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<title>Immigrant Workers March Despite Government Persecution</title>
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    <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Arial;color:white'>&nbsp;- <a
    href="http://www.socialistaction.org/"><span style='color:white;text-decoration:
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  style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:white'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
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  style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:white'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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  style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:white'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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  style='font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:white'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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  style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
  color:white'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:1.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt;
  font-family:Arial;color:#425A74'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <div align=center>
  <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="99%" style='width:99.24%;
   mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
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    <p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:28.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
    12.0pt'>New book recounts early career of <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
    <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span
    style='font-size:28.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>socialist leader James
    P. Cannon<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
    <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><i><span
    style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;
    color:maroon'>by Andrew Pollack <span style="mso-spacerun:
    yes">�</span>/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>August 2007 issue of
    Socialist Action Newspaper</span></i><b><i><span style='font-size:24.0pt;
    mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
    <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
    style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
    <div align=center>
    <table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="99%" style='width:99.24%;
     mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
     <tr>
      <td width="100%" style='width:100.0%;background:white;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
      <p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
      12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&quot;James P. Cannon and the Origins of the
      American Revolutionary Left, 1890-1928,&quot; by Bryan D. Palmer,
      University of Illinois Press, 2007, $50<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">�
      </span>hardcover.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>With the first volume of his new biography of James P.
      Cannon, Bryan Palmer, a professor at Trent University in Canada and
      editor of Labour/Le Travail, has provided a valuable reminder of the
      importance of the first decade of the U.S. Communist Party, as well as
      the key role played in it by Cannon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon himself explained why this history matters:
      &quot;The first six years of American communism�1918-1923�represent a
      heroic period from which all future revolutionary movements in this
      country will be the lineal descendants.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon, born in Rosedale, Kansas, in 1890, joined the
      Socialist Party in 1906. He left it in 1911 for the Industrial Workers of
      the World (the IWW, or Wobblies), making a conscious choice to become a
      revolutionist.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Palmer provides much new detail on Cannon's Wobbly
      years. From the strikes Cannon helped lead he learned valuable lessons
      about the power of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>the U.S.
      working class, as well as the political and social factors shaping its
      consciousness.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon had been put off by the SP's reformist
      politics. But with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, he and other
      Wobblies saw the possibility of revolutionary politics, put into practice
      by disciplined, professional revolutionists (in contrast to the SP, whose
      middle-class leaders lectured about socialism on Sundays).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon later rejoined the SP to hook up with a growing
      left wing opposing the leadership's reformism. In 1919 the SP Left split
      away and created two Communist parties�two because of minor tactical
      differences. The Communist Labor Party, which Cannon joined, had a few
      more native-born workers and a few less sectarian ideas than its rival,
      the Communist Party.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon realized how unprepared theoretically were most
      native-born U.S. revolutionists, and eagerly read works by and about the
      Bolsheviks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Most members of both parties belonged to their
      foreign-language federations carried over from the old SP (Russians and
      other Eastern Europeans being the biggest components). While more
      theoretically advanced, many of these immigrant members were divorced
      from American reality and inactive in union or other struggles. Instead,
      they agitated for the immediate formation of soviets and the armed
      overthrow of the government, to be led by an underground party.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon and others, in contrast, wanted to apply the
      new ideas to concrete American conditions. Several leaders, including the
      best known, Charles E. Ruthenberg of the CP, were in jail. Cannon saw
      that those left in office were &quot;one-sided products of a primitive
      movement.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>He knew he himself was still learning, but concluded:
      &quot;I knew then that I had to fight for the leadership.&quot; Yet he
      wanted even those he was battling to be part of a unified leadership. All
      the potential leaders, he said, &quot;needed and complemented each other
      in various ways.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>The year the two rival parties were founded, 1919, was
      one of working-class upsurge in the U.S. and Europe and of anti-colonial
      revolt. Militant strikes were met by massive repression, including raids
      in which thousands of Communists were arrested and many deported.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Yet the CP and the CLP abstained from this upsurge. At
      a 1920 convention that merged the less sectarian Ruthenberg wing of the
      CP with the CLP into the United Communist Party, Cannon delivered a
      speech arguing for work both inside and outside the AFL as appropriate. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Recognized within the party as its foremost authority
      on unions (William Z. Foster, leader of steel and packinghouse strikes,
      would not join until 1921), Cannon was elected to the Central Committee
      and appointed organizer for the St. Louis/Southern Illinois Coal District.
      Recognition of Cannon's having drawn militant workers around the party
      through his editing and writing for the Cleveland-based Toiler led to the
      paper and its editor being relocated to UCP headquarters in New York.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
      style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
      style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>CP
      emerges from underground</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
      mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Soon after the UCP and the CP were united in 1921
      (keeping the latter name), at the insistence of the Communist
      International, Cannon and his allies were able to win grudging internal
      acceptance for an aboveground version of the CP, the Workers Party (WP).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>They got aid in this from Lettish and Jewish groups,
      who understood the need to sink roots in the broader working class.
      Cannon paid tribute to the influence of Lenin's &quot;Left-Wing
      Communism: An Infantile Disorder&quot; in wiping out &quot;that hodgepodge
      of ultra-radicalism.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Another aid was the promotion by the Comintern of the
      united front, an alliance of working-class forces in action around
      specific demands, a concept forged in the fight against ultraleft trends
      in Comintern affiliates. In his speech to the WP's founding convention,
      says Palmer, &quot;Cannon placed central importance on the need to build
      a class-struggle leadership in the demoralized trade unions,&quot; and
      deplored the failure of the CP to mount a campaign to free class-war
      prisoners.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon was the WP's first chairman and its major
      spokesperson. Says Palmer, &quot;for the next seven years, few
      individuals rivaled Cannon in significance within the party.&quot; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon later told historian Theodore<span
      style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>Draper, referring to the battles for
      unification and legalization and against ultraleftism, &quot;the
      political cooperation between me and [Ruthenberg prot�g� Jay] Lovestone
      was the main driving force,&quot; paying tribute as well to Alexander
      Bittelman and William Weinstone, all of whom &quot;worked quite
      effectively as a team,&quot; despite their lack of leadership experience
      and differences on other issues.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>&quot;The overriding political consideration�the
      imperative need to legalize party activity�proved stronger than
      differences of background and temperament which played a part in later
      conflict.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>In keeping with his goal of an inclusive leadership,
      Cannon proposed that Ruthenberg, now out of jail, become Executive
      Secretary, and soon yielded the chairmanship to Foster. But ultraleftism
      still plagued the movement.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Upon arrival at the 1922 Comintern Congress in Moscow,
      Cannon sensed that Russian members of the American Commission were
      against dropping the underground party, drawing inaccurate parallels with
      their own experience. But Lenin saw the difference, writing in the
      margins of a copy of the underground party's paper, &quot;Stop this
      nonsense.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon and allies met with Trotsky and stressed the
      need for legal propaganda to educate workers; the possibilities for open
      functioning; supporting formation of a union-based labor party; and the
      need to foster an indigenous leadership. Trotsky pledged his support, and
      in the end the American Commission sided with Cannon's group.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon later stressed, &quot;the issues of internal
      controversy were not matters of principle�since all factions supported
      the program of Bolshevism and all acknowledged allegiance to the
      Comintern�but of tactics.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon stayed in Moscow for several months, getting to
      know and admire figures such as Gregory Zinoviev, who treated comrades
      from around the world as equals and gave them advice, not orders, as
      would later be Comintern practice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>One of the beneficiaries of Cannon's work was Foster,
      head of the Trade Union Educational League, a group that had organized
      significant support within the AFL for the goals of amalgamating craft
      unions into industry-wide unions and for a labor party. In this work
      Foster drew on alliances forged during strikes he had led with such
      figures as Chicago Federation of Labor head John Fitzpatrick.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
      style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
      style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>The
      farmer-labor party fiasco</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
      mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>But soon fights broke out on another front, led by
      Hungarian emigre J�zsef Pog�ny. Known as John Pepper, he had been a
      target of Lenin and Trotsky in their campaign against ultraleftists and
      was now in the U.S. pretending to be an official Comintern
      representative.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Pepper forged a bloc with Ruthenberg and Lovestone,
      and launched the party on a series of adventurist and opportunist
      schemes. These schemes mirrored those being promoted in an increasingly
      bureaucratic International.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>By this time Lenin was dying and Zinoviev headed the
      International. But Zinoviev was merely reflecting the despair occasioned
      by the failed German revolution of 1923, which reinforced the Soviet
      Union's isolation, moods reinforced by the receding of postwar radicalism
      and a seemingly crisis-free capitalism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Pepper's first piece of mischief came during the
      struggle to form a labor party in 1923. CFL head Fitzpatrick had broken
      with the Conference for Progressive Political Action, formed by heads of
      the railroad unions, over its refusal to launch an independent party. He
      turned to his CP allies for help, including not only Foster but also CP
      leaders of the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>CFL such as Arne
      Swabeck.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>But soon Fitzpatrick was feeling political and
      financial heat from the AFL. Ironically, the Chicago CPers had seen
      before Fitzpatrick the danger of such attacks, and had warned him not to
      move ahead without sufficient mass support. Now Fitzpatrick saw the
      danger�but the local CPers' caution was overruled by Ruthenberg,
      Lovestone, and Pepper.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>The Chicago CPers could see that Pepper et al. were
      planning to pack with CP delegates the July 1923 conference that would
      found the party. Cannon wrote a letter to the center warning that this
      would isolate the CP from allies and doom the chances of a new labor
      party's survival. But Pepper and allies forged ahead, provoking
      Fitzpatrick into leaving the convention, after which the new Federated
      Farmer-Labor Party was declared.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>But in capturing the F-FLP the CP had captured only
      itself. Soon after, Foster told Cannon how he and other CPers had lost
      their heads at the convention, and their behavior would &quot;fritter
      away all the gains of our trade-union work.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Palmer astutely points out that Cannon went beyond
      Foster's recognition of pragmatic difficulties. He realized<span
      style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>&quot;that Pepper's politics was all
      of one piece.&quot; It was not yet clear to Cannon, however, that
      Pepper's adventurism mirrored that of the Comintern leadership, and
      Cannon was still appreciative of the comradely aid Zinoviev and others
      had given.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon forged a bloc with Foster to drive Pepper from
      power. In response to articles by Cannon warning that the Party was
      &quot;organizing our enemies faster than we are organizing our
      friends,&quot; Pepper announced a bizarre new perspective.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>There was much talk in the International of
      revolutions jointly led by peasants and workers, revolutions with a
      confused program. Pepper's U.S. variant was a &quot;La Follette
      Revolution,&quot; to be led by forces behind former Republican Senator
      and 1924 Progressive Party presidential candidate Robert La Follette.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Comprised of farmers, small businessmen and workers,
      it would contain &quot;elements of the French Revolution, and the Russian
      Kerensky Revolution. In its ideology it will have elements of
      Jeffersonianism, Danish cooperatives, Ku Klux Klan and<span
      style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>Bolshevism. The Proletariat as a class
      will not play an independent role.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Agrarian populists and former labor party advocates
      were backing La Follette, but so too were opponents of a labor party such
      as the AFL and the CPPA.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>During these events Trotsky launched a counterattack
      against the International's floundering politics and increasing
      bureaucratism, and used the La Follette episode as an example: &quot;For
      a young and weak Communist Party, lacking in revolutionary temper, to
      play the role of gatherer of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">�
      </span>'progressive voters' for La Follette is to head toward the
      dissolution of the party in the petty bourgeoisie. ... Opportunism
      expresses itself not only in moods of gradualism but also in impatience.
      ...<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>The inspirers of this monstrous opportunism,
      thoroughly imbued with skepticism concerning the American proletariat,
      are impatiently seeking to transfer the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">�
      </span>party's center of gravity into a farmer milieu. ... By
      underwriting ...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>the worst
      illusions of the petty bourgeoisie, it is not at all difficult to create
      for oneself the illusion of wielding influence over the petty
      bourgeoisie.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Fortunately, Trotsky still wielded enough influence to
      convince the Comintern to urge its U.S. affiliate to end support for La
      Follette. Meanwhile, the Foster-Cannon bloc had gathered enough support
      to get Pepper recalled to Moscow. Yet despite the bloc's majority in the
      leadership, Cannon insisted that former Pepper allies Ruthenberg and
      Lovestone remain as central leaders.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>In late 1924 and early 1925 Cannon explained that
      formation of a real labor party was precluded in the near future, and
      that the F-FLP was doomed not just by CP sectarianism, but more
      fundamentally because at that point &quot;The masses ... wanted a petty
      bourgeois third party movement.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>To battle the hold of petty bourgeois ideology over
      the workers, said Cannon, the party needed to step up recruit1ment, not
      work in parties with an unclear class basis. Workers disillusioned with
      La Folletteism would also come under Party influence through united
      fronts engaged in struggle on concrete issues.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>The party had proven it could initiate successful
      united fronts, such as its 1923 campaign for &quot;protection for
      foreign-born workers.&quot; Similar campaigns, he urged, should be set up
      around unemployment, wage cuts, limits on strikers' rights, imperialism,
      political prisoners,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">�
      </span>amalgamation, defense of African-American workers, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>But he also urged work in bodies initiated and/or
      dominated by other political forces: &quot;Communists must penetrate all
      the mass organizations of the workers, participate in all their
      struggles, and there fight for WP slogans.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon acknowledged the difficulties in working in
      unions that had shrunk in size and were tightly run by conservative
      officials. But the solution was to dig ever deeper into the unions and
      build Communist fractions�as well as building a left wing in the AFL
      broader than the TUEL, which had been turned into a narrow front.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Yet at the same time Cannon urged calling of a
      national miners' conference to lay the basis for a new, independent
      union, reflecting his continued opposition to Foster's policy of only
      working within the AFL.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
      style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
      style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>International
      Labor Defense</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
      12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Soon Cannon proved the possibilities for broad labor
      work through his leadership of the International Labor Defense. The idea
      was worked out in talks with Big Bill Haywood and Rose Karsner (who would
      become its administrative lynchpin). Devoted to defending working-class
      prisoners, it built on previous work done by the IWW and the SP.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>The ILD's most prominent cases were defense of textile
      strikers in 1926 in Passaic, N.J., and the anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti.
      It defended workers regardless of party affiliation through joint work
      with Wobblies, ex-Wobblies, and other independents. By the end of 1926
      the ILD had 156 branches with 20,000 members and the endorsement of
      unions and other groups with a combined membership of 75,000.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>But the ILD and other mass work would soon fall victim
      to even more dangerous trends in the Party and the International as
      Stalin gained power. While the influence of battles within the Russian CP
      on other parties was still obscured by the lies and distortions that were
      replacing open and honest debate, it was clear that the U.S. CP was
      descending into unprincipled factional warfare. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Factionalism, Cannon later wrote, had gone from being
      a means to an end to an end in itself. Yet again Cannon stepped forward,
      forming a &quot;faction against factions,&quot; even though it meant
      breaking with Foster and giving up a chance of winning a majority on
      leadership bodies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon was drawing new lessons about principled
      party-building methods: &quot;I was already groping my way to the
      conception, which later became a governing principle, that a correct
      political line is more important than any organizational question,
      including the question of party control.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon urged his supporters to make decisions on the
      issues, &quot;regardless of who is for or against.&quot; The roots of the
      new factionalism, said Cannon, were &quot;the deadening conservatism of
      American life, induced by the unprecedented boom of post-war American
      capitalism, coinciding with the reactionary swing in<span
      style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span>Russia. ... It was difficult to be a
      revolutionist in America in those days, to sustain agitation that brought
      no response, to repeat slogans which found no echo.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>What's more, &quot;the American boom of that period,
      carrying European capitalism with it to a new stabilization ... was the
      prime influence generating the retreat to national reformism, and
      therewith the rise of Stalinism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>&quot;It was time for the party to re-examine its
      prospects in the light of basic doctrine and to settle down for a siege;
      to recognize the new, unfavorable situation, but not to mistake it for
      permanence. The party needed a serious theoretical schooling, and a
      historical perspective upon which to base a confident and patient work of
      preparation for the future. But that was precisely what was
      lacking.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Cannon was determined to remain true to his ideals,
      and so was more aware of, if not immune to, those pressures. He looked at
      himself and saw a former &quot;footloose rebel&quot; turning into a
      comfortable occupant of a swivel chair. The picture disgusted him and
      inspired a search for deeper answers. He found them in Trotsky's 1928
      criticism of the Comintern's new draft program, which for the first time
      provided a context for the American party's problems. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Efforts to spread Trotsky's ideas led to the expulsion
      of Cannon and a handful of allies. This is the point at which Palmer ends
      his first volume, and he has promised to pick up the tale in a second. We
      look forward to it eagerly, for Palmer has told the story so far in a
      manner fully and appropriately appreciative of his subject.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Speaking of those who survived unscathed from the
      battles of these years, Cannon wrote of the &quot;historical
      exceptions&quot; who remain faithful to the ideas of Marxism, which
      &quot;are continuous in their application and have been for a hundred
      years.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>The task &quot;has never been to proclaim a new
      revelation�there has been no lack of such Messiahs, and they have all
      been lost in the shuffle�but to reinstate the old program and bring it up
      to date.&quot;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Our task is to &quot;keep the historical perspective
      clear. This perspective reads: The stability of American capitalism is
      only the transient appearance of things; the revolution of the American
      workers is the true reality.&quot; That is the reality that Socialist
      Action orients toward and the reason we carry on Cannon's legacy proudly.
      Palmer's book is an important tool in preserving that legacy.<span
      style="mso-spacerun: yes">����������� </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
      font-family:Arial'>Other sources on Cannon in the years covered by
      Palmer: Cannon's book, &quot;The First Ten Years of American
      Communism&quot;; articles from which it was drawn are at www.marxists.org
      /archive/cannon/works/ltrindex.htm; Cannon's &quot;History of American
      Trotskyism&quot;; &quot;James P. Cannon As We Knew Him,&quot; Pathfinder
      Press; &quot;James P. Cannon and the Early Years of American
      Communism,&quot; Prometheus Research Library, at<span
      style="mso-spacerun: yes">�
      </span>www.marxists.org/archive/cannon/works/earlyyears/earlytoc.htm;
      Cannon's article, &quot;The Degeneration of the Communist Party,&quot; at<span
      style="mso-spacerun: yes">�
      </span>www.marxists.org/archive/cannon/works/1954/ fych01.htm.<span
      style="mso-spacerun: yes">� </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class=MsoNormal style='tab-stops:.5in'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><span
      style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
      </td>
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    <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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    <td width="100%" style='width:100.0%;background:white;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
    <h5><span style='font-size:22.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
    Arial;color:white'>Human Needs, Not Profits!<o:p></o:p></span></h5>
    </td>
   </tr>
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  </div>
  <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Arial;
  color:#425A74'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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  style='font-size:2.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt;color:white'><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
  <h2><![if !supportEmptyParas]>&nbsp;<![endif]><i><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
  mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></i></h2>
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