristo</em> 
                        resulted in an 1859 lawsuit), to manufacture first drafts 
                        that were then tweaked by the master and published in 
                        Dumas' name. HP Lovecraft ghosted for a range of competitors. 
                        Herman Klurfeld served as ghostwriter for columnist Walter 
                        Winchell over 29 years, often manufacturing four newspaper 
                        columns a week. Sociologist Robert Park assisted Booker 
                        T Washington in works such as <em>My Larger Education</em>, 
                        becoming &quot;for all intents and purposes, for the time, 
                        a Negro, myself&quot;. Sanford Dody ghosted Bette Davis' 
                        1962 <em>The Lonely Life: an autobiography</em>. Earl 
                        Conrad ghosted <em>My Wicked, Wicked Ways</em>, Errol 
                        Flynn's 1960 autobiography. More recently Dorothy Jane 
                        Mills appears to have been responsible for much of the 
                        output of sports historian Harold Seymour. Memoires of 
                        Joseph Fouche, Duke of Otranto<br>
                        <br>
                        Cricket star WG Grace was ghosted by Arthur Porritt, who 
                        lamented that </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Getting 
                          material from Grace was almost heartbreaking. All he 
                          would say in recording some dazzling batting feat of 
                          his was &quot;Then I went in and made 284&quot;.</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
                        Use of ghostwriters varies according to norms for literary 
                        and other genres. Using a ghostwritten speech is now considered 
                        to be unremarkable, unsurprising given that some politicians 
                        or celebrities deliver a speech a day. Delivery of a ghosted 
                        sermon - while once quite common - would be frowned on, 
                        as 'sincerity' has been elevated over eloquency. Appearance 
                        of a celebrity's 'autobiography' under that person's name 
                        has some acceptance among supposed authors and readers. 
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        Geoffrey Hartman notes that employing a ghostwriter is 
                        an accepted status symbol in government and business. 
                        That was echoed by ghost Lucie Cave, responsible for <em>Big 
                        Brother</em> winner Jade Goody's 2006 <em>My Autobiography</em>. 
                        She commented that </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">All 
                          of these people who emerge from shows like<em> Big Brother</em> 
                          now know just how much they can sell their first interview 
                          for. They're far more clued-up than ever before. The 
                          celebrity autobiography is a natural extension of that. 
                          It's become the must-have accessory for anyone who's 
                          reached a certain level of fame. Obviously these people 
                          can't write their books themselves, so they need someone 
                          else to do it for them.</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Big 
                        Brother personality Pete Bennett duly put his name to 
                        <em>Pete My Story</em> (London: HarperCollins 2006), an 
                        autobiography that provoked his publicist - mid-interview 
                        - to comment &quot;You really should have read it, Pete&quot; 
                        after the author expressed great surprise at the contents.<br>
                        <br>
                        Other critics have noted that consumers are complicit 
                        in buying the work for the <a href="surveillanceprofile4.htm#owning">celebrity</a>'s 
                        name rather than for the work's merit. Publication of 
                        a ghosted scholarly or serious literary work is unacceptable.<br>
                        <br>
                        Joe Queenan lamented that </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
                          in recent times a cloud has begun to hang over the deliciously 
                          vaporous world of ghostwriting. This is because greater 
                          transparency about the collaborative process has inadvertently 
                          led to greater confusion. Things started to take a bad 
                          turn when the basketball legend Charles Barkley complained 
                          that he had been misquoted in his own autobiography. 
                          This gave rise to a niggling suspicion in some quarters 
                          that ghostwriters were churning out books with only 
                          minimal input from their nominal authors. Shocking! 
                          Then, two years ago, Hillary Rodham Clinton put her 
                          name on a vast, unprecedentedly uninteresting autobiography, 
                          waiting until page 529 before disclosing that her speechwriter 
                          was responsible for many of the words in the book, which, 
                          coincidentally, read like the world's longest speech. 
                          ...<br>
                          <br>
                          Cynics may object that ghostwriters perform a valuable 
                          civic function by shielding the public from the authentically 
                          dimwitted voices of those they channel. To their way 
                          of thinking, no one would actually want to read a book 
                          written in Charles Barkley's own words; no one would 
                          want to read the unedited David Lee Roth; no one could 
                          possibly machete all the way through an unghosted Rush 
                          Limbaugh book. I disagree. Had Limbaugh written <em>The 
                          Way Things Ought to Be</em> start to finish, instead 
                          of collaborating with the sober John Fund, he might 
                          have been just feisty enough to print his unenlightened 
                          views on African-American football players years ago 
                          and laid all his race cards right on the table. ... 
                          It is by saddling celebrities with such sober professionals 
                          that agents, editors and book packagers come to stand 
                          between the public and some truly unforgettable reading 
                          experiences; I personally would welcome the unghosted 
                          autobiography of Keanu Reeves or Paris Hilton or the 
                          unghosted memoirs of Michael Jackson. And, without the 
                          mediating force of a ghostwriter, Geraldo Rivera's <em>Exposing 
                          Myself</em> might have been really disgusting, not merely 
                          nauseating. By strategically positioning a goodnatured 
                          hack between the celebrity and the public, the publishing 
                          industry is doing fans of the joyously cretinous a terrible 
                          disservice. Let us never forget: by their words ye shall 
                          know them. Not by their ghostwriters' words. </font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Journalist 
                        Scott Simon characterised ghostwriting </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">as 
                          old as literature and sometimes just about as reputable 
                          as the world's oldest profession.</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
                        US ghost Miriam Bloom disagreed, telling a US seminar 
                        that ghosting is an honourable and practical profession: 
                        ghostwriters get paid irrespective of whether the text 
                        is published (although may work for a flat fee and thus 
                        miss out on royalties), escape blame if the text is panned 
                        or attracts <a href="defamationprofile.htm">defamation</a> 
                        action, and supposedly only need to satisfy the 'author'. 
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        A Peter Senge 'consulting editor' proclaimed that </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">At 
                          its best, ghostwriting - like oral history writing - 
                          gives voice to people who deserve to be heard.</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Unfortunately 
                        much of what is heard is not their voice, an issue if 
                        integrity is central to promotion/reception of what they 
                        (or their ghosts) say.<br>
                        <br>
                        <img border="0" src="images/greendot.gif" alt="subsection heading icon" width="10" height="10">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                        <b>incidents<a name="incidents" id="incidents"></a>&nbsp;</b><br>
                        <br>
                        Nobel prizewinner Camilo Jose Cela was accused in 2001 
                        of regularly using ghostwriters throughout most of his 
                        career, with Tomas Garcia Yebra alleging that Marcial 
                        Suarez and Mariano Tudela supplied the plots and characters 
                        which Cela transformed in <em>The Cross of Saint Andrew</em> 
                        (winner of the Planeta prize) and <em>Mazurka for Two 
                        Dead Men</em> (winner of Spain's National Literary Prize). 
                        Suarez allegedly provided Cela with the stories and characters 
                        for his 1951 <em>The Hive</em>. <br>
                        <br>
                        Samuel Johnson ghosted sermons, academic lectures and 
                        literary criticism, with an associate commenting that 
                        he </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">made 
                          no scruple of confessing, he was paid ... and such was 
                          his notion of justice, that having been paid, he considered 
                          them so absolutely the property of the purchaser, as 
                          to renounce all claim to them. He reckoned that he had 
                          written about forty sermons; but, except as to some, 
                          knew not in what hands they were - &quot;I have&quot;, 
                          said he, &quot;been paid for them, and have no right 
                          to enquire about them&quot;. </font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">John 
                        F Kennedy was accused in 1957 of using a ghost for <em>Profiles 
                        in Courage</em>. Subsequent biographers have suggested 
                        that he received substantial help with that work and his 
                        earlier <em>Why England Slept</em>. Charles de Gaulle 
                        attracted similar, although arguably less justified claims 
                        that he had been substantially assisted by Andr&eacute; 
                        Malraux in writing his memoirs. Henry Ford's <em>My Philosophy 
                        of Industry</em> (New York: Coward McCann 1929) was penned 
                        by Fay Faurote.<br>
                        <br>
                        Much of the literary criticism by Italian poet Eugenio 
                        Montale appears to be attributable to US ghost Henry Furst. 
                        At the other end of the spectrum most of Jerzy Kosinski's 
                        fiction was ghosted. <br>
                        <br>
                        Recordings by schmaltzy pop group Milli Vanilli (with 
                        sales of 30 million singles and 11 million albums) were 
                        <a href="forgeryprofile11.htm">exposed</a> in 1990 as having 
                        been dubbed by anonymous studio singers. Ghosting extended 
                        to the stars lip synching during live performances, notoriously 
                        discovered when their recording went into a looop while 
                        they were on stage at a 1989 live concert in Connecticut. 
                        Over 100 recordings by Joyce <a href="forgeryprofile11.htm">Hatto</a> 
                        (1928-2006), sometimes characterised as &quot;a neglected 
                        genius&quot; and the &quot;greatest living pianist that 
                        almost no one has ever heard of&quot;, appear to have 
                        been tweaked and unacknowledged copies of performances 
                        by her contemporaries. Why bother with talent and decication 
                        when you can pass off someone else's genius as your own 
                        ... and apparently concoct a few favourable reviews along 
                        the way.<br>
                        <br>
                        More seriously, the UK <em>Observer</em> claimed in 2003 
                        that hundreds of articles in medical journals that were 
                        supposedly written by ostensibly independent academics 
                        or medical practitioners were in fact written by ghostwriters 
                        for pharmaceutical companies. It noted suggestions that 
                        almost half of all articles published in the journals 
                        are by ghostwriters. <br>
                        <br>
                        The <em>Observer</em> highlighted retraction of an item 
                        in the <em>New England Journal of Medicine</em> following 
                        a call by cardiologist Dr Hubert Seggewiss, one of eight 
                        listed authors, alerting the editor that he had never 
                        seen any version of the paper. <br>
                        <br>
                        Editorial Assistant Susanna Rees, in a letter on the <em>British 
                        Medical Journal</em> site, claimed that</font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
                          Medical writing agencies go to great lengths to disguise 
                          the fact that the papers they ghostwrite and submit 
                          to journals and conferences are ghostwritten on behalf 
                          of pharmaceutical companies and not by the named authors. 
                          There is a relatively high success rate for ghostwritten 
                          submissions - not outstanding, but consistent. ... One 
                          standard procedure I have used states that before a 
                          paper is submitted to a journal electronically or on 
                          disc, the editorial assistant must open the file properties 
                          of the Word document manuscript and remove the names 
                          of the medical writing agency or agency ghostwriter 
                          or pharmaceutical company and replace these with the 
                          name and institution of the person who has been invited 
                          by the pharmaceutical drug company (or the agency acting 
                          on its behalf) to be named as lead author, but who may 
                          have had no actual input into the paper.</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">US 
                        children's author Edward Stratemeyer (1862-1930) devised 
                        scenarios and series faster than he could write individual 
                        novels, accordingly inventing the Stratemeyer Syndicate 
                        - a team of ghostwriters that manufactured series featuring 
                        Nancy <a href="http://ils.unc.edu/nancy.drew/ktitle.html" target="_blank">Drew</a>, 
                        the Hardy Boys, the Rover Boys and the Bobbsey Twins in 
                        over 1,600 volumes. <br>
                        <br>
                        <a href="http://www.workingpartnersltd.co.uk/" target="_blank">Working 
                        Partners</a> - &quot;where stories are born&quot; - has 
                        manufactured some 100 plus titles in the '<a href="http://www.animalark.co.uk" target="_blank">Animal 
                        Ark</a>' series, attributed to 'Lucy Daniels'. Global 
                        sales for that series are claimed to have reached 15 million 
                        copies in 2006. Working Partners supplies authors with 
                        a detailed synopsis (typically 25% of the overall book) 
                        as part of creating &quot;highly defined series concepts, 
                        storylines, and cast lists for our projects&quot; and 
                        keeps the copyright in the resultant work</font><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">. 
                        Publisher Hodder Headline disingenously claims that </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Lucy 
                          Daniels lives in Yorkshire with her family and her two 
                          Russian Blue cats, Benjamin and Peter ... She is the 
                          author of the <em>Animal Ark</em> series, as well as 
                          <em>Animal Ark Pets</em>, <em>Jess the Border Collie</em>, 
                          <em>Dolphin Diaries</em>, <em>Nine Lives</em>, and the 
                          <em>Perfect Ponies</em> trilogy. As the author of more 
                          than 70 books, writing keeps her very busy indeed! </font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Quite.<br>
                        <br>
                        Virginia Andrews, author of the pulp <em>Flowers in the 
                        Attic</em>, died in 1986 but has merrily continued to 
                        publish from the big attic in the sky, courtesy of ghost 
                        Andrew Neiderman. Tom Clancy, Robert Ludlam and Clive 
                        Cussler are other thriller writers who have lent their 
                        names. Clancy's publisher famously explained that</font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tom 
                          Clancy creates the ideas for these series, and the writers 
                          execute Clancy's ideas. All these titles are subject 
                          to Clancy's overall editorial supervision</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sales 
                        of <em>Swan</em>, a 1994 novel supposedly by supermodel 
                        Naomi Campbell, similarly do not appear to have been damaged 
                        by the author's apparent unfamiliarity with the text. 
                        The <em>Washington Times</em> tartly commented that</font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">During 
                          an interview she admitted, &quot;I just did not have 
                          the time to sit down and write a book&quot; (although 
                          she did have time to promote it).</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Campbell's 
                        agent insisted that although Caroline Upcher was the &quot;writer&quot; 
                        of <em>Swan</em> Campbell was the true &quot;author&quot;. 
                        More embarrassingly, former US Libertarian Party Presidential 
                        candidate Bob Barr was <a href="http://jimbovard.com/blog/2010/05/07/bob-barrs-lessons-in-liberty-1-pay-your-ghostwriter/" target="_blank">sued</a> 
                        by his ghostwriter over alleged non-payment of US$47,000 
                        for <em>Lessons In Liberty</em>.<br>
                        <br>
                        Ivana Trump reportedly paid ghost Camille Marchetta US$350,000 
                        to write <em>For Love Alone</em>, subsequently announcing 
                        to <em>Vanity Fair</em></font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">To 
                          my surprise, I find I have a great imagination. I don't 
                          say I'm the Shakespeare, but it's not just about the 
                          beautiful people and the gorgeous yachts and the fabulous 
                          homes and lots of sex. I tried to put in more the feelings.</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Surprising 
                        indeed. Entrepreneur Christy Walsh, founder of the Christy 
                        Walsh sports syndicate in 1921, advised</font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A 
                          new ghost writer has to learn a lot about style. He 
                          usually makes the mistake of thinking that he ought 
                          to write the way his celebrity talks. That is an error. 
                          He ought to write the way the public thinks his celebrity 
                          talks</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">and 
                        that the cardinal rule one was &quot;Don't insult the 
                        intelligence of the pubic by claiming these men write 
                        their own stuff&quot;. One might also be wary of titles 
                        such as <em>My life in baseball, the true record</em> 
                        (Garden City: Doubleday 1961) the autobiography of Ty 
                        Cobb by sportswriter Al Stump.<br>
                        <br>
                        <img border="0" src="images/greendot.gif" alt="subsection heading icon" width="10" height="10">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                        <b>statistics<a name="statistics" id="statistics"></a>&nbsp;</b><br>
                        <br>
                        How much ghosting is there? There are no comprehensive 
                        statistics. <br>
                        <br>
                        UK academic David Healy <a href="http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/health/ghostwriting/" target="_blank">estimated</a> 
                        in 2003 that up to 50% of &quot;the drug literature&quot; 
                        in lifescience journals may be ghosted. A 1998 <em>JAMA</em> 
                        <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9676661&dopt=Abstract" target="_blank">paper</a> 
                        by Flanagin et al on <em>Prevalence of articles with honorary 
                        authors and ghost authors in peer-reviewed medical journals</em> 
                        indicated that 11% of 809 articles in six major medical 
                        journals involved ghost writers, with a further 19% appearing 
                        to have 'honorary authors'. <br>
                        <br>
                        A subsequent JAMA paper by Mowatt et al on <em>Prevalence 
                        of honorary and ghost authorship in Cochrane reviews</em> 
                        indicated that 9% of 362 reviews in <em>The Cochrane Library</em> 
                        for 1999 appeared to involve ghost writers and 39% involved 
                        honorary authors. <br>
                        <br>
                        One UK freelancing site claimed that</font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Guess 
                          what? Approximately 40% of published books are ghostwritten... 
                          a difficult statistic to quantify given the opaque nature 
                          of ghostwriting but more importantly, it demonstrates 
                          a very real need in the publishing world</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img border="0" src="images/greendot.gif" alt="subsection heading icon" width="10" height="10">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                        <b>economics<a name="economics" id="economics"></a>&nbsp;</b><br>
                        <br>
                        Ghostwriting - or merely its promotion - poses questions 
                        about authenticity, authority, covert hostility to the 
                        hired help who actually do the writing, and problematical 
                        marketing claims. <br>
                        <br>
                        One service proclaimed that &quot;You are the Author. 
                        We do the Writing&quot;, advising that </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">We 
                          Match Your Needs with our Ghostwriter or several of 
                          our Ghostwriters who write what you want to say. And 
                          the best part is that we remain in the wings while YOU 
                          get to claim authorship! It is YOUR letter, YOUR speech, 
                          YOUR proposal, YOUR book. We do the work, you get the 
                          praise!</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Another 
                        service claims that </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The 
                          truth of the matter is that many professional writers 
                          supplement their income by ghostwriting projects for 
                          others. Until now it's been one of the best kept secrets 
                          in publishing and finding a reliable and experienced 
                          ghostwriter has been a matter of knowing the right person 
                          or blind luck. Not anymore.<br>
                          <br>
                          Your confidentiality when you use one of our ghostwriters 
                          is always assured. Perhaps you have a true story that 
                          needs telling. You may have suffered an injustice and 
                          require a ghostwriter to work with you, to walk you 
                          through the process of gathering the necessary information. 
                          The ghostwriter will then turn your story into a professionally 
                          written book. ...<br>
                          <br>
                          If there is a novel burning within you but you don't 
                          have the time or way with words to write it, we have 
                          ghostwriters who can. If you've lead, or survived, an 
                          extraordinary life, this is your opportunity to document 
                          it.</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">An 
                        online guide about <em>How to Hire a Ghostwriter to Pen 
                        Your Memoirs</em> trills</font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> 
                          Everyone tells you to write a book about your life because 
                          it would make a phenomenal story. You would, but your 
                          writing skills stink. Time to hire a ghostwriter to 
                          weave your stories, diaries and research into a best 
                          seller with your name on the cover. Next stop: Oprah! 
                          </font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">High-profile 
                        UK ghost Andrew <a href="http://www.andrewcrofts.com/WhatIs.html" target="_blank">Crofts</a> 
                        was similarly upbeat</font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Ghosting 
                          a book for someone is like being paid to be educated 
                          by the best teachers in the world. Imagine, for instance, 
                          being asked to ghost <em>The Origin of the Species</em> 
                          for Darwin, or <em>The Decline and Fall of the Roman 
                          Empire</em> for Gibbon. Imagine being paid to learn 
                          everything that is in the heads of these people and 
                          then turning their thoughts, words and notes into book 
                          form. Could there be a better form of education?</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">It 
                        might of course be more useful to imagine writing your 
                        own book, rather than that of Mr Darwin or Mr Gibbon, 
                        and then do it.<br>
                        <br>
                        Richard Grady proclaims the joys of ghosting in <em>How 
                        to publish an eBook without writing a word ....</em> </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">one 
                          of the main disadvantages of selling your own eBook 
                          is the fact that you have to write it in the first place! 
                          ...<br>
                          <br>
                          Many info-product creators are now opening their eyes 
                          to the opportunities offered by ghostwriters and are 
                          realising that it is perfectly possible to get someone 
                          else to research and write an eBook for them for just 
                          a few hundred dollars. Not only does this save an incredible 
                          amount of time but it also means that you don't have 
                          to write a single word if you don't want to. <br>
                          <br>
                          Look at it like this, let's say you hire someone to 
                          research and write your eBook at a cost of $500. In 
                          addition, you get someone to write the sales copy for 
                          your web page at a cost of $200. You now have a complete 
                          new product for just $700. A new product that you can 
                          sell over and over again and retain all of the profits 
                          for yourself. Using ghostwriters it is perfectly possible 
                          to build up a large portfolio of products in a relatively 
                          short time period - certainly much faster than if you 
                          were to write the eBooks yourself. You can even have 
                          eBooks written about subjects that you know very little 
                          about since you can pay the ghostwriter to do the research 
                          for you.<br>
                          <br>
                          Because of the incredibly high profit margins available 
                          with eBooks, it doesn't surprise me one bit that big-name 
                          Internet marketing gurus are starting to use ghostwriters 
                          to help build up their product portfolios. And given 
                          the ease at which you can hire a ghostwriter, there 
                          is no reason why you shouldn't consider this option 
                          too.</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Lorette 
                        Lyttle's <em>GhostwritingGoldmine</em> is promoted as 
                        revealing </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">How 
                          You Can Use Ghostwriters to Become a Well Know Published 
                          Author or Self Published Author, Produce Highly Profitable 
                          Products (Ebook Creation, Article Writing) and Keep 
                          All the Profits</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">It 
                        trumpets</font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Follow 
                          These Simple, Step by Step Instructions And You Can 
                          Instantly Become A Well Known Author ... Without Writing 
                          A Word, And You Get To Keep 100% Of the Profits! Learn 
                          how to maximize your time and minimize your effort with 
                          the best kept &quot;dirty little secret&quot; in the 
                          industry that will supercharge your business, your wealth, 
                          and your life! ... <em>GhostwritingGoldmine</em> &#8211; 
                          a new ebook that tells Internet entrepreneurs how to 
                          create hot-selling information products and position 
                          themselves as successful authors &#8211; all without 
                          ever writing a single word. ... Most Internet business 
                          owners struggle with the fact that there just isn&#8217;t 
                          enough time in the day to get everything done that needs 
                          to be done. What the successful ones have realized is 
                          that it is OK to have ghostwriters do their product 
                          creation for them.<br>
                          <br>
                          This way the business owner doesn't have to waste his 
                          or her time researching a topic and becoming a subject 
                          matter expert. Instead, they can come up with an idea 
                          (though you can get ghostwriters to do that for you 
                          as well), pass it on and get right back to concentrating 
                          on other important matters, such as growing their business. 
                          And yes the finished product is legally the business 
                          owner's. The business owner can call it his own and 
                          keep every penny that he makes from it.</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Another 
                        site warns that a ghost is </font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">the 
                          person who arranges everything on paper and makes the 
                          work sound exactly as if you had written it all by yourself. 
                          Ghostwriters are obligated to use the author's words, 
                          not interject their own thoughts and feelings and style. 
                          Ghostwriters should be paid a flat fee, and accept little 
                          or no part of the proceeds from the sale of the book.</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">Pamela 
                        Anderson supposedly asked her male ghostwriter to wear 
                        Lucite high heels to get in touch with the female protagonist 
                        of her story. Over-exposure to the author might be avoided: 
                        Lewis Lapham in critiqueing Ronald Reagan's memoir commented 
                        &quot;he didn't write it. He probably didn't read it&quot;. 
                        (A variant of that anecdote has the former president say 
                        &quot;I hear it's a terrific book! One of these days I'm 
                        going to read it myself&quot;.) <br>
                        <br>
                        WG Grace read his autobiography, demanding deletion of 
                        'inimicable' from the draft -</font></p>
                      <blockquote> 
                        <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">such 
                          a word cannot go in, why if it did I shall have the 
                          fellows at Lord's coming to me in the Pavilion saying 
                          &quot;Look here, W.G., wherever did you get that word 
                          from?&quot;</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><img border="0" src="images/greendot.gif" alt="subsection heading icon" width="10" height="10">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
                        <b>ghost blogging<a name="blogs" id="blogs"></a>&nbsp;</b><br>
                        <br>
                        The fad for celebrity and <a href="weblogprofile9.htm">CEO 
                        blogs</a> has been reflected in reports that supremos 
                        are delegating their online appearances - blogs and social 
                        software publication - to ghosts, thereby subverting notions 
                        of the 'authenticity' and directness that is supposedly 
                        characteristic of blogging. <br>
                        <br>
                        One BBC report thus breathlessly revealed that</font></p>
                      <blockquote>
                        <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I 
                          met somebody the other day who told me that online networking 
                          was so important, and he didn't have the time, he was 
                          paying somebody to be him online. To blog, network, 
                          post etc. &pound;1,000 a month too.<br>
                          <br>
                          Apparently it's a new occupation which he reckons already 
                          numbers hundreds of people, paid to be other people!<br>
                          <br>
                          This guy is a busy entrepreneur and he says that wherever 
                          he goes, people marvel at the energy he still manages 
                          to put into blogging and networking - and he then tells 
                          them it is all being done by a guy he pays to do it.</font></p>
                      </blockquote>
                      <p><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> 
                        One might well be sceptical of claims of &quot;crowds 
                        of busy executives&quot; hiring ghosts to &quot;do the 
                        online dirty work for them&quot; with a blog or Facebook 
                        entry but it is clear that not everything on a blog originates 
                        from (or even has been sighted by) the putative author. 
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        One contact for example periodically gets blog fatigue 
                        and delegates the writing to his teenage daughter; her 
                        insights on his industry are perhaps more worth reading 
                        - and certainly more entertaining than his somewhat stolid 
                        prose. She has commented that someone writes his speeches 
                        and letters, so readers should suspect that what they 
                        are seeing on his blog is not from him.</font></p>
                      <p><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> 
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        <img border="0" src="images/nextpage.gif" alt="icon for link to next page" width="12" height="13">&nbsp; 
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                        <br>
                        <br>
                      </p>
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