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          <p align="center"><b><font size="3" color="#0066CC">The Industrial Era</font></b></p>
          <p align="center"><b>1969</b></p>
          <p align="left">In this part the internet is born with its predescessor 
            ARPA net, the first cpu is developed. And banking corporations start 
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<h3 align="center">1969<a name="1969"> </a></h3>
<p align="left"><a
href="timeflashes/tf_1969.htm"><img src="../images/timeflash.gif" alt="timeflash"
border="0" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="40"></a></p>
<p align="left">&nbsp;</p>
<p><img src="../reference/internet/pictures/1969_4-node_map.gif" width="432" height="393" align="right"><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">In this year the 
  <a name="ARPA">ARPA net work</a> is set up. </p>
<blockquote>
  <p>The ARPAnet began as a government program thought up in the halls of the 
    Pentagon in 1968. BBN (Bolt, Beranek and Newman) was paid to build the connecting 
    hardware and software, and several universities funded by ARPA were chosen 
    to test the network. In this year, only four computers were connected to the 
    ARPAnet. <a name="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> is named after the USA government body 
    &quot;Advance Research Projects Agency&quot; and is an experiment to connect 
    various research centers in the USA by means of a <a name="packet-switching network">packet-switching 
    network</a>. <a
HREF="1958.htm#N_10_"><sup>(10)</sup></a> It will be the largest network ever 
    with millions and millions of people connected to it and be known as the <a href="../reference/internet/internet1.htm">internet.<br>
    </a><br>
    The concept of networking was by no means new in 1969; even as early as the 
    Romans a network of roads that allowed the rapid movement of troops but also 
    the faster interchange of information by messengers. During the Napoleontic 
    and American Civil Wars there were various schemes developed to distribute 
    messages over a network of communication lines, primarily along lines of sight 
    between prominent locations. <a href="#19">(19)</a> </p>
</blockquote>
<p align="center"><img
src="../biographies/pictures/kilby_jack3.jpg" alt="kilby_jack.jpg (12369 bytes)" border="0" hspace="5" vspace="5" WIDTH="182" HEIGHT="173"></p>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">Developers of DATAPOINT, 
  a Japanese firm op which a subsidiary is based in the USA, designs a simple 
  combination of a processing and calculation unit (<a name="CPU">CPU</a>). </p>
<blockquote> 
  <p>The semi conductor manufacturers TEXAS INSTRUMENTS and INTEL both receive 
    the assignment to build this circuitry into one single IC. INTEL <a HREF="1958.htm#N_6_"><sup>(6)</sup></a> 
    succeeds but it appears that the processor they build is a factor 10 slower 
    than what Datapoint had expected originally. Due to bankruptcy of Datapoint 
    the project is terminated.</p>
  <p><img src="../hardware/pictures/cpu/intel_4004a.jpg" alt="4004 chip"
align="right" hspace="5" vspace="5" width="152" height="118" border="1">But turned 
    bad to good Intel puts a team at work under Marcian (Ted)Hoff as project manager. 
    They will invent the <a>Intel</a><a>4004</a> 4 bits Central processing Unit<a HREF="1958.htm#N_11_"><sup>(11)</sup></a>. 
    A computer on a chip. The official publication follows on 15 November 1971 
    in Electronic News<a
HREF="1958.htm#N_12_"><sup>(12)</sup></a> . This starts the electronic revolution. 
    It is however <a href="../biographies/pickette_wayne.html">Wayne D. Pickette</a> 
    that comes up with the initial idea to put a computer on a chip.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">Intel announces a 
  1 Kb memory chip: RAM (random access memory) this was a leap forward in memory 
  capacity.</p>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">Gary Starkweather, 
  at Xerox's research facility in Webster, New York, demonstrates using a laser 
  beam with the xerography process to create a laser printer. </p>
<blockquote>
  <p>This will place Rank Xerox definitely on the map. But Xerox fails to commercialize 
    this invention and sells the idea to HP. This company will become the major 
    player in printers for the next decades to come.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">Other manufacturers 
  start to make chips that were meant for special purposes. </p>
<blockquote>
  <p>Chips that take care for input/output and chips for memories. Together with 
    the microprocessor that will be on the market in 1971 they form a complete 
    processor. The <a name="microcomputer"></a>microcomputer has been born.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">In this year Advance 
  Micro Devices Incorporated is founded<a HREF="1958.htm#N_8_"><sup>(8)</sup></a>. 
  <a name="AMD">AMD</a> will be a feared competitor for Intel. </p>
<blockquote>
  <p>This on itself will cause the prices to drop almost every month. Much faster 
    than Intel had hoped for.</p>
</blockquote>
<p align="center">&nbsp;</p>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">The Honeywell <a
name="H316KitchenComputer">H316 &quot;Kitchen Computer&quot;</a>&nbsp; is sold 
  via a Neiman- Marcus 1969 catalogue. </p>
<p align="center"><img src="../hardware/pictures/honeywell_kitchen-computer.jpg" width="271" height="249"></p>
<blockquote>
  <p>But it is very expensive. The computer can be programmed to keep track of 
    various things like golf scores, investments. It can also plan diners and 
    keep membership lists of charity organizations. But the price tag of 10,600 
    U$ - the teletype was not included - can barely justify the name of &quot;Everyperson's&quot; 
    computer. (see the 1999 version of <a href="../hardware/fridge.htm">ICL's&nbsp; 
    kitchen computer</a>)</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">IBM puts the programming 
  language FORTRAN to the disposal of cinematographer <a name="John Whitney">John 
  Whitney</a> and gave him processing time on a mainframe. Whitney creates his 
  and the first animated movie: '<a name="Matrix, first animation">Matrix</a>',later 
  called Matrix 1.</p>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">The <a name="RS-232-C">RS-232-C</a> 
  serial interface port is now a defacto world standard. It enables communication
     between al kinds of computers and peripherals. Information is still
     sent  bit by bit, hence the name '<a name="serial port">serial port</a>'<a HREF="1958.htm#N_9_"><sup>(9)</sup></a>.</p>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">Disillusioned by 
  the work on Multics and continuing problems with the GE 600 series machines, 
  Bell Telephone Laboratories withdrew from Project MAC. </p>
<blockquote>
  <p>Messrs. <a href="../biographies/ritchie_dennis.html">Ritchie</a> and <a href="../biographies/thompson.html">Thompson</a> 
    began working on their own operating system, that instead of being targeted 
    to multiple users, would concentrate on the single user and thus in a play 
    on the name Multics, it was named UNIX. The first version of UNIX ran on a 
    <a name="PDP-7">PDP-7</a> minicomputer of Digital Equipment Company (DEC) 
    and was completed this year. The program was written in PDP-7 assembler. Eventually 
    UNIX will became one of the biggest forces in the Operating systems world. 
    Both Ritchie and Thompson received the IEEE Computer Pioneer Award in 1994.<a href="#19">(19)</a>&nbsp; 
  </p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  HEIGHT="19" align="absbottom">The first modern 
  day <a
name="ATM">ATM</a> machines appeared and introduced to consumers in 1969 by Chemical 
  Bank.(<a href="#2">2</a>)</p>
<p align="center"><img src="../hardware/pictures/atm.jpg" width="330" height="240"
alt="atm.jpg (17930 bytes)"><br>
  <span class="footer">picture of an early model ATM courtesy S.I. Washington</span></p>
<blockquote> 
  <p align="left">Don Wetzel was the co-patentee and chief conceptualist of the 
    automated teller machine (ATM), an idea he thought of while waiting in line 
    at a Dallas bank. At the time (1968) Wetzel was the Vice President of Product 
    Planning at Docutel, the company that developed automated baggage-handling 
    equipment. The other two inventors listed on the patent were Tom Barnes, the 
    chief mechanical engineer and George Chastain, the electrical engineer. It 
    took five million dollars to develop the ATM. <br>
    The concept of the ATM first began in 1968.<br>
    You can now get money outside the bank office building via a machine (&quot;out 
    of the wall&quot;) by inserting your bank pass into a card slot, and typing 
    in a 4 digit personal identification number a so called PIN<a href="#33">(33)</a> 
    on a numeric keypad and typing in the amount you want to withdraw. At first 
    you could only withdraw a certain amount. But when the machine was connected 
    to a bank's computer network it could see if your balance allowed the withdrawel 
    from your account, then the amount requested would be paid out. <br>
    An ATM operated 24 hours 7 days a week. <br>
    There were also different facilities with these machines. At some you could 
    deposit money and/or checks and at others you could also transfer money. There 
    were models that changed foreign currency. </p>
  <p align="left">The ATM machine will become extremely popular with banks and 
    their clients because the first can cut down on employees and the latter are 
    no longer tied to business hours to get to their money.&nbsp; </p>
  <p align="left">In the 1980' and 90's variations will be constructed for other 
    situations like gas stations where you can pay where there is no cashier at 
    night, you can buy your train ticket at railroad stations, or pay at shops 
    with your bankcard via an interface connected to the banks computer. In the 
    late 1990's there will be also portable interfaces.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">During the First 
  NATO workshop on software development the term Software Engineer was coined, 
  since then this nomenclature was critisized since opponents thought the term 
  Engineering had nothing to do with designing software.</p>
<p> <img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">Shortly after the 
  USA government launched its third antitrust suit, IBM announced that it will 
  unbundle its pricing &#151; charging separately for hardware, software and services. 
</p>
<blockquote>
  <p>This decision initiated a huge and ongoing shift away from vertically integrated 
    offerings toward a much more specialized IT industry. (<a href="#1">1</a>)</p>
</blockquote>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">Dialog, an online 
  database provider, is launched in Palo Alto, Calif., by Lockheed Corp with a 
  single database. Within 15 years it grows to over 200 databases containing over 
  70 million records.</p>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">CompuServe Information 
  Service launches in Columbus, Ohio, as a computer time-sharing service.</p>
<p> <img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">Marshall McLuhan 
  publishes his Understanding Media. And described the concept of a global village, 
  interconnected by an electronic nervous system, part of our popular culture 
  well before it actually happened.</p>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">Edgar F. &#8220;Ted&#8221; 
  Codd invents the relational database. </p>
<p><img src="../images/pointer.gif"
alt="pointer.gif (479 bytes)"  height="19" align="absbottom">"Bubble memory" devices are created for use in computers. </p>
<blockquote>
  <p>When  
    (computer memory) RAM is  no longer fed with  power all contents
    of that memory will be lost. But bubble memory continues to remember its
    contents even when the computer is turned off.</p>
  <p>&nbsp;</p>
</blockquote>
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<p align="center"><b><font size="3" color="#0066CC"><br>
Footnotes &amp; References</font></b></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="85%" align="center">
  <tr> 
    <td width="38" valign="top" height="20" class="footer">1<a name="1"></a></td>
    <td width="634" valign="top" height="20" class="footer">www.computerworld.com 
      keywords: ten turning points</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td width="38" valign="top" height="10" class="footer"><a NAME="N_6_"></a>6</td>
    <td width="634" valign="top" height="10" class="footer">Marcian E. &quot;Ted&quot; 
      Hoff has the idea to design a micro processor. [ref: DOS 12/1988]</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td width="38" valign="top" height="10" class="footer"><a NAME="N_8_"></a>8</td>
    <td width="634" valign="top" height="10" class="footer">Ken Olsson 1995 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td width="38" valign="top" height="10" class="footer"><a NAME="N_9_"></a>9</td>
    <td width="634" valign="top" height="10" class="footer">Port is used here 
      in the sense of a gate where all in coming and out going 'bits' pass. </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td width="38" valign="top" height="10" class="footer"><a NAME="N_10_"></a>10</td>
    <td width="634" valign="top" height="10" class="footer">See appendix on Networks 
      and Internet.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td width="38" valign="top" height="10" class="footer"><a NAME="N_11_"></a>11</td>
    <td width="634" valign="top" height="10" class="footer">Dutch: CVE = Centrale 
      Verwerkings Eenheid </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td width="38" valign="top" height="10" class="footer"><a NAME="N_12_"></a>12</td>
    <td width="634" valign="top" height="10" class="footer">ref:DOS 12/1988 p86 
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr> 
    <td width="38" valign="top" height="20" class="footer"><a name="19"></a>19</td>
    <td width="634" valign="top" height="20" class="footer"> www.computer.org 
      - see for complete paper: http://www.acm.org/classics/</td>
  </tr>
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